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By O. Gunaydin

Performance measurements of large-diameter circular saws were conducted on eight different carbonate rocks in marble factories located in some areas of Turkey. Rock samples were collected from these factories for laboratory tests. Uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and impact strength were determined in the laboratory. The brittleness of B3 (the ratio of compressive strength minus tensile strength to compressive strength plus tensile strength), the brittleness of B5 (the product of percentage fines in the impact strength test and compressive strength) and the brittleness of B8 (half of the product of compressive strength and tensile strength) were calculated from the test results. Hourly slab productions were correlated with brittleness indexes. It was concluded that sawability of carbonate rocks can best be predicted from the brittleness of B8.

Jan 1, 2004

Ferrous and Nonferrous Physical Metallurgy Established as a Division April 26, 1918 T A Read, Chairman O T Marzke, Past Chairman J H Jackson, Senior Vice-Chairman David Swan, Vice-Chairman D C Johnston, Secretary-Treasurer AIME, 29 West 39th Street New York 18, New York

Jan 1, 1960

By lizabeth Morales

En el período del 2006-2007 un equipo multidisciplinario de especialistas nacionales e internacionales de Walsh realizó una evaluación de las condiciones ambientales de las operaciones de la Mina Tintaya, donde se verificó la información secundaria de la operación y los procesos participativos que lleva el yacimiento, generándose recomendaciones que ayuden a resolver conflictos entre la mina y la comunidad que sean aplicables a los asentamientos mineros en desarrollo en los diferentes países. En ese sentido, el presente trabajo describe el proceso de esta evaluación para así prevenir y minimizar conflictos sociales entre la empresa y la comunidad a través de un balance de las misma por intermedio de la mesa de diálogo.

Sep 14, 2009

By P. N. Lategan

Mining companies are challenged with increased difficulty in delivering capital projects on schedule and within budget. In 2005, PricewaterhouseCoopers global review of major capital projects in the mining industry only 2.5% of projects could be defined as successful when assessed across the four critical dimensions of scope, cost, schedule and business benefits. Thus 97.5% of major mining capital projects were not successful according to the criteria PricewaterhouseCoopers used. Normally if a project fails on all these criteria it indicates scope creep. Scope creep refers to the change in a project's scope after the project work has started. As a result, the projects drift away from their original design, timeline, and budget, and as a consequence destroy business benefits. The major reasons for scope creep are poor change control and the lack of proper front end loading. Change control and front end loading are based on project processes in the planning and monitoring & control process group of the Project Management Body of Knowledge1 (PMBOK). This paper will focus on key factors to consider during project scheduling/planning with special reference to cost and schedule (using Microsoft Project as a tool although the principal is universal)

Jan 1, 2009

By P. N. Lategan

Mining companies are challenged with increased difficulty in delivering capital projects on schedule and within budget. In 2005, PricewaterhouseCoopers global review of major capital projects in the mining industry only 2.5% of projects could be defined as successful when assessed across the four critical dimensions of scope, cost, schedule and business benefits. Thus 97.5% of major mining capital projects were not successful according to the criteria PricewaterhouseCoopers used. Normally if a project fails on all these criteria it indicates scope creep. Scope creep refers to the change in a project's scope after the project work has started. As a result, the projects drift away from their original design, timeline, and budget, and as a consequence destroy business benefits. The major reasons for scope creep are poor change control and the lack of proper front end loading. Change control and front end loading are based on project processes in the planning and monitoring & control process group of the Project Management Body of Knowledge1 (PMBOK). This paper will focus on key factors to consider during project scheduling/planning with special reference to cost and schedule (using Microsoft Project as a tool although the principal is universal)

Jan 1, 2009

By Cristian Márquez, Luiz A. Teixeira

En este trabajo se estudia el concepto de tratamiento oxidativo de los efluentes de flotación con el fin de remover los contaminantes y recuperar agua para reúso. La estrategia del tratamiento consiste en la oxidación de las especies cianuradas, sulfuros y/o colectores con el fin de remover los reactivos de flotación y los productos activos de la descomposición de materiales orgánicos. De esta manera, se liberan los cationes metálicos disueltos para poder ser precipitados como óxidos e hidróxidos a un rango de pH entre 8 y 9. El ensayo contiene un “caso de estudio” del tratamiento de los efluentes de una planta real en operación.

Jun 30, 2019

By Carlos Bruno Eckstein, Cayo Vinicius da Silva Lima, Gabriela Ribeiro Pereira, Thiago Tôrres Matta Neves, Clara Johanna Pacheco, Laudemiro Nogueira Junior, Luiz Henrique de Almeida

Aços austeníticos HP atualmente são os materiais utilizados em tubos de fornos de reforma a vapor devido as suas propriedades superiores a altas temperaturas de operação. Por causa da exposição a ambientes oxidantes durante o serviço, na parede externa dos tubos é formada uma complexa camada de diferentes óxidos e, adjacente a esta, se forma região empobrecida de cromo. A presença de uma resposta magnética nesta região influencia diretamente o desenvolvimento de fermentas de inspeção não destrutiva para avaliação magnética da evolução microestrutural em fornos de reforma a vapor. Para caracterizar a resposta magnética desta camada transformada, foi utilizada uma amostra com estado de envelhecimento V utilizando-se a técnica de microscopia Kerr. Foram realizadas análises qualitativas por meio de imagens e análises quantitativas através do levantamento da curva de histerese. Os resultados permitiram identificar regiões com domínios magnéticos e correlacionar o seu comportamento com o valor do campo magnético aplicado.

Oct 29, 2019

By Mario Alejandro Bendezú

En el presente artículo se analizan los factores esenciales para desarrollar un proyecto minero de uranio y litio en Perú. Luego de describir los requerimientos y perfil que debe tener la empresa minera a cargo —en este caso, una minera junior—, se revisan las implicancias operacionales, legales, económicas, sociales y ambientales del hecho de que los yacimientos contengan minerales radioactivos.

Nov 30, 2018

By John T., Ryan

THE subject assigned me, "Safety in Mining," is a very broad one and only the high spots can be covered in this short paper. As this is a meeting of the Coal Division, these remarks will be directed largely to coal mine safety, although the principles of safety and effective accident prevention methods are relatively the same in every branch of mining or industrial work. The coal mining industry should take pride in the part it has played in the development of the accident prevention movement, and there is ample proof for the statement that the first real organized accident prevention, work, both abroad and in this country, was con- ducted in the coal mining industry.

Jan 1, 1930

By D. J. Donaven, Manuel Gomez, W. S. Landers

Bulk density tests were made on a Western U.S. coke oven plant blend to obtain bulk density control data that would be directly transferable to plant practice . Maximum bulk density values were obtained at zero surface moisture . Increase in surface moisture to about 6 percent decreased the bulk density to a minimum value . Increase in the fine grinding of the blend , at constant surface moisture , decreased the bulk density . The effect of oil on bulk density was observed with five oils at concentrations ranging from 1/8 to 1-1 / 2 gallons per ton . Maximum bulk densities were obtained within the 1 / 2- to 1 - gallon - per - ton range . Essentially the same bulk densities were obtained with petrolatum- and nonpetrolatum- containing oils . Storage effects were observed on samples tested at selected intervals from 0 to 56 days . No significant change in bulk density took place if no surface moisture was lost during storage .

Jan 1, 1964

By S. J. Frank

The development of feedforward semi-empirical control models for furnaces and the evaluation of mass balances are based on plant data. The models can only be as good as the data and it is therefore required to know the inherent uncertainty associated with the plant data. This uncertainty stems mainly from the fact that the slag, alloy or dust, have a distributed nature that depends on the degree of mixedness. It is commonly accepted that melts from open bath furnaces are well-mixed, and submerged arc furnaces less so. The impact of this assumption is significant, as a reasonably homogeneous melt could be represented by one sample only. As so much of metallurgical control depends on the assay information of the alloy and slag melts from furnaces, it was decided to characterise the possible variation in melt chemistry and temperature. Sampling campaigns and continuous temperature measurement of the melts were performed for different alloy and slag taps at a major ferrochrome producer. Both a submerged arc furnace and open arc furnace are evaluated in this way, by way of comparison. The slags of both open arc and submerged arc furnaces were found to be of similar degrees of homogeneity, with much spatial variance in the reducible iron and chromium oxides. However, it was found that the alloy melts deriving from open arc furnaces were significantly less homogeneous than the alloy derived from submerged arc furnace alloy production. The compositional variance could be related to the furnace operating conditions and it affects both metallurgical accounting and process control. In all cases it was found that the variance in melt solute components are larger than can be ascribed to analysis instrument error. It will be shown how this predetermined variance in melt composition could be included in process modelling and control.

Jan 1, 2004

By Robert J. Evans

Reclamation costs were estimated for 20 coal surface mining operations in the Appalachian and Midwestern Coal Supply Districts (these two districts were divided into three multi-State regions). The cost data were obtained through onsite observations, interviews with mining company personnel, and the authors' cost estimating procedures. The cost data are presented in terms of dollars per acre, dollars per ton of coal produced, and dollars per cubic yard of overburden moved during backfilling. The reclamation process is divided-into three cost categories: Premining planning, backfilling, and revegetation. The average total reclamation costs for the three regions are $2.77 per ton of coal produced and $8,168 per acre. As the result of comparisons of reclamation costs by region, by mining method, by slope, and by size of operation, the most important reclamation cost difference is between area mining methods ($1.73 per ton) and contour mining methods ($3.81 per ton). The Federal Bureau of Mines conducted this study to determine as accurately as possible the actual costs involved with the reclamation of coal surface mined land done in conjunction with active mining operations.

Jan 1, 1975

By D. W. Butner

This report is concerned with the conditions affecting the methods and costs of mining phosphate rock in that part of the western phosphate field that is in Bear Lake and Caribou Counties in southeastern Idaho ( see fig . 1) . The area was selected because it contains most of the known phosphate reserve and because its geology has been studied more extensively than that of other sections . Deposits of phosphate rock on public land may be leased from the Government under the terms of the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 , subject to the regulations of the Bureau of Land Management . Public interest in phosphate production is growing , as shown by an increasing number of applications for leases . Two mines are being operated steadily for the production of phosphate rock by companies that have also the necessary processing plants for the manufacture of fertilizer . Total western phosphate - rock production in 1947 is reported by the Economics Statistics and Division of the Federal Bureau of Mines to have been 1,193,000 long tons , mined in Idaho , Montana , and Wyoming . The average grade was 30.7 percent of contained phosphorus pentoxide (P205 ) ; the average value at the mines was $5.67 per long ton . Idaho contributed 905,000 tons , or somewhat more than 75 percent of western production . Western fertilizer plants took 23 percent of total production; 76 percent was exported . Strip mining accounted for 75 percent of the Idaho tonnage; the remainder was stoped from underground workings . Rock must contain a minimum of 30 percent P205 to be commercially useful for the production of superphosphate fertilizer by current acid treatment methods . Research by corporations and Government agencies has been directed toward the use of lower - grade ore . So far , only by smelting can rock containing as little as 25 percent P205 be used economically . Any development of processing or use pattern that would render the mining of , say , 20 percent rock profitable would have important effects in reducing the unit cost of mining . In the search for metallurgical improvements , consideration should be given to the saving of valuable components of the rock, such as vanadium and fluorine , both of which are present in the beds .

Oct 1, 1949

By P. -É. Boileau, VibRG, S. Grenier, M. Smets, T. Eger, J. Stevenson

Load-haul dump vehicles (LHDs) are used to move waste rock and ore in underground mining operations. The LHD is designed for bi-directional operation and the driver sits sideways to the direction of travel. LHD operators have higher reports of low back pain and neck discomfort than other mobile equipment operators who do not sit sideways in the vehicle, but are exposed to whole-body vibration (WBV)1. Exposure to WBV is linked with reports of lower-back pain, neck problems and spinal degeneration2,3. Static sitting postures, sitting with the neck and back twisted, and sitting with the back in an unsupported posture are also linked with an increased risk of developing back pain4. The objective of this study was to determine typical vibration exposure levels and driving postures for LHD operators. Methods Whole-body vibration exposure was measured at the seat-pan, in accordance with the ISO 2631-1 standard5, on seven LHD vehicles with a 10 yard bucket haulage capacity. Vibration data were recorded with a Biometrics™ DataLog II (P3X8) and stored on a 128 Mb Simpletech™ multimedia card. Comparisons were made to the ISO 2631-1 Health Guidance Caution Zone (HGCZ) in order to determine potential injury risk. Operator posture was monitored with three digital video cameras which were secured inside each operator’s cab to the top left corner, top right corner and back right corner. Reflective tape was placed on each driver’s shoulders, head, and back in several locations and in several locations on the vehicle seat in order to aid in posture coding. Posture coding was performed with 3DMatch v4.50 multiple video view analysis feature. Vibration measurement and posture recording occurred simultaneously for 60 minutes while the LHD operator performed typical duties. Results and Discussion Results indicate LHD operators may be exposed to whole-body vibration levels putting them at risk for injury (Table 1). According to ISO 2631-1 the frequency weighted acceleration values corresponding to the lower and upper limits of the HGCZ (for an 8 hr exposure duration) are 0.45 and 0.90 m/s2 respectively5. Six of the seven vehicles showed exposure levels within the HGCZ defined for 8 hours. Preliminary video analysis indicated LHD operators were exposed to potentially harmful levels of WBV while adopting asymmetric postures (Table 2). For example, one LHD operator (Figure 1) worked with his neck twisted greater than 40 degrees for 93 % of a 60 minute work cycle. According to the Swedish National Work Injury Criteria, neck rotation should be less than 15 degrees if the motion is required for greater than 80% of the work time6. Results of this study highlight the need to further examine the contribution of non-neutral working postures and

Jan 6, 2006

By I. S. M. K. Ilankoon

In heap leaching the transport of the acid from the drippers to the surface of the ore particles is a major factor in the overall performance of a heap. This flow behavior is complex as the flow is unsaturated and occurs along a tortuous set of inter-particle channels and connections. Previous modeling of this system has used equations from oil and ground water flow to model these systems, but the applicability of these models with the larger particles found in typical heaps is suspect as these systems are not necessarily capillary dominated. In particular, as the characteristic particle size goes from below to above a few centimeters, the flow changes from capillary to gravity dominated. This means that typical heap leaching heaps cover this interesting, but complex, transitional fluid flow regime. In this paper a set of experimental studies of this flow, including PEPT (positron emission particle tracking) based tracer experiments, highly accurate liquid holdup measurements and axial dispersion experiments using salt tracers will be presented. In this study, flow through mono-dispersed particle beds was carried out. In particular, the hysteresis in the liquid holdup as the liquid flow rate into the particle bed is varied is investigated, since this hysteresis means that the relationship between flow rate and holdup is history dependent, an effect not included in models currently used to describe fluid flow in heaps. A theoretical model that describes this hysteresis will also be presented. Keywords: heap leaching, hydrometallurgy, modeling

Sep 1, 2012

By Ralf M. Kleine

THE property of Consolidated 1 Discovery Yellowknife Mines Limited, (Figure I) is situated in the Northwest Territories, approximately 50 air miles north of the town of Yellowknife. The mine is reached by a shaft which extends from surface to a depth of 4,000 feet, with working levels established at 1 50-foot intervals. Stopping operations are carried on throughout a vertical range of 2,000 feet, with both shrinkage and cut and fill methods being used, depending on the ground conditions. Production started in 1950 and milling is done in a 1 65-ton per day cyanide plant. During ten months of the year, the property is serviced entirely by air, utilizing charter aircraft from Yellowknife. A 4,000-foot runway near the mine was constructed from mill tailings. This strip is adequate to receive Bristol freighter planes carrying heavy loads. Other servicing is done by Otter aircraft, equipped with skis or wheels for winter and with pontoons for summer operations.

Jan 1, 1962

By R. J. Kuczynski

The U.S. Bureau of Mines operated a 2,000-9 (4.4-lb) batch process development unit for recovering platinum-group metals (PGM) from automobile catalysts. Virgin monolith, used pellet and used monolith catalyst samples were tested. Leaching twice with 1-pct sodium cyanide (NaCN) solution at 160' C for 1 h in a pressure vessel dissolved over 95 pct of the PGM from virgin catalysts and over 90 pct from used pellet catalysts. Over 85 pct of the PGM was dissolved from used monolith catalysts when a third leaching step was added. PGM concentrates as metallic powder containing over 99.8 pct of the dissolved PGM and analyzing greater than 70 pct PGM were recovered by heating the pregnant leach solutions from virgin catalysts to 250' C and used catalyst to 275" C for 1 h. The solution after heating contained primarily sodium carbonate from cyanide decomposition and less than 0.2 ppm total cyanide.

Jan 1, 1993

By S. C. Gouws

"SynopsisSustainable infrastructure development has long been identified as a key enabler for socio-economic growth and poverty reduction in societies globally. Twenty-one years into the young South African democracy, economic prospects are fragile and unemployment statistics are high. According to Trading Economics (2015) the GDP growth rate in South Africa averaged 3.07% from 1993 until 2015.Through the National Development Plan 2030, the government has responded by instituting the Presidential Infrastructure Coordinating Commission (PICC) to direct national growth and drive job creation by effecting a long-term infrastructure investment programme. The Commission is mandated by Cabinet to coordinate, integrate, and accelerate implementation of more than 150 individual social and economic infrastructure plans.In the civil infrastructure development sector, increased urbanization is compelling governments and the public sector to expand safe and reliable public amenities, but the availability of real estate for construction in congested cities is a challenge. Within the mining infrastructure construction industry safe, rapid, and efficient mine extraction strategies are imperative to realize increased production, business hurdle rates, and stakeholder expectations.Asset owners and stakeholders are obliged to consider advanced mechanized underground excavation and support technologies in order to present feasible solutions timeously. From an engineering design, procurement, and construction management (EPCM) perspective tunnelling technology and boring applications have a distinct advantage over conventional excavation techniques. These solutions may enhance commerce and transportation by expanding infrastructure in concentrations of national economic activity, providing crucial linkages with rural areas, between cities, and across international borders.This paper explores the contribution by mechanized tunnelling technology and boring applications applied in conjunction with digital and automation technologies compared with conventional methodologies. The technological expertise, combined with a paradigm shift in delivery of project objectives, will promote economic growth, aid recovery from the economic downturn, and improve social development."

Jan 1, 2015

By Félix Lewandowsky

El presente trabajo señala el proceso de cierre desarrollado durante el año 2000 en la mina Julcani. Las etapas de cierre comprenden el procedimiento de diseño, ejecución y control-seguimiento y como tal, contienen un sistema de seguridad (SHEB) en las operaciones de la mina. El principal objetivo del proceso de cierre es la estabilización a largo plazo del entorno físico, químico y socioeconómico en las áreas afectadas por la actividad minera para asi proteger la salud, el ecosistema y reducir los efectos negativos en el ecosistema. Finalmente, es más factible ejecutar el plan de cierre durante la operación de la mina que cuando no es económicamente viable.

Sep 13, 2001

By Sávia Cristina Lacerda Poubel Pinheiro

A cada sequencial iniciado, as primeiras toneladas de aços que caem no distribuidor podem ser contaminadas pelos refratários, bem como pelo oxigênio do ar. Na Aciaria da Vallourec Soluções Tubulares do Brasil (VSB), em Jeceaba, desde o start up tem-se como prática o sucateamento de aproximadamente 17 toneladas de aço no início de lingotamento, com o objetivo de minimizar problemas de qualidade no tubo devido fornecimento de barras com baixa qualidade. Neste contexto, estudos foram realizados para avaliar a qualidade destas primeiras barras de primeira corrida do sequencial, com foco em barras de diâmetro de 310mm. A avaliação compreendeu a análise do teor de oxigênio total ao longo da primeira barra e qualidade de tubos laminados provenientes das mesmas. Os resultados indicaram que parte da primeira barra apresenta boa qualidade para ser aplicada na laminação de tubos, reduzindo o sucateamento de barras de início de lingotamento em 7 t.

Oct 30, 2017