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By Russell R. Trengove

The largest potential reserves of manganese in Nevada are in the Pioche district. To date, these large reserves of 10-to l2-percent manganese cannot be upgraded economically. Other large, low-grade deposits, such as the Virgin River and Boulder City deposits in Clark County, cannot be considered immediate sources of manganese. Reserves of the principal manganese deposits in Nevada, based on the most reliable estimates, total about 17 million tons analyzing 7.6 to 13.6 percent manganese. Most of the deposits are of a type that cannot be prospected systematically but have been prospected and developed in the course of productive mining operations. To realize production from low-grade deposits that are amenable to concentration, a ready market must be provided. Thus far, Government stockpiles have been the major outlet for these low-grade ores. Research and experimentation over a period of years have led to development of several processes technologically applicable to these low-grade ore bodies, but their economics is not sufficient to allow competition with imported ores on the open market.

Jan 1, 1959

By G. Gavan

Analysis of reported injuries for off-highway haul trucks indicated that 42.7% were slip and fall, and of these 34.1% occurred mounting and dismounting the machine. Redesign of the lower steps was concluded to provide the most overall improvement for increased safety and accident reduction. Various existing, innovative and conceptual designs were reviewed and evaluated. The most promising candidate designs were the four-spring supported lower steps and the center tube mounted lower steps. Both configurations proved to be viable designs as they passed successfully human factors and survivability tests conducted at a large copper mine.

Jan 1, 1979

The plant and processing site at Porgera has been built on a levelled mudstone ridge about lkm E of the mine. Excavation of 7xl06m3 of soil and rock was necessary to achieve the required area. The exposed mudstone belongs to the Chico Formation and is weak, sheared and readily breaks down by slaking upon exposure. Tectonic uplift and subsequent erosion have produced the present landscape of narrow bedrock ridges, with deep colluvium in the incised valleys. The deep excavation to a maximum of 60m, has rapidly unloaded the mudstone, and subsequent stress relief has caused rebound and dilation of the material. The processes of pore pressure equilibration, softening, progressive failure and loosening, combine to deteriorate the newly exposed rock mass. These processes are commonly associated with pre-existing shear surfaces, fissures and a

Jan 1, 1991

By Xiao Caimei

The method of Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) provides a helpful tool for the study of the industrial metabolism of a certain metal within a regional level, such as copper, lead etc. In this paper the flows and inventory of cobalt in China, 2008, were traced with the STAF model, and the situations of production, fabrication and manufacturing, use and waste management in China were introduced. The result revealed that the resource of cobalt in China was so poor that a large amount of cobalt material or cobalt products needed to be imported, and there was lack of recycling of cobalt resources.0

Jan 1, 2010

By B. M. England, L. C. Mackey

Magnesia minerals are included in most iron ore sinter mixes to provide the MgO requirements of blast furnace slag. The properties of these minerals have an influence on the eventual sintering properties of the mixes. A detailed study was undertaken of serpentine and dolomite and the use of limestone, olivine and magnesite was also investigated. A consideration of particle properties indicated that as these materials calcine a reduction in size can occur together with cracking and changes in surface properties. These changes could affect the permeability of the sintering bed and sintering performance. Studies of sintering reactions showed that magnesium and calcium, formed from the calcination of dolomite, are extremely mobile before the formation of melt. Evidence suggests that the movement of these oxides into surrounding areas is via a solid-state diffusion process. The diffusion of Ca into the surrounding hematite particles is faster than that of Mg, resulting in the formation of dicalcium ferrite and magnetite or magnesioferrite, the last two subsequently being converted to dicalcium ferrite in the presence of Ca with removal of Mg from the structure as ferroan periclase. Studies of pilot-plant sinters indicated that reaction mechanisms formulated from the bench-scale studies were occurring in actual sintering processes. The differences in sintering reactions between dolomite and serpentine were considered to be the major cause of differences in the availability of lime for bonding phase formation. Pilot-scale studies indicated that the sintering properties of a mix containing dolomite could be improved by increasing the basicity of the sinter mix while keeping the MgO level constant

Jun 18, 1905

By W. C. Thurber, C. J. McHargue

THE deformation textures of metals have been extensively studied because of both the practical implications in metal fabrication and the fundamental insight into the behavior of the metal during deformation. Most studies have been concerned with pure metals or solid-solution alloys and relatively little attention has been directed toward more complex alloy systems. Barrett' and Brick2 have summarized work on multiphase systems in terms of the relative ease of deformation of the phases. Thus, if the phases are deformed about equally, each develops its usual texture for the particular fabrication process. This behavior has been reported for Ag-Cu and Cd-Zn alloys3 and 62-38 brass.4 A dispersion of hard particles in a softer matrix interferes with the normal reorientation of the matrix lattice during deformation, thus distorting the texture or in some cases preventing its development. Increasing the amount of carbon in steel has been observed to increase the randomness of the ferrite5 and almost random textures have been reported for A1-12 pct Si eutectic alloy wires.6 It has also been noted that if the second phase is platelike, deformation causes the platelets to line up in a common direction. The present work concerns a quantitative study of the deformation textures in aluminum-uranium alloys containing 5 or 13 wt pct U. Alloys in this composition range are characterized by a pure aluminum matrix in which the intermetallic compound UA14, is dispersed. From a fundamental standpoint, this system affords the opportunity for studying the effects of a dispersed phase on texture development in an essentially pure metal matrix. Further, these alloys are commonly used as fuels for nuclear research and testing reactors, and a knowledge of the preferred orientation may be useful in evaluating physical and mechanical properties as well as response to fabrication. The deformation textures in sheets of aluminum (99.996 pct), Al-5 pct U alloy, and Al-13 pct U alloy were determined for reductions in thickness of 90 pct by cold rolling. The texture in an alloy rod of the latter composition which had been extruded at 455°C was also determined. It can be readily ascertained from the aluminum-uranium phase diagram that the 5 pct U alloy is hypoeutectic and contains 7.3 wt pct (3.4 vol. pct) UAl4. The 13 pct U alloy has the eutectic composition and contains 18.9 wt pct (9.4 vol. pct) UAl,; however, because of nonequilibrium solidification conditions, the typical eutectic microstructure was not developed. The alloys were prepared by open-air melting in graphite crucibles. The slab castings were cropped and cold reduced 90 pct in thickness on a two-high mill. The slabs were reversed after each pass. Although the uranium-bearing alloys exhibited edge cracking, they could be cold rolled to the desired thickness. Small coupons 1.5 by 0.75 by 0.1 in. thick were sheared from the center of the rolled plate with a major axis parallel to the rolling direction. To obtain a specimen of sufficient thickness for machining of the X-ray diffraction specimen, three coupons were laminated into a single three-ply sandwich with a suitable adhesive. Adhesives which could be cured at room temperatures were selected in order to prevent recrystallization during bonding. Bondmaster M-648 (Rubber and Asbestos Corp.) was used for the pure aluminum laminate and Armstrong A-6 (Armstrong Products Co.) was used for the alloys. The alloy for extrusion was cast in a cylindrical graphite mold! cropped and machined into a 3-in. diam by 4-in. long billet. This billet was preheated to 455°C, upset to 3.125 in. diam, and extruded on a 700-ton hydraulic press at a speed of 6 fpm through a flat-face, 1-in. diam die. The rod was quenched with a water spray as it emerged from the die. Pole-distribution data were obtained using the diffractometric method described by Jetter and Borie.7 A spherical X-ray diffraction specimen of

Jan 1, 1961

By C. H. Stockwell

"The Precambrian rocks of southeastern Manitoba contain a great variety of mineral deposits, including gold, chromium, copper, nickel, lithium, tin, beryllium, tungsten, and molybdenum. Although considerable interest has been shown from time to time in each of these types of deposit, production to date has been almost entirely in gold. This has had a value of about $26,000,000 and has been derived chiefly from the San Antonio mine, with lesser amounts from the Central Manitoba, Gunnar, Beresford Lake, Ogama-Rockland, Diana, and other properties.Most of the deposits lie within volcanic and sedimentary rocks or within basic intrusions cutting these rocks. These favourable rocks occur in several areas, which have been given local names and are separated from one another by large bodies of granite (Fig. 1).In general, the several areas are characterized by different types of mineralization. Thus, the Rice Lake-Beresford Lake area contains numerous gold deposits and has yielded almost all the gold production to date; the Maskwa River, Euclid Lake, and Oiseau River areas are, on the whole, characterized by deposits of chromium, copper, nickel, lithium, tin, and beryllium; and in the West Hawk Lake area there are deposits of gold, tungsten, molybdenum, and lithium.As might be expected in a district containing such a variety of mineral deposits, the structural conditions controlling their deposition also vary greatly. It is, accordingly, convenient to discuss the structural geology and mineral deposits of each of the more important areas separately."

Jan 1, 1954

By McMillan W. D.

Vermiculite is the name of a group of micaceous minerals characterized by their property of exfoliating when heated and thereby increasing many times their original volume. The resulting product has excellent heat-and sound-insulating properties, is used as a lightweight aggregate, and has numerous other industrial applications. Deposits of vermiculite occur in areas of pre-Cambrian rocks of the Llano uplift of central Texas, particularly in Burnet and Llano Counties. Because of the growing economic importance of vermiculite products, the Bureau of Mines undertook a detailed investigation of several deposits in Llano County. This investigation was completed in February 1947. The work comprised topographic surveys of five deposits, drilling with a 4-1/4 inch Parmanco power auger drill, and laboratory evaluation of samples. 342 drill holes, aggregating 4,905.5 feet, were completed, and 377 samples were taken. Laboratory evaluation of the vermiculite comprised expansion tests on both crude and beneficiated samples. The products obtained were compared with commercial-grade vermiculite from Montana.

Jan 1, 1949

By P. A. Davies

Paper presented at the conference: Risk assessment in the extractive industries, held in Exeter, UK, 23-24 March 1994, and first published London: IMM, 1994, preprint volume, 11pp., 15 refs. Hazards such as vibration, dust emission and fragment projection can result in an area called the Danger Zone being set around a blasting site. Traditionally Danger Zones have been set solely on the basis of consequences (e.g. based on the maximum distance of rock projection or expected ground vibration plus a defined safety margin). Advances in risk assessment and its growing acceptance as a safety management tool have led to the setting of Danger Zones based on both consequences and frequency of occurrence. This allows distances to be optimised on the basis of acceptable risk levels rather than the potential consequences of infrequent events. The setting of a flyrock Danger Zone is used to demonstrate a risk-based approach compared with a traditional consequence approach

Aug 1, 1995

By John G. Henning

The Hoyle Pond underground mine is located in the Porcupine Gold Camp, 18 km east of downtown Timmins. Since the initiation of production in 1985, the operation has produced in excess of 1.9 million ounces of gold at a grade of 15 grams per tonne. Currently, Hoyle Pond ranks 8th in total ounce production for all past and present producing mines in the camp, with the highest head grade of any of the significant past, or present producing mines in Timmins. Cut and fill, shrinkage, longhole and panel mining methods are employed to excavate the narrow gold bearing structures. Using illustrative examples, this paper provides an overview of factors, such as geologic setting, rock mechanics challenges and mine infrastructure, which influence mine design at Hoyle Pond.

Oct 1, 2004

By U. Storck

"Shaft sinking for exploitation of the deep potash beds in Saskatchewan involved great difficulties from the very first because of the need to exclude from the shaft the high-pressure water encountered in the overburden. Control of the troublesome Blairmore quicksands was achieved relatively quickly by use of the freezing method and by lining with cast iron tubbing. The unsolved problem remained, however, of sealing the water-bearing Devonian where the formations had extremely low permeability and were thus hard to grout. Long experience in German potash mines had shown that the permanency of the whole mine would be seriously endangered if large amounts of unsaturated salt water were allowed to flow in from the shaft wall and merely removed by pumping. The prevention of water movement and the resulting dissolution of salt in the overburden were known to be most important. In the Alwinsal shaft, water flow from the Devonian has been prevented by the use of a steel and concrete sandwich lining similar in principle to a kind of lining introduced a few years earlier, and for another reason, in German coal shafts. As its installation is neither more expensive nor more time consuming than that of cast iron tubbing lining, this same lining was also chosen as protection against the Blairmore quicksands. The great advantage of the steel lining, in addition to its relatively high strength, is the fact that it is possible to make the joints of the individual segments absolutely and permanently water-tight by means of tested welds. The virtual dryness of the Alwinsal shaft will also result in lower costs because significant corrosion of all its steel installations, including skips, cage and ropes, will be prevented."

Jan 1, 1968

By W. J. Kroll

Jan 1, 1960

The Rosebery and Hercules mines, situated in the Rosebery-Williamsford district in western Tasmania, have a history of production dating back to 1896-7, although full scale production did not commence until 1936, following the development of a satisfactory process of selective flotation (Hall, Cottle, Rosenhain and McGhie, 1953). The mineral composition of the Rosebery zinc-lead ores was first described in detail by Stillwell (1934). The Hercules ore is generally similar, but as yet no descriptions of it have beenpublished.Since Dr. Stillwell's paper appeared, the management of the Rosebery and Hercules mines has from time to time submitted a number of interesting mineral specimens to C.S.I.R.O. Mineragraphie Investigations. Examination of these specimens brought to light eight minerals, some relatively uncommon, not previously recognized in these ores.They are cassiterite, molybdenite, stannite, electrum, meneghinite, boulangerite, pyrargyrite and pyrrhotite. Some of the specimens are also rich in tetrahedrite and gold. In addition each of the other ore minerals described by Stillwell, viz. pyrite, sphalerite, galena, bournonite, chaleopyrite and arsenopyrite, was detected in one or more of the specimens examined during the present study. The principal gangue minerals were found to be quartz, manganiferous carbonate, sericite and barite, agreeing closely with the observations of Stillwell.The present study was based on the examination of the following eight specimens.

Jan 1, 1960

By Robert A. Cummings

A rock mass classification system has been developed for recommending drift support requirements in block caving mines. This development follows a two-year program incorporating field observations of support practice and performance in rocks of different classes, at several U. S. block caving mines. Popular rock mass classification systems presently in use for tunneling were applied at the various field sites; and were evaluated for conformance with caving mine support requirements and for general utility to caving mine operations. The developed system (MBR System) accepts readily-obtainable engineering and geologic data to yield a rational estimate of support requirements. The background and development of the MBR system is described in this report (Volume I). The use of the system is given in the Manual, a separate volume (Volume II).

Jan 1, 1984

By Paul R. Smith

The Colorado School of Mines Research Institute (CSMRI) was founded in 1949 to fill mining industry and government needs for minerals research and development. The operations of scores of mines, mills, and plants around the world are based on the results of work done by the Research Institute. Among other things, the Research Institute conducts studies in geology, mine planning, mineralogy, size reduction, minerals processing, and hydrometallurgical techniques in extractive metallurgy. Many CSMRI projects also involve energy and environmental considerations. What follows is a summary of some of the studies in which the Research Institute has been and is currently involved, as well as some comments on trends and developments in the industry.

Jan 2, 1982

By Kirk A. Mcintosh

Augered, cast-in-place (ACIP) piles have been utilized in the United States for a wide range of projects since the 1950's. Due to the cast-in-place nature of the installation method (and lack of a driving criteria); however, ACIP piles have not been readily accepted by some practicing geotechnical and structural engineers. Since ACIP piles were initially developed, the installation equipment and techniques have been improved and refined and the number of experienced contractors has significantly increased. Over the past 10 to 15 years, the pile type has experienced significant growth in the United States (particularly in Florida) because engineers have become more knowledgeable and comfortable with its use. The Miami area, in particular, has experienced considerable growth in the utilization of ACIP piles primarily due to their usage on the $1 billion Miami Metrorail System project in the early 1980s. The economic advantages over other deep foundation types, coupled with some unique installation advantages, have shown that ACIP piles can be a viable foundation alternative on many projects. Even though ACIP piles have gained respect in the private sector, the pile type has generally not been readily accepted by government transportation agencies. The reluctance to readily accept this foundation type stems primarily from the quality assurance aspect of cast-in-place pile construction. Additionally, there has not been much research activity on this foundation type, technical papers, formal associations (other than the DFI), or a concerted effort to standardize the industry. This paper serves to discuss the state of practice for ACIP pile installation in the state of Florida.

Jan 1, 1997

William Clinton Brown, Brooklyn, N. Y.: The demand for an apparatus for cooling water for condensers, refrigeratingmachinery and air-compressors, as well as water-jacketed furnaces, has led manufacturers to put such an apparatus on the market, so that it is now possible to purchase a cooling-tower, properly designed and constructed, by simply stating the amount of water to be cooled and the temperatures of the hot and the cold water. The principle is similar to that described by Mr. Henrich, but wood is not used in the best apparatus. There are two great objections to wood: First, it cannot last long under the very trying conditions to which it is subjected; and second, it absorbs the organic matter with which water in constant use becomes impregnated, and the resulting odor is very disagreeable. A few days ago I saw a cooling-tower and condenser, built by the Henry R. Worthington Co., in operation at the Edison electric-lighting station in Brooklyn, N. Y., cooling the water for a 700 horse-power condenser. It consisted of a large stack of iron, about 15 feet in diameter by about 30 feet high. This stack was filled with tiling through which the water falls. A whirligig distributes the water evenly over the top, and a large fan, about 6 feet in diameter, driven by a 10 horse-power electric motor, blows air into the bottom, thus giving a positive circulation. The water, in running down the sides of the tiling, is met by the blast of air, and enough is evaporated to cool the rest. The vacuum-gauge on the condenser showed 26 inches; so the condenser was undoubtedly getting sufficient cool water.

Jan 1, 1896

By R. A. V. Raff

Although falls of roof, face and rib (or side) of coal mines were the third ranking cause of disabling accidents in 1966, the accidents from these falls resulted in the most serious injuries and accounted for approximately 50 percent of the total fatalities (I). Further breakdown of these statistics shows that 88 percent of the fatal accidents occurred within 100 feet of the working face and that 96 percent of the deaths were in bituminous mines, with only four percent taking place in anthracite workings. These figures demonstrated the need for improved reinforcement procedures in operational coal mines, and they provided ample justification for research in the area of accident prevention. The purpose of this project was to investigate the use of polymers and of related techniques to achieve rock bonding and reinforcement of coal mine structures, in order to obtain better or permanent ground support (e.g., drifts, entrees, coal and ore passes, galleries, tunnels and shafts) by the fill ing of fissures in the rock, thereby preventing or delaying the onset of serious rock degradation processes.

Jan 1, 1973

By M. Rebolledo, N. Mora, G. Zarate

For decades, the mining industry has been focussed to find an efficient and economically attractive process for the leaching of chalcopyrite. Jetti Resources has developed a novel hydrometallurgical alternative to extract metals of value from mineral ores that the mining industry has struggled to process. Jetti’s catalytic technology, whilst being especially advantaged for extracting copper from low-grade and highly refractory minerals, such as chalcopyrite, seamlessly integrates with existing heap leaching methods and downstream processing operations. The technology uses a catalyst which weakens the metal-sulfide bond in the crystalline structure of the chalcopyrite mineral and alters the structure of the passivation layer allowing the leaching process to continue. Metallurgical test work was conducted to examine the effect of ore variability, in terms of grade and copper deportment. The results presented in this study highlight the amenability of the technology and demonstrate that it is possible to enhance leaching performance of copper primary sulfides over a wide range of copper grades, from 0.1 to 2.2%. Further, it is concluded that despite the copper grade, the tests with increasing chalcopyrite content render copper recoveries up to 4 times higher compared to the tests under non-catalyzed conditions. Jetti’s catalytic technology is currently being evaluated at larger scales, namely a commercial dump leach operation and 50-tonne crib tests. The results obtained thus far are compared to the results from conventional sulfide heap leaching tests. INTRODUCTION For decades, the mining industry has been focussed to find an efficient and economically attractive process for the leaching of chalcopyrite. Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is the most abundant and recalcitrant of the copper sulfides (Singer, 2017). Owing to its abundance and economic importance, it is the most demandable natural source for copper worldwide. In fact, the projected demand for copper is further expected to rise much higher beyond the current demand by the year 2020 (Panda et al., 2015). Therefore, it becomes imperative to find low intensity hydrometallurgical technologies for the extraction of copper from chalcopyrite in ores of such low-grades that are un-economic to concentrate and to augment the supply by extracting copper from ores with complex mineralogy that cannot be concentrated (Watling, 2013).

Jan 1, 2019

By C. A. Horne

"The transportation of mineral solids in the form of slurry is a subject most of us are associated with and, in fact, live with on a daily basis. The design parameters of slurry systems and most important the prime movers or cent¬rifugal pumps, are frequent and often controversial subjects due to the lack of practical guidelines which, if known and followed, can increase both reli¬ability and service life of the equipment.In this talk, emphasis has been placed on the practical side or rule-of-thumb approach to applications which, in turn, has been related to successful field results. The theoretical content and complex design criteria associated with actual equipment design has consequently been held to a minimum in the following discussions.I. BASIC SLURRY PUMP DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSFirst, to better understand how a centrifugal pump performs work, a basic description of the operating principles are in order.A. Operation In a pump, mechanical energy is transformed into pressure energyby virtue of the centrifugal force exerted by the rotating impeller. The liquid is discharged by centrifugal force at a velocity required to generate a given head and the volute collects the liquid so useful work can be done by the conversion of kinetic energy to pressure energy."

Jan 1, 1976