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Under contract from U. S. Bureau of Mines, Harza Engineering Company in cooperation with Eastern Associated Coal Corporation, conducted a ground control study of two mechanized longwall panels at the Federal Number 2 Mine. The mine is located in Northern West Virginia, and the coal is mined from the Pittsburgh Coal Seam. The prime objective of the study was to collect data which will aid in the proper selection of the longwall supports system and to control the entry caving problem. Instruments installed in the mine were borehole pressure cells, convergence recorders, roof sag recorders, horizontal roof strain indicators, differential floor movement systems, and lateral roof and floor movement systems. Instruments installed on the surface, above the instrumented longwall panels, consisted of slope indicator system, vertical bed settlement probe system and shear displacement detecting system. A comprehensive surface subsidence study was conducted in conjunction with the instrumentation. In addition to the instrumentation and monitoring, special tests were conducted to determine the bearing capacity of the roof and floor rocks, in situ modulus of coal, roof and floor rocks, and response of borehole pressure cells to ground stress. Cores of coal measure rocks were collected for the physical property tests. Face observations were made to detect various roof behavior parameters under the different jack setting pressures. This report essentially describes the instrumentation work, special tests and presents the data collected.

Jan 1, 1976

The effect of composition on electrical conductivity (resistivity), viscosity and liquidus temperature of the slags encountered in electric smelting of PGM-containing suphide concentrates is reviewed along with the relationsip between slag composition, slag-matte separation and metal losses to slag. Optimization of slag composition at furnace temperature is attempted on the basis of opposite and parabolic trends of the viscosity-conductivity relationships of the slags. The importance of surface tension of slags is emphasized using available and estimated information, which are grouped into a useful correlation. These values are coupled with or incorporated into slag viscosity plots to illustrate the correlation between the two factors which influence slag-matte separation as well as refractory attack. The electrode in the slag-resistance furnace is the central factor in the design and operation of the furnace by its role of conveying the smelting power. The obvious parameters are the size and positioning in the slag bath, which are defined by slag resistivity, furnace resistance, cell constant and power input. The flow of heat generated by the electrode current determines the energy distribution and furnace dimensions creating viscosity profiles, which in turn affect flow conditions. Thus the flow of slag and matte isdiscussed in conjunction with the furnace geometry, stirring action of the electrodes, buoyancy and electromagnetic effects. The action of the electric furnace as a settler is discussed. The rectangular furnace is considered as a channel reactor in this analysis and the action of the electrodes is described to indicate a balanced settling rate in the area of electrode action. Discussion of the design and production capacity of the electric furnace with reference to operating current, power input, furnace dimensions and electrode size are based on considerations derived mainly from slag properties such as its resistivity, viscosity and liquidus temperature.

Jan 1, 2004

Ground and air vibrations induced by large surface blasts have been monitored. These field results, as well as a large number of published results, have been used to assess the performance of existing predictors and for the development of improved prediction methods. Field monitoring has been performed, with four seismographs giving complete wave records, at limestone quarries, coal strip mines and an open pit copper mine. Conventional analysis includes least square fitting of peak particle velocities and peak air overpressures with scaled distance formulations. Frequency content has been analyzed, and correlated with blast design (detonation sequence). Two new methods have been developed for predicting ground vibrations induced by blasting. The proposed analytical predictor accounts explicitly for inelastic attenuation and geometrical spreading, and calculates the peak particle velocity as a function of charge weight and distance. Statistical analysis of case studies confirms the consistent improvement over conventional scaled distance predictors. The second new predictor is a computer program simulating blasts, including blast geometry, charge distribution and detonation sequence, and simulating propagation of individual pulses to any point of interest, where effects are summed. A complete blast vibration results, allowing prediction of frequency content and duration as well as peak velocities.

Jan 1, 1983

By C. L. Emery

The geology and early history of the discovery of potash in Saskatchewan as described by Heber Cole (1) and R. V. Thompkins (2) has dealt with the distribution of the salt beds and their potash content. From the many bore holes through the Prairie Evaporites the outlines and contours of the series have been well established. The thickest section of the salt beds lies to the north of the "barren" area and forms a belt running easterly to a point west of Yorkton. The "barren" area is a region where the salt has been redissolved and the strata have slumped down, to fill the voids. This area is of interest from the standpoint of rock mechanics. The potash-rich beds extend both east and west of the region. mentioned and the top of the Prairie Evaporite is at a depth below 3200 feet from the surface near Saskatoon and dips southerly at an average rate of about five feet to ten feet per mile.

Jan 1, 1966

By F. W. Smith

To determine whether preheating coals before carbonization would improve the coking properties of the coals, particularly the weaker coking coals, 3 coals, 1 each from Illinois, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania, and a blend of the Illinois with a Pocahontas coal were preheated before testing for coking properties in the Bureau's BM-AGA pilot oven. The effects of preheating on the chemical and physical proper-ties of the coals and on the yields of carbonization products and strength of the coke produced from the preheated coals were determined, as were also the effects of bulk density, gaseous atmosphere, and residence time during preheating. Most benefit from preheating was found with weaker or oxidized coking coals, whereas the more strongly coking coals and blends showed little effect. Direct charging of preheated coal to the coke oven without cooling gave better coke, increased yield of tar, and decreased yield of gas. INTRODUCTION Although 94 percent of today's coal production comes from fields east of the Mississippi, the Eastern States have only about one-third of the Nation's recoverable reserves. West Virginia, which now produces more than any other State, has much smaller reserves than Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming.5/ However, the manufacture of iron and steel in Western States, which has increased greatly since World War I, is handicapped by the scarcity of high-grade coking coals, such as are plentiful in the Appalachian region. Unless a practical method of improving the cokemaking property of local coals is developed, ferrous metallurgical industries in the West must continue to use inferior coking coals and to pay high shipping charges for better coals.

Jan 1, 1958

By Paul M. Tyler

Masurium and rhenium are two elements known only to a few scientists and known to them for scarcely more than five years . The existence of two members of the manganese family was long suspected , and places were left for them in the orderly table of the periodic systemas developed by Mendeljeeff . The empty spaces left in this table some 60 years ago were for elements numbered 43 and 75 , respectively , and since it was evident these were related to manganese they were sought for in research laboratories under the names of ekamanganese and dvimanganese . This nomenclature is in harmony with that usually employed in describing hypothetical elements , and the prefixes are taken descriptively from ancient Sanskrit wherein the word " eka " means one and " dvi " ( also spelled dui or dwi ) means two . Ekamanganese or element 43 was once removed and dvimanganese or element 75 was twice removed from manganese . It was further possible to predict that these elusive elements would not only be related to manganese but would have a great deal in common with certain other elements . It was reasonable to suppose that element 43 , merely because it stood in numerical sequence between element 42 and element 44 , would likewise prove to be intermediate in many other respects . Since its next neighbors were molybdenum ( No. 42 ) on the one hand and ruthenium (No. 44) on the other , ekamanganese could be given in advance what would correspond among persons to a social and economic rating . Similarly , the properties of dvimanganese were likely to be in simple harmony with those of tungsten and with those of osmium , which latter , like ruthenium , is a member of the platinum group of metals . Another inference , although one which could not be stated with scientific certainty , is that these new elements because they have odd instead of even atomic numbers , would be even more sparingly distributed than their near neighbors , none of which is abundant in nature . This inference has been amply supported by available evidence . These elements eluded discovery until 1925 and never have been found except as minute traces in complex association with relatively rare minerals . In 1930 , for the first time , rhenium became available in quantities which give promise of commercial possibilities , but masurium still stands on the border of the unknown , like some distant star speck photographed and identified by vigilant astronomers but invisible without the aid of the powerful tools of science . The telltale flame of element 43 has been charted by its spectrum lines ; but beyond that , little more can be said except perhaps to repeat the forecasts made for ekamanganese before the Noddacks captured it and gave it a definite name . Certain rare - mineral dealers will furnish molybdenite samples from Norway which are said to contain masurium as well as rhenium , but except for a few highly technical statements as to its behavior in the spectrograph , nothing in the way of concrete information on masurium has come to the notice of the present writer . The literature of rhenium is a little less meager and a brief résumé of the data available in the files of the Bureau of Mines may be of interest not merely because of the novelty of the metal but because its unique properties and increasing availability afford a prospect of its finding employment in industry .

Jul 1, 1931

By Pei‑liang Xu, Jun Wang, Xi Zhang, Deng‑pan Qiao, Tian‑yu Yang

The surface backfill, serving as the operational platform for continuing mining in upward slicing and filling stopes, is required to possess sufficient strength and thickness. Currently, there are limited model methods for determining the strength and thickness of the surface fill body. By analyzing the mechanical actions on the surface backfill, it is determined that its stability is mainly influenced by the combined effects of normal and tangential uniform loads under full-load conditions of trackless equipment. Assuming a circular contact surface between the tire of the trackless equipment and the surface backfill, and utilizing solutions from elastic mechanics theories such as the Boussinesq and Cerruti solution, the stress and displacement distribution of the surface fill body were obtained. Based on the maximum vertical stress condition, where the surface backfill body undergoes maximum deformation while still in an elastic state, and considering the stress–strain relationship, a model for the strength and thickness of the surface backfill has been established. According to the research findings, the design for the strength and structural parameters of the surface backfill has been developed to meet the full-load operation of the Atlas ST7 scooptram, with a compressive strength of 1.32 MPa and a thickness of 0.5 m. Numerical simulation analysis results indicate that the stress and displacement of the surface backfill align with theoretical analysis results. Practical results from industrial application in the western section of the Dahongshan Copper Mine demonstrate that the designed strength and thickness of the surface backfill meet the operational requirements for trackless equipment, resulting in significant engineering application effects and economic benefits. The research findings hold significant importance for advancing the theory of backfill mining and have high applicability and promotional value for similar mines.

Mar 24, 2024

By Marcos Valdéz Córdova

El presente estudio señala el proceso de mineralización en el domo de Yauli a través de una revisión en el comportamiento de dominios estratigráficos, estructurales, intrusivos, metamórficos y distintos minerales de alteración hidrotermal. Asimismo se describe la geología, su estructura, la alteración de los intrusivos, la alteración de los silicatos metamórficos, la alteración de los mármoles y calizas dolimíticas, cuerpos, mantos y las vetas de reemplazamiento.

Nov 20, 1978

By C. J. Newman, R. J. St. Eloi, G. Macfarlane

"The Kidd Creek copper smelter has been expanded from its original design of59000 tonnes of copper per year to over 120 000 tonnes per year. Modifications to the process gas handling system and acid plant have been made to accommodate this higher production rate and, generally, to optimize the operation.The gas handling system associated with the continuous smelting process is discussed in terms of boiler accretions and modifications to minimize their impact on operations; design changes to effect reductions in high pressure drop duct configurations; material changes to overcome corrosion and plant additions to improve gas cleaning capability. The acid plant is reviewed with references to changes made to accommodate the increased S02 gas strength resulting from the higher smelting rates. IntroductionThe Kidd Creek Division of Falconbridge Limited is a base-metal mining and metallurgical complex located in Timmins, Ontario. The discovery of the original copper-zinc-silver orebody was announced in April 1964. Mining operations began in 1966 with a 9000 tonnes per day (t/d) concentrator corning on stream in November of that year. In April 1972, a 108 000 tonnes per year zinc plant was conunissioned. Over the years the facilities have been expanded, such that the concentrator now has the capacity to process 13 000 t/d of ore. To expand zinc production, the world's second installation of the Commco/Sherritt pressure leaching facility was completed in 1983 to bring total zinc production capacity to 136 000 tonnes per year. In 1973, serious planning for a smelter operation began. In early 1975, after studying both continuous smelting and flash smelting processes, a decision was made to proceed with the technology offered by Mitsubishi Metal Corporation of Japan. The Mitsubishi Continuous Smelting Process was to be used for the smelter and the Onahama No. 3 tankhouse technology for the copper refinery."

Jan 1, 1994

By W. K. Ting, A. Hasan

Mine stope is typically backfilled with cemented paste backfill, which provides a regional underground stability and also a reduction of aboveground tailings accumulation. During backfilling, a phenomenon known as arching occurs and affects the stress distribution of the cemented paste backfill. The change in temperature due to uncontrolled heat transfer from the surrounding rock mass and/or generation from hydration process complicates the stress distribution development of cemented paste backfill. This paper presents results of the investigation on the effects of hydration to cemented paste backfill behaviour when backfilled into a narrow wall model using uncemented paste backfill as controlled sample. The parameters considered include backfill type (cemented paste backfill vs uncemented paste backfill), curing temperature (30°C–60°C), and stress evolution during pouring, consolidation, and curing stages. Results show that uncemented paste backfill re-establishes arching effects more readily, with lower peak stresses and greater stress relaxation than cemented paste backfill, of which its behaviour is significantly influenced by hydration under elevated temperatures. The main outcome of this work is that hydration critically controls the stress-temperature response of cemented paste backfill, and the balance between hydration-driven strength gain and stress relaxation can be leveraged to optimise backfill mix design for safer and more efficient stope filling.

Jan 30, 2026

By C Laming, S Staude, D Hammond, S Sheppard, J Griffith, S Stanfield, S Marriott

Long Operations is located on the eastern slope of the Kambalda Dome in Western Australia. Kambalda hosts nickel deposits that are modelled to have formed from an exsolving sulfide melt from a parental komatiite melt. The nickel deposit model predicts a stratigraphical relationship where massive Fe-Ni-Cu-sulfides are deposited in troughs at the base of komatiite channels. The basal contact of the sulfides is generally tholeiitic basalt. The Kambalda geological sequence form a dome structure with a granodioritic core and have undergone tectonic and metamorphic overprinting, resulting in the formation of upper greenschist to lower amphibolite-facies units.On the basalt-ultramafic contact, within the Long Operations, there are two separate channels hosting seven different orebodies. The Moran orebody is the most undisturbed orebody at Long Operations, with many primary magmatic textures preserved, making it ideal for studies to improve the existing nickel sulfide formation model. Detailed exploration and production infill drilling and systematic sampling indicates consistent nickel tenor variations over the entire Moran orebody. This was also observed in other deposits in Western Australia and was explained as metamorphic variations. Similar variations are observed with some trace elements that cannot be explained by metamorphic overprint but with gravitational segregation in the liquid sulfide. Other more complex trace element patterns (eg Cr) require additional explanations and are partly originated from incorporation of underlain basalt and sediment and partly from gravitational segregation.From a mining perspective, the Moran orebody can be used as an example of modern high-speed mining, but at the same time preserving samples for the future and allowing knowledge from the geological context and geochemical signatures to improve future exploration.CITATION:Staude, S, Marriott, S, Griffith, J, Laming, C, Hammond, D, Stanfield, S and Sheppard, S, 2014. Improvement of existing ore-forming models due to systematic sampling during mining – an example from Kambalda, Western Australia, in Proceedings Ninth International Mining Geology Conference 2014 , pp 341–348 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 18, 2014

By S Hapugoda, J R. Manuel, M J. Peterson

Microindentation testing using the square–pyramid–shaped Vickers indenter is a well-established technique to determine the microhardness of minerals and materials. However there is a paucity of published microhardness data from Fe ore samples. It is acknowledged that an iron ore’s particle mineralogy and texture is critical to its processing properties, and it is therefore considered that the microhardness of different mineralogical/textural types may also relate to these properties. Mineral microhardness potentially provides inputs to the modelling of breakage characteristics during comminution, as well as the relationship between mineral chemistry and microhardness, and mineral microporosity and microhardness. Microhardness can be determined as single crystal microhardness, for more coarsely microcrystalline samples, or as ‘aggregate microhardness’ for cryptocrystalline or finely microcrystalline samples.Variations in the texture and mineral chemistry of common Fe ore minerals (eg martite and microplaty hematite, ochreous and vitreous goethite etc) are well established and this study provides microhardness data on different textural forms of Fe (oxyhydr)oxides from a variety of different Fe ore deposits. The data indicated that in general, the mineral grain size, microporosity and texture were the main influences on Fe (oxyhydr)oxide microhardness. There were no apparent systematic variations between microhardness and minor element mineral chemistry, with the possible exception of Al content in goethite (for goethites with Al content >0.5 wt per cent), and for goethite total element contents >90 wt per cent (determined by electron probe microanalysis, EPMA). Higher Al concentrations and lower total element concentrations in goethite EPMA analyses correlated with lower goethite microhardness. Microporosity and grain size were more important than texture to hematite microhardness. Different textural forms of dense hematite (eg martite, recrystallised interlocking hematite and specular hematite) with similar grain size exhibited comparable microhardness. Microhardness values for hematite and hydrohematite with little or no evident microporosity were also similar, whereas more porous forms of martite, microplaty hematite or hydrohematite exhibited lower microhardness.CITATION:Peterson, M J, Manuel, J R and Hapugoda, S, 2017. Microhardness testing of hematite-goethite Fe ores – implications for their textural characterisation and geometallurgy, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2017, pp 319–330 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 24, 2017

By Oliver Bowles

STRIKING new developments in the field of industrial minerals include the employment of lime, salt, coal, and air for the manufacture of stockings, and the substitution of paper for granite and marble in making tombstones. Certain minerals that have heretofore been regarded as valueless except as museum or laboratory specimens, are now being applied commercially. Serpentine, in forms neither fibrous nor ornamental, massive topaz, pinite, and zoisite are examples. For certain other minerals, notably pyrophyllite, bentonite, vermiculite, and sulphur, extension of established uses into new fields has occurred. Substitution takes a toll in many industries, but producers of industrial minerals as a class have gained more than they have lost in recent years. Encouraging progress has been made in developing at long last a suitable substitute for certain of the uses of mica, the only industrial mineral on the strategic list of commodities established by the War. and Navy Munitions Board. Some of the more important developments in process, equipment, and use .that have come

Jan 1, 1940

By Green A. D M

The establishment of the Imperial Smelting Furnace at Sulphide Coporation Pty. Limited for the smelting of zinc and lead made it necessary to design and install sintering capacity to produce approximately 500 t.p.d. of zinc-lead sinter. The updraught sintering process installed is a recent development and the plant was designed with adequate flexibility and equipment to enable operating staff to investigate the process and achieve maximum production under optimum operating conditions.Sulphur dioxide gases from the sinter machine are passed to a contact acid plant for the manufacture of sulphuric acid.

Jan 1, 1964

By N Pranoto, E Lawell, T Dean, M Grant

The Goonyella Riverside Mine is located 30 km north of Moranbah in Central Queensland, Australia. Recent mining activities have exposed the north–south striking Kenya and Zimbabwe thrust Faults. These faults vertically offset coal seams by up to 25 m and locally thicken coal packages through imbrication of coal seams. The presence of back-thrusts add to the geotechnical complexity of maintaining highwall stability. The Kenya and Zimbabwe Faults have provided multiple challenges to the mining operation, with an unplanned additional 240 kt of coal tonnes being mined from imbrication of coals seams or from the refinement to local scale geological models. These additional coal tonnes have been either identified during the mining of the coal seam or just prior to overburden removal above the coal seam. These faults can also negatively impacted highwall stability with highwall failures, lowering the overall slope angle for pit designs and increasing stand-off distances for hazardous highwall conditions. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are used to scan exposed highwalls and enable geological mapping via high-quality 3D images. Measure while drill data from drill and blast rigs can provide local-scale intersections of the faults and coal seams. Mine Geologists utilise these and other data sets to create localised geological models refined position of the fault planes and coal seams. These models are utilised by relevant mine site teams to ensure the safe and efficient mining of coal around these faults.

Mar 22, 2022

The objective of this study was two-fold: 1. To perform a world literature search pertinent to the analysis, selection and design of hoisting systems and their components and to codify the search into a literature compendium. The search resulted in a technical data file of over 1500 hard copy items. The compendium index was also suitable for establishing a comprehensive computer-loaded data base on the subject. 2. To develop a comprehensive system of guidelines to cover salient aspects of analysis, selection and design of electrical, mechanical and structural components of a hoisting system with a view to establish parameters for maximum safety and efficiency of operation, installation and revision of the system. 3. (a) In-shaft equipment design and specification criteria are considered as they influence guideline preparation. (b) A comprehensive review of hoist electric drives and controls as applied to mine hoists is set forth with special reference to duty cycle calculations and their effect on electrical component selection.

Jan 1, 1988

By Arthur Miller

Most of the production of copper in the United States comes from a few large companies. Often overlooked, however, are the more numerous small mining operations, which collectively produce a significant portion of the nation's copper. The objective of this paper is to describe the operations of a small mining company - Ranchers Exploration and Development Corporation - how it views its place in this industry of giants, how it exploits the advantages offered by its relatively small size, and how it protects itself from the hazards being small introduces. Environment is, of course, a critical factor for such a company because it does not have the resources which help large companies weather periods of financial stress. Ideally, this environment is characterized by a heal thy economy, strong product demand, relatively stable prices , adequate grades and tonnages of ore commensurate with depth and over-burden, ready access to utilities, a dependable labor pool, and suitable technical "know how". When the environment is right, properties which were previously uneconomical to operate attract the attention of companies whose primary interest is a return on investment commensurate with risk over a reasonable period of time. Naturally, the amount of the investment and the duration of operation determines the size of the company which would be interested in such a venture. Such is the case with Ranchers Bluebird Mine at Miami, Arizona - a small property operated by a small company in a favorable economic environment.

Jan 1, 1967

By A. U. Miller

Since coal -mining records have been kept , reports of all mining States show that each year the lives of many workers have been sacrificed in the production of coal , and Illinois has contributed its share , Illinois reports for the 50 years 1882 to 1932 , inclusive , show that 6,673 men were killed -- 6,121 underground , 340 in the shaft , and 212 on the surface . Of the fatalities underground , 3,116 were caused by falls of roof or sides , 1,111 by haulage , 630 by explosives , 577 by gas explosions , 139 by electricity, and 548 by other causes ; 166 of the shaft fatalities were caused by falling down the shaft , 143 by the cage , and 31 by other causes ; 108 of the surface fatalities were caused by railroad cars , 46 by machinery , and 58 by other causes . Most of those engaged in mining are still of the opinion that it is an extremely hazardous occupation and that it is practically impossible to operate without accidents ; however , students of safety in mining now believe that with the proper attention to accident prevention mining may be conducted with little , if any , greater accident rate than that of other supposedly hazardous industries . There is no mystery connected with accidents in mining ; reports show that the majority are due to two main causes , falls of roof and sides and haulage . Mining companies in Illinois , as well as in other States , have proved in the past few years that the hazards of mining , like those of other industries , can be controlled to a large extent and the mines operated with few if any accidents , provided a great enough effort is made by employer and worker . Although the past accident rate of Illinois may compare favorably with that of other mining States it is higher than it should be ; the fact that 6,673 men (an average of 133.46 per year) were killed in and around the mines of the State between 1882- and 1932 indicates that accident prevention should receive more consideration in the future than in the past .

Nov 1, 1934

By MUSTAFA ERKAYAOGLU, ENVER YILMAZ

Coal is still a part of energy generation worldwide and has a significant role in the sustainable development of countries. The amount of shallow coal deposits is getting scarce, making efficient underground mining operations crucial for both local and global economies. In underground mining operations, longwall mining is a commonly utilized method to extract deep coal deposits. One of the leading engineering goals in longwall mining is increasing the efficiency of the system by investigating the effects of operational factors on equipment. This paper investigates the shearer performance for a longwall top coal caving operation by discrete event simulation that includes modeling the double-drum shearer, belt conveyors, stage loader, and armored face conveyors (AFC) to evaluate system performance by considering the amount of daily coal production of the shearer. As a result, the most influential factor on mine production is determined and a data-based framework is developed. This study suggests a framework for data collection, data analysis, and the interpretation of the operational data to evaluate the primary production unit’s performance. The models developed for the face coal extraction operations in a longwall top coal caving (LTCC) mine have a bi-directional cutting system and can be implemented in other operations readily.

Jul 2, 2021

By Duane L. Abata

Toxic gases produced by the detonation of six explosives were measured in an underground hardrock metal mine during actual mining operations. The six explosives included two semigelatin dynamites, three slurry explosives and an ammonium nitrate, fuel-oil/ammonia dynamite combination. Explosives were detonated at the face of a drift and the toxic gases produced by the detonation were trapped to the end of the drift by a bulkhead located a short distance away from the face. Toxic gas concentrations were then measured with direct readout instruments and together with the containment volume, the toxic gas volumes per mass of explosive were calculated. Toxic gas measurements were found in the following ranges (ft3/lbm): NO, 0.010-0.035; NO2, 0.003-0.019; CO, 0.08-0.30; S02, 0.00-0.05; and CO2, 0.7-1.8. Results showed that toxic gas production (ft3/lbm) correlated with the densities (kg/m3) and energy densities (kJ/kg) of the explosives tested.

Jan 1, 1979