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By M. Prud’Homme

Potash is an important natural mineral used largely as a fertilizer in the production of food and fiber. About 93 percent of all potash consumed globally is used in agriculture as fertilizer. The balance is used to manufacture potassium chemicals. Most potash is extracted by conventional underground mining methods. Solution mining is used when underground deposits are irregular and very deep. The other main production method involves the evaporation of brines in shallow salt lakes, followed by the harvesting of potassium minerals.

Jan 1, 2005

By Paul Swatkowski

A Note About Copyrighted Material ??Permission to Use? has been granted ?Teachthe7habits ?Think win/win (4thHabit) ?Don?t stop here ?i.e., buy the book

Jan 1, 2009

By T. W. Turk

In May 1984, Davy McKee Corporation was awarded a contract for engineering design, procurement assistance, project management and startup services for two gold recovery plants? in the People's, Republic of China (PRC). The basic design of these two projects was to be accomplished by a combined effort of the Chinese and Davy McKee Corporation (DMC). The, design goals were to provide a state-of-the art plant while maintaining Chinese standards and design practices whenever possible. Chinese-manufactured equipment was to be used as much as possible. This paper discusses the project organization and procedures developed to accomplish the design goals, the process selection and design, and the selection and procurement of equipment outside of the PRC. Design development for grinding, leaching and carbon adsorption, and gold recovery are discussed in detail. The major goal of process selection and design was to provide common criteria for both plants. Equipment .sizing and selection was identical for carbon-in-leach adsorption, gold recovery, acid washing, and carboo regeneration for both plants. Of special importance is the design of the wastewater treatment system. Due to the cl0se proximity of a major population area, slurry discharging from these mines must be treated to meet drinking water standards. The process development and design of this system is also discussed in detail.

Jan 1, 1989

By Agnes Ágata Fróes Martins

O ensaio de impacto determina a resistência e sensibilidade dos materiais quando submetidos a uma certa carga de impacto, por isto, a importância deste ensaio. Através dele conhecemos as características que um material necessita ao ser projetado de tal maneira que possa suportar a uma força de impacto. Neste trabalho, o objetivo é comparar os resultados de energia absorvida no ensaio de Charpy analógico com o ensaio de Charpy instrumentado e verificar se há uma diferença significativa entre os resultados. Para isto, ensaios são realizados baseados em normas técnicas, neste caso a norma ASTM E23 [4]. Após os ensaios observou-se que os resultados do Charpy analógico e do Charpy instrumentado não obtiveram diferença significativa para todas as amostras ensaiadas. Em critério de avaliação dos resultados utilizamos a norma ASTM E2298 [8].

Aug 16, 2017

By H. Arima, T. Fujita, W. Yen

The copper catalyzed gold oxidation and reduction mechanisms in ammonium thiosulfate solution were investigated by Eh-pH diagram based on the optimum reagent combination for 60 mass% -75 µm silicate ore at 16g/t Au with the maximum gold extraction of 92% and the minimum ammonium thiosulfate consumption of 23 kg/t-ore for 24 hour’s leaching at ambient temperature. The gold recovery by cementation was nearly 100% by Zn and Al powders at Metal/Au mass ratio of 30, and around 95% by Cu powder at Cu/Au+ mass ratio of 50. In order to oxidize the gold efficiently with the less thiosulfate consumption, the stable region of [Cu(NH3)4]2+ should be as wide as possible in the region, where [Cu(S2O3)2]3- was more stable than [Cu(NH3)2]+. In order to reduce gold from the pregnant solution with the less metal powder’s (Zn, Cu, Al) consumption, the stable region of [Cu(S2O3)2]3- should be wider than [Cu(NH3)2]+ on copper precipitation. Zinc powder may recover gold more efficiently than copper powder with the similar trend on the effect of ammonia, copper and thiosulfate. However, the large amount of copper will be co-precipitated along with gold since the stability of zinc ammine and thiosulfate complexes are higher than that of copper’s. Aluminium may reduce gold efficiently at higher thiosulfate concentration and pH. These results were confirmed and compared with the optimum reagent combination for finer grind sample at 100 mass% -75 µm, which is the optimum ore size for the standard cyanidation at 1.0 g/ l NaCN to obtain about 95% gold extraction. The optimum reagent combination was concluded as 0.5 mol/l NH4OH, 0.0001 mol/l CuSO4*5H2O and 0.05 mol/l (NH4)2S2O3 with the result of 94% gold extraction and 3kg/t-ore of ammonium thiosulfate consumption. Gold and copper stabilities were well agreed with the result of coarser grind ore thermodynamically. The lower reagent combination will reduce gold oxidation power, but significantly minimize the reagent consumption. From this pregnant solution, nearly 100% of gold was successfully recovered by zinc precipitation at Zn/Au+ mass ratio of 30. Aluminium and copper precipitations resulted in less than 40% of gold recovery at Metal/Gold mass ratio of 30. The reagent consumption cost on this lower reagent combination followed by zinc precipitation was $1.6/t-ore, while the cyanidation was $3.1/t-ore. Thiosulfate oxidation mechanism indicated the similarity to Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction.

Jan 1, 2002

By Eduardo Christo Saltoratto

Foram realizados tratamentos térmicos de têmpera e revenimento para aumentar a tenacidade do material, aço NM87 designação 1045, uma vez que ele apresentava, no estado inicial, baixa absorção de energia. Com o material mais tenaz foi obtida uma melhor faixa de energia para cálculo das incertezas. Foram feitos corpos de prova com variações nas medidas laterais, de comprimento e profundidade do entalhe e ensaiados na temperatura ambiente para determinação das incertezas do tipo A e B. Com as incertezas determinadas pelos métodos estatísticos e não estatísticos, foram feitos ensaios, variando-se a temperatura, para obter dados de ductilidade (energia absorvida, expansão lateral e percentual de área dúctil) em relação a temperatura e com esses dados determinar-se a temperatura de transição dúctil – frágil e sua incerteza.

Aug 17, 2017

By Carlos Pallete Vargas M.

Durante mucho tiempo el sostenimiento de la minería a tajo abierto en Marcona ha requerido de un programa rígido de planeamiento y explotación del depósito. Por ello, se consideran dos etapas en la minería de Marcona: la primera, refiere el mineral oxidado en capas con mineral de embarque directo y la etapa del mineral primario donde se encuentran las instalaciones y las plantas de tratamiento adecuadas para el proceso de beneficio más complejo. De acuerdo a esta variedad de equipos y sistema de trabajo, el objeto de texto radica en señalar los cambios en el yacimiento minero, como la descripción de su geología, los trabajos de exploración, mineralogía, planeamiento, clasificación de los minerales, y el proceso de la operación (perforación, disparos, perforación y disparo secundario, extracción y acarreo, molienda y zarandeo), control de calidad y la instalación de la faja transportadora de San Nicolás.

Aug 20, 1965

By John B. Spencer

Earlier this year, Simplot Phosphates achieved a safety milestone at its Vernal, UT phosphate operations. In March, the entire operation reached achieved seven years without a lost time accident. And the mine operations at Vernal reached the 1 million hours benchmark without a lost time accident. This million hour achievement has been 19 years in the making. This achievement reflects the mine’s strong attitude towards safety, the company said. Safety is an integral part of its culture and requires diligence and considerable work. Attention to even the smallest of details cannot be allowed to slip. This is a record Simplot Phosphates said it hopes to improve on every day.

Jan 1, 2004

By Larry Rayburn

Design of cost effective engineered solutions to complex problems requires the team efforts of the owner, the designer and the specialty construction contractor. The basic ingredients of success required to remain competitive and still produce a quality product are creative design based on experience and sound engineering principles, plus practical aspects of constructibility. The three case histories describe creative design/construct approaches that benefited all parties. 1. Introduction The increasing demand placed on specialty contractors to provide cost effective buildable solutions to complex construction problems compels us in the industry to be highly innovative. The practice of geotechnical engineering is considered more of an "art" than perhaps the other disciplines within civil engineering largely because of the basic nature and variability of soil and rock. The geotechnical design engineer must have the knowledge of the components of his design and know the limitations of his equipment and labor force. Thus, for the design/build specialty contractor the potential for creation of unusual solutions to difficult problems is quite high.

Jan 1, 1991

By Gerald Stolarczyk

The Radio Imaging Method (RIM) is based upon electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation in the coal seam waveguide. The radio geophysics theory underlying RIM was developed by Hill of the national Institute for Science and Technology (Hill, 1984). Recent advances in radio geophysics instrumentation have increased operating range in the coal seam waveguide to almost 3,000 feet. This paper describes RIM longwall panel reconnaissance scans and tomography results.

Jan 1, 2006

By G. N. A. Senhorinho, J. A. Scott, C. A. Laamanen

"Closed mine sites are widely regarded as a negative asset due to their legacy of environmental impacts. These sites are often characterized by waterbodies with elevated metal concentrations and low pH that are traditionally considered to have little or no value. These sites are potential sources of beneficial biocompounds produced by microalgae in response to environmental stresses. A bio¬prospecting program found that certain microalgae from waterbodies near historical mine sites exhibited higher antibacterial activity than any microalgae previously reported in the literature. There is potential for the mining industry to be involved in examining features such as tailings ponds at mine sites for high-value compounds, including ones that might help mitigate rapidly growing microbial resistance to current antibiotics. ¦ KEYWORDS Antibacterial, Closed mining sites, Metabolites, Microalgae, Stressed environments RÉSUMÉ Les sites miniers clôturés sont généralement considérés comme des actifs négatifs en raison de leurs répercussions sur l’environnement. On trouve souvent sur ces sites des étendues d’eau affichant de fortes concentrations en métaux et un pH faible, généralement considérées comme ayant peu, voire pas de valeur. Ces sites sont des sources potentielles de biocomposants bénéfiques produits par des microalgues en réponse aux perturbations environnementales. Un programme de bioprospection a permis de déterminer que certaines microalgues trouvées dans ces étendues d’eau à proximité de sites miniers historiques présentaient une activité antibactérienne supérieure à celle mentionnée dans toute la docu¬mentation existante. L’industrie minière pourrait bien participer à l’examen de particularités telles que la recherche de composants à haute valeur dans des bassins de décantation des résidus sur des sites miniers, notamment des composants qui pourraient aider à atténuer l’augmentation rapide de la résistance micro¬bienne aux antibiotiques actuels. ¦ MOTS CLÉS antibactérien, environnements perturbés, métabolites, microalgues, sites miniers clôturésINTRODUCTION The mining industry is one of the largest economic drivers in the world. Within Canada, for example, it contributed 2.8% (C$57.6 billion) of the 2016 gross domestic product (Marshall, 2016). Canada also has the highest non-ferrous exploration budget worldwide (Marshall, 2016); therefore, it is likely that mining operations, mine waste disposal, and the number of closed sites will continue to grow in Canada. The environmental impact of mining operations stems from the volume of tailings produced, which can be up to 97–99% of the total volume of ore processed at a mine (Adiansyah, Rosano, Vink, & Keir, 2015). In 2010, mining was the world’s largest industrial producer of waste at a total of 65 billion tonnes: 51 billion tonnes of waste rock (mine overburden) and 14 billion tonnes of tail¬ings (Jones & Boger, 2012)."

Jan 1, 2019

By F. E. Patton

"IntroductionAT NORANDA, the strength of the ore and wall-rocks per-mitted mining in large open stopes. While some of the orebodies were small and could be mined out in one stope, in most cases their size was such that it was essential that ore pillars be left during the first stage of mining. In these cases, backfilling has been necessary for ground control and to facilitate the later recovery of the ore in these pillars.This paper discusses the development of the •backfill and •its use in pillar recovery.GeologyThe ore bodies at Noranda occur as replacement deposits in a block of rhyolite flows and breccias, bounded on the north by the Horne Creek fault and on the south by the Noranda Andesite fault. Mineralization consists of pyrite, pyrrhotite, magnetite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, gold, and various tellurides.The main orebody is a massive sulphide deposit designated the 'H' orebody. It is elliptical in plan, measuring roughly 400 feet by 800 feet, and is divided into two zones -Upper H, extending from surface to the 1,500-foot level, and Lower H, from the 1 ,500-foot level to just below the 3,000-foot level.Mining MethodsOpen stope mining in both Upper H and Lower H zones has been fully described in previous publications (1). A brief review only of the mining methods will be given here."

Jan 1, 1952

By Lui Canzio

"El presente trabajo describe los sistemas de control de procesos aplicados en la planta de la fundición de Ilo (PSC). Dicho sistema digital de control y monitoreo de procesos, está basado en computadoras personales y en una plataforma de arquitectura abierta, redundante y distribuida. Se caracteriza por el control y monitoreo discreto y regulatorio de procesos metalúrgicos, el diagnóstico y análisis estadístico e histórico de losprocesos; la optimización y control avanzado de los procesos y mantenimiento predictivo basada en la condición de los instrumentos y equipos de la Planta. Sus principales objetivos son la integración del DCS analógico y el control de los procesadores del DCS antiguo, existente y desde las nuevas Estaciones de Operación (OWS), y el desarrollo de las actividades de Mantenimiento Predictivo, donde se conecta digitalmente al Sistema Computarizado de Mantenimiento."

Sep 19, 2006

By Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa

The recycling of waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the main modern challenges. Among the variety of WEEE, batteries can be set apart due to their composition and their growing demand along with portable devices. The objective of this work is to characterize the thermal behavior of a sample of mixed types of batteries using a thermobalance (TGA). The results of tests showed that Cd evaporated up to 800ºC, Zn evaporation occurred mainly above 900ºC and manganese oxides were pre-reduced to MnO at temperatures above 900ºC.

Jan 1, 2009

By J. L. Hoover

The goal of the drill bit consumption study was to develop an equation(s) based on various components that affect bit drill wear and use the equation(s) to estimate the consumption of bits during production drilling. Drill bit data from various geographic locations were compiled and used to develop linear regression equations using the Microsoft Excel Software. Multiple drill bit consumption equations were developed and statistical analysis was used to verify the accuracy of those equations. The equations will allow mining companies to more accurately forecast drill bit consumption when evaluating new mine properties. This capability becomes increasingly beneficial to forecasting as the cost of consumables increases.

Jan 1, 2012

By A. Fisne

Outburst of gas, coal and rock can be defined as sudden release of coal and rock accompanied by large quantities of gas into the working face or other mine workings. The outburst events appeared rarely in some metal mines has generally occurred in salt and coal mines especially bituminous coal mining. The most important factors that influence the occurrence of outbursts are gassiness of the coal seam, tectonics, properties of the coal and rock and vertical and lateral stresses occurring in the seam and or rock or part of the coal seam. This paper describes the problem of gas and coal outbursts in underground coal mines. The outburst events occurred in Zonguldak Coal Basin located on the Black Sea coast was investigated since 1969. Geological and gas conditions of Zonguldak Coal Basin are described. The incidents are analyzed statistically with the criteria such as amount of coal and gas outburst, depth of workings, effect of tectonism, thickness and inclination of coal seams.

Jan 1, 2012

By João Guilherme Dessi

Neste trabalho estudou-se a microestrutura e a interface de um tubo bimetálico cladeado por centrifugação, constituído externamente em aço API 5L X65Q e internamente pela superliga de Ni-Cr Inconel 625, ambos vazados pela mesma posição relativa no tubo. O vazamento do Inconel 625 causou erosão no aço que diminuiu de intensidade do lado de vazamento (região mais quente) para a o lado oposto (região mais fria), onde a região de interdifusão não se apresentou mesmo uniforme. Nas regiões mais quentes (lado vazado e meio do tubo) ocorreu o cladeamento completo, com uma interface continua entre ambos os materiais constituintes, enquanto que na região mais fria a interface apresentou descontinuidades. O aço apresentou microestrutura ferrítica-perlítica com a região adjacente a interface descarbonetada, com grãos ferriticos nanométricos em uma região estreita de 3 µm. O Inconel 625 apresentou uma microestrutura de dentritas de austenita Ni-cfc com fases de Laves interdentríticas, devido a aumento do teor de Fe, com alta densidade de discordâncias na região adjacente a interface livre de precipitados.

Aug 8, 2018

By Edward (Ted) M. Dowey

Shaft 26B of New York City’s Third Water Tunnel was constructed by Frontier-Kemper Constructors, Inc. of Evansville, Indiana. The 176.8 m (580 ft) deep shaft will serve as the construction shaft for the Manhattan spur of Water Tunnel No. 3. Twelve m (40 ft) of over-burden was supported by a rectangular cofferdam. This shaft was excavated in 13 months, through 164.6 m (540 ft) of rock, using 24,040 kg (26.5 tons) of explosives. Concrete lining cycles included the installation of stainless steel pipes embedded in the lining as the shaft advanced. A total of 635 m (2,084 linear feet) of stainless steel pipe was installed.

Jan 1, 1997

By A. Lee Barrett

"THE COAL INDUSTRY of the United States• and Canada has made great progress in recent years. Coal mining in •the old days represented one of the most arduous tasks for labour and industry, but over the years great progress has been made in reducing the effort required from labour. Also, the tonnage produced per man, the cost of the coal per ton, and the overall safety of the operation, have been greatly improved.Looking back over the past fifty years:, the era can be divided into four principal parts: (a) hand-loading, (b) track mining methods, (c) off-track mining methods, and (d) continuous mining. For many years, all of the coal was won by hand-mining methods. The first forms of mechanization •resembled the move from the horse •and buggy to the automobile. Early track mechanical mining methods were usually adaptations of the direct methods involved in hand-mining, with each improvement directed toward some specific process. A revolutionary development came about with off-track mining methods. The first efforts in this direction were provided by off-track mechanical loading machines, which loaded the cars •on track and differed from conventional track mining methods only in that the loading machines themselves operated on the mine floor. With the advent -of the shuttle car about ten years ago, true off-track mining came into being, and real progress in this direction began to be made.At the present time we •are at the beginning of a new era -.the era of continuous mining. There will be a period of development with some time needed before the system is generally applied throughout the industry, but -already enough •has been done to indicate rather dearly what the future holds in this direction."

Jan 1, 1953

By L. J. Kashar

By means of a continuum-mechanics approach, the following equation for calculuting the pressure for axisymmetric cold forging has been derived: where P is the extrusion pressure; K and n are the strength coefficient and the strain-hardening exponent of the steel, respectively; a and b are strain factors, primarily dependent on the die design; and R is the extrusion ratio. Data from compression and backward-extrusion tests performed at a crosshead speed of 0.5 in. per min on a nonwork-hardening material pure lead) and on a work-hardening material (1018 steel) indicate that the predicted extrusion pressures obtained from the derived equation agree very closely with the actual extrusion pressures. Therefore, the equation can be used to predict backward-extrusion pressures from standard mechanical-test data. The decision to cold-forge a part is based on several considerations, most of them related to economics. However, the production feasibility is usually determined by the pressure needed to extrude the part and the availability of tooling that can repeatedly sustain this pressure for over several hundred thousand cycles. A major contribution to the cold forging of steel would result from the development of steels that could be forged at reduced pressures and from the development of techniques that permit the accurate prediction of the pressure necessary to cold-forge the part. The ability to predict extrusion pressures is necessary to properly design the tooling required for the cold-forging process. Attempts to theoretically predict the cold-forging pressure, especially for work-hardening materials, have been unsuccessful in previous investigations of the cold-forging process.1-3 Many empirical relations have, therefore, been proposed relating the extrusion pressure to the chemical composition,' the extrusion ratio,2 the tensile strength,273 and hard- ness, 2 and the yield strength3 of the material being extruded. However, these empirical relations are valid only for the specific conditions used in their development, and, in some cases, the empirical relations had a scatter band greater than * 10 pct. A study of the extrusion process was undertaken with the objective of developing predictor equations for extrusion pressure by using a continuum-mechanics approach to the problem of metal flow. The derivation of such an equation is summarized in this paper, and data are presented that confirm the validity of the derived equation. DERIVATION OF THE EXTRUSION EQUATION If the extrusion of a material through a die is considered in terms of a work balance, it has been shown that it is possible to derive an equation relating the work necessary to move the material through the die to the deformation work undergone by the material. The work done, W, in moving the material is given by where F is the extrusion force, I, is the distance the material was moved, A, is the original cross-sectional area of the material, P is the extrusion pressure acting on A,, Ap is the cross-sectional area of the extrusion punch, and Pp is the punch pressure acting on Ap. The deformation work, WD, is given by where V is the volume of metal deformed, ay is the flow stress of the metal, and E is the total strain undergone in the extrusion. If there are no frictional losses, the work done, W, is equal to the deformation work, WD; therefore, Since the volume of a metal does not change during deformation,

Jan 1, 1968