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By Willy López M.

Este estudio se basa en el uso de la geoquímica como una herramienta para definir y diferenciar formaciones rocosas con discrepancias litológicas y/o formacionales, basándose en la firma geoquímica, se presenta a las formaciones Tres Lagunas (Silurico-Devónico) conformado por basaltos piroxénicos de un posible rift-abortado, y a la formación Lavasen (Carbonífero) conformado por tobas cristalolíticas.

May 1, 2008

By N. C. Carter, Wm. H. White, J. E. Harakal

"Of twenty-one ore deposits in British Columbia which are either in production or advanced stages of exploration, five have potassium-argon ages in a range of 165-205 m.y., eight are in a range of 44-55 m.y. and the remainder are either ca. 140 m.y. or ca. 100 m.y. old. Deposits of the oldest group have generally similar geological environments and radiometrically indistinguishable ages of magmatic and hydrothermal minerals. Deposits of the youngest group also have similar geological environments, with successive magmatic and hydrothermal events closely intermingled in time and place. Such deposits find no comfortable home in existing classifications of ore deposits. 1t is suggested, therefore, that those epigenetic deposits which can be shown by radiometrie and/or geologie means to be coeval with genetically related magmatism be designated as ""paramagmatic deposits."""

Jan 1, 1968

By Sebastián Yáñez

"El presente texto señala la gestión de plantas o shutdown como estrategia de mantenimiento en un modelo de administración. La gestión consiste en establecer una interacción relevante entre las actividades previas y las propias durante su ejecución, que dan paso a una posterior fase de análisis de los registros que se puedan obtener. A esto se suma la planificación, programación y control de las características del estado de condición de sus activos físicos. Estas características dependerán de la etapa de la vida útil en que estos se encuentren, la complejidad de sus tecnologías, la disponibilidad de recursos y las condiciones operacionales respecto de metas productivas y de negocio."

Jul 1, 2015

By William O. Macha G

El presente trabajo describe la molienda y flotación como etapas de mejoramiento en la metalurgia del plomo en Paragasha. Para ello, se revisa los principales problemas de la metalurgia, como el de los minerales encontrados en la superficie, entre otros. Asimismo se describen los circuitos pertinentes de la planta piloto, como de la planta Paragasha y los resultados metalúrgicos en los meses de enero a marzo en 1965. En el primero, se señalan las dos etapas de molienda y flotación en el Pb, mientras que en el segundo, se muestra el circuito stándard: molienda y flotación.

Aug 20, 1965

By Francisco Sotillo Zevallos

El presente texto describe la aplicación de los métodos más simples de concentración en los minerales oxidados de plata en la mina Uchuccahua. Los métodos se basan en las propiedades físicas y superficiales de los minerales oxidados. Para ello, se realizan análisis químicos, granulométricos, mineragráficos a través del microscopio de barrido y fluorescencia de rayos x. Una vez obtenido dichos resultados, se diseña un tratamiento para el proceso de concentración, donde se da la flotación de los escasos sulfuros y pasivados, así como la flotación de óxidos mediante la técnica de sulfurización y lixiviación para la recuperacíón de valores en plata.

Nov 24, 1986

By Mark Colwell

This paper summarizes the results of a research project whose goal was to provide the Australian coal industry with a longwall installation roadway (faceroad) design methodology that could be utilized by suitably qualified colliery personnel. This goal was achieved in 2012 and the design methodology (and software package) is referred to as Analysis and Design of Faceroad Roof Support (ADFRS). The intended benefits to underground operations, in the provision of this information and resource, are a safer and more productive workplace.

By J. R. Martson

The arrangement of the larger furnace at the United Verde smelter, together with the boiler layout and connecting flues, is shown in Fig. 1. The important dimensions are given in the figure, and cross-sectional areas of combustion space, flues, etc., are recorded. The location and extent of the baffling in the boilers also are shown because of their importance in the interpretation of the data. Two boilers serve each reverberatory furnace. They are of the class M-26 Stirling type (rated at 713 boiler hp. each). Steam is generated at 178-lb. gage pressure at a total temperature of 528" F., from feed water at a temperature of 113" F. The feed water is condensate from turbogenerators plus make-up softened by the lime-soda process. The make-up is rather large in amount as it must match the amount of steam consumed in reciprocating blowing engines and the like, which are not served by surface condensers. As a result the boiler feed water has a hardness of 1.5 to 3.0 grains per gallon, but this results in the formation, during six months to one year of boiler operation, of scale only of "eggshell " thickness or less. The boilers are set at the same elevation as the tapping floor of the furnace, which results in the introduction of the waste-heat gases at the top of the front bank of tubes and necessitates the inversion of the usual baffling arrangements. The boilers are equipped with valve-in-the-head soot blowers, which keep most of the dust blown off the surface of the tubes, but it is necessary to supplement the soot blowers by high-pressure air lances, inserted by an attendant through side doors in the boiler setting. Deposits of coal ash and of dust from the furnace charge accumulate in the flues between the reverberatory furnaces and the boilers and this necessitates cleaning of these connecting flues by hand during the greater part of one of the three 8-hr. shifts during each 24 hr. This cleaning operation requires the opening of clean-out doors, which, of course, has some effect on the yield of steam. Revebberatory Furnace Practice The United Verde furnaces are fired with pulverized coal of sub-bituminous type of which the screen and chemical analyses are given in Table 1.

Jan 1, 1934

By K. Naidoo, M. Pelser, J. Hagemann, K. C. Sole

The copper tankhouse at Rustenburg Base Metals Refinery is an essential component of the Anglo American Platinum value chain. The tankhouse uses starter-sheet technology that was adopted in the 1980s, so dependence on manually intensive labour and overall operational excellence has a significant impact on process performance. An efficient, stable, and sustainable electrowinning process contributes to minimising energy consumption and reducing operational costs, and enables improved product quality and increased throughput. Historic performance of this tankhouse has often been suboptimum over prolonged periods. An in-depth operational review of performance from 2018–2024 was carried out to understand challenges, risks, and high-impact factors that contribute to poor performance. Implementation of adherence to fundamental operational basics identified from global best practice, such as the frequency and quality of cell cleaning and maintenance, preventing backlogged harvesting or maintenance, preserving cell-top furniture conditions and integrity of electrodes, preventing short circuits and poor current distribution, and maintaining a high level of operational discipline, has since contributed to an era of exceptional performance. Root-cause analysis fault trees pertaining to poor current efficiency and high scrap rate are summarised. Current efficiency has significantly improved since 2021, now consistently exceeding 88%. The copper scrap rate, previously believed to be limited to a minimum of 4%, achieved a historic monthly low record of 2.06% in 2023. Chemical and physical quality has considerably improved, and cathodes exhibit minimal morphological defects.

Jun 27, 2025

By Fernando Antônio Corrêa

O processo de soldagem híbrido LASER- GMAW, comumente designado por HLAW (Hybrid Laser Arc Welding), foi concebido há bastante tempo, mas só recentemente começou a ser aplicado industrialmente. Nesse trabalho foi feita uma avaliação do seu desempenho na soldagem de chapas de aço C-Mn com 10mm de espessura. As juntas produzidas foram avaliadas por meio de ensaios de impacto Charpy-V e mapeamento de microdureza Vickers, além da caracterização microestrutural. Também foram realizadas, medições dos níveis das tensões residuais introduzidas na junta soldada pelo processo híbrido, comparativamente com o processo GMAW robotizado. Os resultados da avaliação de desempenho do processo híbrido mostraram uma maior produtividade em relação ao GMAW robotizado. As propriedades mecânicas da junta soldada se mostraram compatíveis com os requisitos do material de base.

Oct 30, 2017

By Kyeong Woo Chung, Ho-Sung Yoon, Jyothi Rajesh Kumar, Chul-Joo Kim, Sung-Don Kim

The aim of the present study is to investigate the extraction, separation and recovery of the indivisible metals of dysprosium and neodymium from permanent magnets scrap leach liquor solutions with meaningful recovery. The present experimental development focused on dysprosium separation from neodymium and recovery by suitable mineral acids. Fundamental studies of the effect of time, pH and extractant concentration on the metal separation were conducted followed by proposal of a mechanism for extraction. Process development included generation of McCabe-Thiele diagrams and counter current extraction (CCE) studies. After loaded organic generation from the CCE process, this was followed by scrubbing studies as well final recovery of dysprosium.

Jan 1, 2014

By Lucas Travi

Um dos tratamentos superficiais mais conhecidos é a nitretação a plasma, que consiste basicamente na introdução de nitrogênio na superfície da ferramenta, na forma de nitretos de elementos de liga, em solução sólida, a fim de criar uma camada protetora que aumenta a vida útil do material. A nitretação a plasma permite o controle da camada formada através do ajuste de parâmetros como temperatura, mistura gasosa e tempo de tratamento. Porém para ferramentas mais complexas é comumente utilizado um novo processo de nitretação, a nitretação a plasma com gaiola catódica que tem como principal diferencial o aquecimento homogêneo das peças, evitando assim a heterogeneidade da camada nitretada. Outra vantagem é que neste processo não é comum ocorrer o acumulo de plasma o que evita o efeito de borda. Neste trabalho, será analisada a importância da menor rugosidade superficial aliada a dureza superficial no comportamento tribológico do material no processo de nitretação a plasma com e sem gaiola catódica. O resultado dos ensaios tribológicos demonstraram que o incremento de dureza associado a uma menor rugosidade superficial obtido para a amostra nitretada com gaiola catódica promoveu uma redução no coeficiente de atrito ao longo do tempo. A rugosidade superficial média para as amostras nitretadas com gaiola catódica foi menor que as nitretadas via processo convencional, aproximando-se do valor obtido para às amostras que foram polidas.

Aug 17, 2017

By Edward D. Thimons

The Bureau of Mines developed a stopping design that allows the stopping to be blown down by strong blast forces without incurring any permanent damage. Trials with the new stopping, dubbed the quick-fix blowout stopping, have been conducted in the Bureau's Safety Research Coal Mine at Bruceton, Pa., and in two New Mexico uranium mines. Results have been favorable in all cases. Compared with conventional brattice stoppings or wood bulkheads, the quick-fix blowout stopping is easier and less time consuming to install, is easier to maintain, and in most cases is just as efficient an air barrier. There is same indication that the shape of the stopping makes it more resistant to blast fore s than the fabric stoppings now in use.

Jan 1, 1976

By José Manzaneda Cabala

El presente texto señala conceptos básicos sobre la activación y depresión de sulfuros de plomo y hierro, la nueva aplicación del criterio Flash y el uso de la plantilla de diseño experimental para establecer si un nuevo depresor orgánico puede ser la alternativa de reemplazo del depresor cianuro de sodio en flotación. Para el estudio se realizó un diseño factorial fraccionado para estudiar cuatro variables. La plantilla permitió evaluar sulfato de zinc, cianuro de sodio, grado de molienda y un nuevo depresor orgánico donde se encontró que el reactivo RA-CN300 es un depresor de sulfuros que reduciría el consumo de cianuro de sodio y contenido de cianuro en total en el agua de la relavera.

Nov 1, 2014

By Miguel A. Huamán G.

Los estudios realizados en la última década señalan que los depósitos estratoligados y estratiformes del contacto Mitu Pucará, se relacionan con el evento conocido como "volcanogénico regional", donde se realiza la reactivación del "nuevo volcánico" a través del depósito de la mineralización piritosa y polimetálica. Posteriormente dichos yacimientos piritosos son transformados hasta atravesar los plegamientos, fallamientos, intrusiones y la mineralización cretásico-terciaria. En este sentido, el presente texto señala la reinterpretación genética de dichos yacimientos, considerando las evidencias volcanogénicas, el volumen general de mineral que contienen, distribución y su importancia económica que tienen en la región central del Perú.

Nov 24, 1986

By T. E. Gray, A. W. Deurbrouck

This report describes the preparation characteristics of significant coalbeds in Kanawha County , W. Va . It is one in a series of Federal Bureau of Mines reports planned to determine coals suitable for producing metallurgical coke , either as mined or after beneficiation . Almost 9.4 million tons of coal was produced in Kanawha County , W. Va . , in 1959 , of which about 67 percent was cleaned mechanically in 10 cleaning plants . It has been estimated that more than 5,505 million tons remain in the county . Samples were collected from Pittsburgh , Stockton - Lewiston , Winifrede , Cedar Grove , Peerless , Upper Kittanning , Coalburg , Powellton , Eagle A , No. 2 Gas , and the Lower Kittanning beds . These beds were selected by the Bureau based on current production rates and estimated minable reserves . Float - and - sink tests of the samples collected from Eagle A , Peerless , Cedar Grove , Winifrede , and No. 2 Gas beds show that these coals at one location each are suitable for metallurgical use without washing . Lower Kittanning bed at four locations ; Pittsburgh , Stockton - Lewiston , and No. 2 Gas beds at two locations each ; and Coalburg , Powellton , Winifrede , Peerless , Upper Kittanning , and Cedar Grove beds at one location each can be upgraded to metallurgical quality by mechanical cleaning . Crushing the samples to 3/ 8- inch top size increased yields substantially at 1.30 specific gravity of Pittsburgh ( 17.5 percentage points ) and Upper Kittanning ( 13.0 percentage points ) beds and increased yield for the other beds sampled to a lesser amount . At this specific gravity , finer crushing caused In the 1.58 specific gravity float a general decrease in ash and sulfur . fractions of the other samples tested , most of the yields , and ash and sulfur contents , were lowered slightly by finer crushing .

Jan 1, 1963

By Truman Aldrich

THE Clinton group of the Silurian holds the red or fossiliferous ore; its outcrops have been mapped by the State or U. S. Geological Survey. This group is from 100 to 500 ft. thick in Alabama. There are places where it is entirely missing (doubtless islands in the Silurian Sea). In Etowah County, in part of Greasy Cove and vicinity, the upper seam is a coral reef impregnated with the red ore; in this same county, step, faults bring up the ore in three or four separate ridges practically parallel. In Blount County and on Raccoon Mountain, the ore runs under the carboniferous rocks and outcrops in the valleys. In examining some bore holes made in drilling for oil, the writer found the Clinton group continuing under the Warrior coal field wherever the drill has gone deep enough. It demonstrates the possibility of a source for red ore not seriously thought of until lately. The following bore holes made principally for oil, given in Bulletin No. 22, Geological Survey of Alabama, show the presence of either ore or red rock, and suggest vast resources yet to be outlined and developed for ore in the future. The locations are given by number on the map. Hole No. 1 was drilled 6 miles southeast of Russellville, Franklin County, by the Woodward Oil & Gas Co. It passed through 160 ft. of Clinton, but only a small show of red ore was found at 1280-1400 feet. A test well, No. 2, drilled near Atwood, Franklin County, in section 26, township 8, range 14, penetrated the Clinton at 1608 ft. and found 38 ft. of limy red rock, also 8 ft. of some blood red ending at 1820 ft., making 46 ft. of red rock in all. It is reported that some good ore was cut through but this work was done by a churn drill. The hole was continued by diamond drill from here. At least 400 ft. of the formation was classified as Clinton.

Jan 10, 1924

By W. D. B. Motter

DURING the early development of blasting with liquid oxygen explosives the trend of experimentation was towards increasing the effectiveness of the explosive. Its characteristic of becoming inert after evaporation of the oxygen content made a strong appeal from the standpoint of safety, especially with missed holes. It later became apparent, however, with practical use of this explosive, that LOX lacked certain other safety characteristics. As its effectiveness was increased, it became more subject to detonation by impact. The object of this paper is to show the steps taken by one operating company to achieve greater safety in the large-scale handling of liquid oxygen explosives.

Jan 1, 1933

By F. R. Erick Mulder

"AbstractTwo bottom-hole samples have been taken from two new completions in the Turner Valley field, Royalite Lowery No. 8 on the west flank and Royalite No. 73, which was deepened into a lower fault block, on the northeast flank. From the bottom-hole oil of Royalite Lowary No. 8 a synthetic sample was prepared to simulate the original fluid in the reservoir, saturated at the gas-oil contact conditions. The sample from Royalite Lewery No. 8 has been shown to be the original fluid present at this well and represents the oil phase near the oil-water contact in• the reservoir. Complete chemical analysis, P.V.T., and viscosity data have been obtained on these reservoir fluids, which represent the range of saturation from the gas-oil to the oil-water contact in the Turner Valley oil structures. Sampling techniques and the application of the analytical data to reservoir conditions and field operations are discussed. Super-compressibility curves for an average separator tail gas have also been prepared. These data have not been available before. They will be of fundamental value in futu.re reservoir engineering studies of this field and will also serve as a guide in determining operating practices."

Jan 1, 1950

By Frank B. Fulkerson

Three of the five primary aluminum producers in the Pacific Northwest have facilities in the region to make aluminum mill products. Only one of the three, however, produces a variety of shapes and forms. The principal reason for the lag in development of an aluminum mill products industry was found to be transportation cost. The long range outlook is for expansion, based mainly on growth of the western market for aluminum used in construction, containers and packaging, electrical applications, diesel trucks, mobile homes, and irregation pipe. Consumption of western aluminum mill products in 1985 is projected at 1.1 million tons, compared with estimated consumption of 250,000 tons in 1961.

Jan 1, 1965

By M. A. van Nierop

The Discrete Element Method (DEM) is a model that is used to simulate the motion of the media in a grinding mill. The sum of the energy that is lost in inter-media and media-wall collisions represents the power drawn by the mill. The fact that the DEM predicts the power drawn by grinding mills over a large range of diameters has been used to show the validity of the DEM. However, the power drawn by a mill is a function only of the sum of forces of the load on the shell liners. A more accurate and detailed validation of the DEM would be to measure these forces as a function of angular position as the liner moves under the load, and to compare these measurements with predictions generated using the DEM. An experimental mill has been developed to reproduce exactly what the 2-dimensional DEM simulates. The 0,55 m diameter mill has a length of 0,023 m, which is fractionally larger than the diameter of the media used in the mill. One of the lifters in the mill has been instrumented so that the forces on the lifter can be measured as the mill rotates. The DEM simulation will be used to predict these forces. This will give experimental evidence of the validity of the DEM for modelling load behaviour in rotating grinding mills.

Jan 1, 1999