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By J. G. Cullain

Inco Limited is an integrated mining, smelting, refining and manufacturing company with operations located worldwide. The Ontario Division operations consist of 13 mines and 10 processing facilities located in Sudbury, Port Colborne and Shebandowan. The scope of our utilization of energy in the Ontario Division in 1976 included in excess of 2.2 billion kilowatt hours of electric power, 12 billion cubic feet of natural gas, 60 million Imperial gallons of residual oil and smaller quantities of other fuels. In addition to the primary energy consumption, waste-heat energy is recovered in various operations throughout the Division, thereby reducing our primary energy requirements. Total expenditures for primary energy alone in 1976 exceeded 60 million dollars. Energy management studies were initiated by Inco's Utilities Department in late 1972, and resulted initially in a program of electric power cost reduction. This program produced significant results by improving the use of the water available for our hydraulic generation facilities and by a comprehensive peak reduction program. Our experience showed that a program of peak power control creates an awareness of both peak and energy costs, and thereby encourages a general reduction in the electric energy consumption as well as lowering the peak demand. Energy management is a continuing program at Inco and, recently, a formal energy management policy and program was instituted. Energy management committees were formed in each plant or mine area to identify the major areas for energy; consumption, thereby isolating areas with large potential energy losses, and determining immediate action which will improve the energy efficiency or reduce the energy waste within their respective areas. A decentralized program with good cross-communication between all committees was felt to be the best method of providing an on-going effective energy management program. In the future, the projections of dwindling fossil-fuel supplies in Canada and the resultant spiralling energy costs will further emphasize the need of sound energy management practices for all Canadian industry.

Jan 1, 1977

By W. Curlook, L. M. Pidgeon

THE PURPOSE of this investigation was to study part of the ternary system Co-Fe-S. Jensen ( 1) established the solubility limits of sulphur in pyrrhotite. The compound with 61.7 per cent Fe, corresponding to a formula Fe12S13, was found to melt congruently at l,192°C. Hulsmann and Weibke(2) determined the Co-S phase diagram from O to 35.2 per cent S. The solubility limits of sulphur in the com-pound Co(l-x)S were not determined. The initial object of the present in-vestigation was to determine the composition at which the compound Coci-xiS melted congruently. Once this was ascertained, it was decided to investigate the ternary system Co-Fe-S from the region of 100 per cent Co(1-x) S to the region of 100 per cent Fe12S13.

Jan 1, 1953

By G. Mousavian, R. Bagheri, N. Dalili

Polypropylene (PP) and its composites have an increasing use in automobile and domestic industries. Since the published results on strain rate effect on yield behavior do not match, and there is a high attention paid for effect of nanometeric fillers on deformation behavior of composites, in this research the strain rate effect on yield behavior of PP and the effect of nanometeric fillers on deformation behavior of PP have been studied. Microscopic observations and tensile tests in different strain rates on neat PP samples and on samples filled with 5, 10 and 15 %wt have been used. A dramatic change in behavior for the modulus and post-yield slope curves when the strain rate is between 0.0433-0.05 s-1 has been observed. Microscopic observations on PP indicate a change in deformation mechanism from shear yield to crazing at the same strain rate that the change in behavior of curves occurs. It has been observed that in PP nanocomposites with higher amount of calcium carbonate, fracture in early stages of deformation occurs in lower strain rates. In other words for a fixed stain rate there is a critical filler percentage such that if the filler percentage is higher then early-stage fracture will occur. Similarly for a fixed filler percentage there is a critical strain rate and in higher strain rates early fracture will occur. The critical stain rate will decrease as the filler percentage increases and vice versa.

Jan 1, 2006

By D. R. BUDINSKI

Clinton Creek Mine in west-central Yukon produced 0.94 million tonnes of fibre from 15 million tonnes of asbestos ore between 1968 and 1978. The mine closed in 1978. The deposit lies along the margin of a medium sized ultramafic pluton that intrudes schistose and gneissic rocks of the Yukon Metamorphic Complex. Country rocks are metamorphic equivalents of a mixed sedimentary and volcanic assemblage deposited during Precambrian or early Paleozaic time. Movement along the north west-trending Tintina Fault System probably caused the fairly high meromorphic grade that altered the original rocks to schists and gneisses. The ultramafic pluton hosting Clinton Creek Mine is one of several bodies that were emplaced along a deep seated imbricate fault system parallel to the Tintina Trench. Most of rhe intrusions were hydrothermally altered to serpentinite, bur apparently only the one at Clinton Creek contains commercial quantities of asbestos. The Clinton Creek pluton was probably injecred slowly at relatively low temperatures into the crustal rocks as a "mush" that cooled gradually, allowing sufficient time for serpentinization and chrysotile fibre crystallizarion.

Jan 1, 1984

By Eurípides do Amaral Vargas Jr., J. A. de Mello Franco

"It is frequently necessary to excavate a tunnel for Civil Engineering purposes, or wells for petroleum exploitation, in laminated rock mass like schists or phyllites or in highly foliated gneisses. The determination of the pre-existing in situ stresses is essential, in order to assure the stability of these excavations. In most cases, the pre-existing triaxial stress field is arbitrary in relation to the tunnel or well axis. For these rock masses the concept of Generalised Plane Strain can be correctly utilized.There are closed form solutions for the calculation of stresses in anisotropic rock masses under Generalised Plane Strain conditions (Lehknitskii, 1981 and Hong , 1994). Based on these analytical solutions, established for the cases of Generalised Plane Strain, a synthetic problem will be formulated: the theoretical in situ stress tensor acting on this rock mass will be determined, with the aid of Bayesian Inverse Problem Techniques, as developed by de Mello Franco (2009). Additionally, the reliability of results obtained will be evaluated, in accordance with the research performed by this author. INTRODUCTIONThe Inverse Problem Technique, as developed in the paper, is based on the definitions and concepts obtained from the current literature and used for the solution of Inverse Problems, but the innovation to be presented is the utilisation of Bayesian Techniques and the determination of the reliability of the results obtained. This will be shown in a synthetic example where the determination of the in situ stress tensor, from strain measurements in a drill hole is supposedly performed. It is assumed that this drill has its axis arbitrarily placed in relation to the rock mass. Generalised Plane Strain conditions will hold for use with problem. The equations of Beltrami – Mitchel, in agreement to Lekhnitskii (1981) and Ong (1994), will be used in this synthetic case, for calculating strains, hypothetically measured in the hole before the final excavations. Finally a synthetic example for the determination of the in situ stress in a fully anisotropic rock mass, based on Bayesian Techniques and its reliability, developed in de Mello Franco (2009) is presented."

Jan 1, 2015

By E. G. Langille

"The Premier mine; owned by Silbak Premier Mines; Limited; is 14 miles from Stewart at the head of Portland canal. Development of the property began in 1918; and since chat time a very large amount of gold and silver as well as some lead and copper have been produced from the mine.The area in the vicinity of the mine is underlain by greenstones tuffs, and sediments of Mesozoic age, belonging to the Bear River formation of the Hazelton group. These rocks are intruded by a stock 2 miles in diameter, composed of orthoclase porphyry and called the Premier porphyry. It sends numerous sill-like and dyke-like tongues into the Bear River formation, and is intruded in turn by a granodiorite outlier of the Coast Range batholith. The orebodies occupy fractures and fracture or shear zones. Primary ore consists chiefly of pyrite, galena, and sphalerite, with some chalcopyrite. The upper 300 feet, or locally 600 feet, contained presumably secondary silver minerals."

Jan 1, 1954

By V. Vakiloroaya

The paper aims at developing a hybrid solar-assisted air conditioner system for performance enhancement and energy efficiency improvement. To increase sub-cooling of the refrigerant at partial loads, we propose a new discharge bypass line together with an inline solenoid valve, installed after the compressor to regulate the mass flow rate of the refrigerant vapour passing through a hot water storage tank. For control design, a lumped parameter model is first developed to describe the dynamics of the system in an explicit form of input-output relationship. The system has been fully-instrumented to examine its performance under different operation conditions. The system model is then validated by extensive experimental tests. The predictions from the models exhibit a good coincidence with experimental results, judging by an RMS error less than 15%. Based on the obtained dynamic model, a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) is applied to optimize a cost function of the output errors and control efforts. The key challenge is to regulate the refrigerant temperature entering the condenser by controlling the valve opening. The design approach is then tested in a transient simulation tool to predict the system performance in transient conditions. The experimental results obtained from implementation with PLC demonstrate that the proposed system delivers higher system efficiency owing to the higher refrigeration effect in the direct expansion evaporator. Thus, the novel development is promising for improvement of energy efficiency, enhancement of the system performance while fulfilling the cooling demand. Consequently, between 25 and 43% of monthly electricity can be saved on average.

Aug 1, 2013

By R. J. Craig

Introduction All mining operations produce rock dust. Inhalation of rock dust, particularly if it has a high silica content, causes silicosis. Silicosis is, therefore, recognized as a hazard of the mining industry and has been made compensable throughout most of Canada. Most of the dust in any mining operation is caused by rock drilling and blasting operations and the movement and transportation of broken rock. Dust from blasting cannot be eliminated, but it can be controlled by means of increased ventilation, the use of water sprays, and the control of blasting hours. Dust from ore movement can be reduced by keeping the broken rock in a moist condition at all times. The dust from the rock drilling operation has been found to be the most difficult to control. Concentrations of dust caused by rock drills in stopes can usually be reduced to the safe minimum of 300 particles per cubic centimeter (p.p.c.c.) by diluting the air with increased ventilation. In development headings, where the machines are more confined, this is not always practicable. Therefore, the dust must be eliminated at its source. This paper deals with the reduction of dust from Leyner machines by adopting improved designs.

Jan 1, 1947

By Dwayne D. Tannant

The Adra tunnel near Naramata BC experienced a fire in 2010 that burned timber sets within the tunnel and caused severe spalling of rock from the roof and tunnel walls. The nature of the damage is documented and efforts completed to rehabilitate and open a portion of this tunnel to the public are described. The use of shortcrete and rock bolts is a technically and economically superior support system to timber sets as well as being far more fire resistant.

Jun 1, 2012

By L. R. Wilkinson, W. J. Howarth, G. J. Wenk

Over a period of three years, a cooperative program in Australia has resulted in the development of radioisotope immersion probes for the on-stream analysis of mineral slurries. Two basic probe types are now available on a commercial basis - fluorescence and absorption probes - and within each type there are a number of variations so that optimum sensitivities can be obtained for elements with atomic number greater than titanium (22), thus covering most metals of interest to modern metallurgy.

Jan 1, 1973

By W. E. Halle, G. J. S. Govett

"The Institute of Applied Geology, Manila, Philippines, is jointly sponsored by the University of the Philippines, the Philippines Bureau of Mines and the United Nations Development Programme (Special Fund). It provides, in its fourth year of operation, an interesting example of international cooperation in mineral development. Objectives include: (1) the training of mining engineers in modern techniques of mineral exploration; (2) assisting government and industry in discovering new ore deposits; and (3) providing the basis for the establishment of an economically oriented graduate school of geology at the University, the first of its kind in the country. Training of engineers requires roughly one full year, which is divided between academic study and actual field practice. Lecture and laboratory instruction include courses at university level designed specifically to up-grade those aspects of the geological sciences that are required by mining engineers now qualifying as mineral exploration engineers-economic geology, applied geochemistry, geo-physical exploration, petrology and structural geology. The field training involves direct participation in actual mineral exploration projects arranged with the co-operation of the Bureau of Mines and private interests engaged in mineral development and production. The system works well in practice, and the Institute staff and trainees were responsible for outlining new evidence of economic mineralization. It is also apparent from the application of the exploration methods available to the project -geological mapping, air photo interpretation, magnetic, electric, electromagnetic, self potential and gravity surveying as well as geochemical prospecting -that, under the humid, tropical, mountainous conditions in which the practical program was conducted, air-supported geochemical prospecting with attendant reconnaissance geological mapping affords the most economical and effective approach to mineral exploration for at least some of the deposits characteristic of the region."

Jan 1, 1968

By Yongbao Zhu

The Ag2O-mediated reactions of cycloaurated compounds with a general formula Au(L)Cl2 (L = bi-dentate C?N ligand) with thiosalicylic acid, N-acetyl cysteine or 1,2-benzenedithiol in DMF proceeds via ligand substitution of the Au?Cl bonds to afford the S-O and S?S adducts all in good yields. The reactivity of the dichloro, S-O and S-S adducts towards thiols were examined by reacting with cysteine in an aqueous medium, revealing that all of Au-Cl, Au-O and Au-N are labile for thiol displacement. The measurement of the inhibitive activities of these compounds against human cathepsins B and K showed that the dichloro and S-O adducts are effective inhibitors with IC50 values ranging from 0.1 to 2.6 -M, and that the S-S adducts are inactive.

Oct 1, 2003

By V. A. G. Preto, W. H. White, J. E. Harakal

Potassium-argon age dating performed recently on intrusive rocks from Copper Mountain indicates that the satellite Smelter Lakes and Voigt stocks have radio-metric ages which are indistinguishable from that of the Copper Mountain stock, as determined by Sinclair and White (1967). The complex of intrusive rocks known as the Lost Horse Intrusions also yields essentially the same radiometric age, as do biotite-sulphide-pegmatite veins on Copper Mountain.

Jan 1, 1971

By F. J. Alcock

The Appalachian region of Canada comprises the three maritime provinces; Nova Scotia; New Brunswick; and Prince Edward Island; and that; part of the Province of Quebec lying south and east of Logan's fault. This; major thrust runs in a gently curving line from lake Champlain to Quebec; city and thence down the valley of the St. Lawrence to pass between Anticosti; island and Gaspe peninsula. To the northwest lies the St. Lawrence; Lowland division of the Interior Plains geological province; a region underlain; largely by early Palxozoic strata; which for the most part lie horizontal; or with low dips; where faults occur they are predominantly of the normal; type; and only locally are the beds cut by intrusive rocks. To the southeast; on the other side of the fault zone; an entirely different set of conditions is; encountered. There; Lower Devonian and older strata stand at high angles; are sheared and thrust faulted; and are intruded in many places by granitic; igneous bodies. The present paper is designed to outline briefly the geological; and structural history of this geological province and to emphasize; the part that structural conditions have played in connection with mineral; deposition.

Jan 1, 1954

By Jaime Meléndez Martínez

Recent interest in unconventional reservoirs motivates our work in laboratory measurements of seismic anisotropy. Seismic anisotropy is the variation in speed of a wave as a function of its direction of propagation. Analyzing anisotropy in unconventional reservoirs is important since anisotropy leads, for example, to differential stresses upon loading and could affect hydraulic stimulation (Reinicke et al., 2010, Zimmermann and Reinicke, 2009); in this sense, laboratory measurements are an important tool to study seismic anisotropy at small scales which can aid in the characterization of larger formations. The purpose of this work is to describe the laboratory methodology used to simultaneously measure ultrasonic P and S-waves in three different directions from a single core sample. Elastic anisotropy of a Proterozoic sedimentary rock from south-west Alberta is investigated. In metamorphic rocks seismic anisotropy is caused by preferred mineralogical alignment or foliation. Assuming a transversally isotropic medium, arrays of compressional and shear piezoelectric ceramic transducers were mounted on a sample trimmed from a core to measure travel times of ultrasonic P-waves and S-waves as a function of confining pressure at directions perpendicular, parallel, and oblique to the plane of foliation (bedding). Results show strong anisotropy agreeing with the assumption of a transversely isotropic medium. Dependence of travel times and hysteresis effects can be observed when pressurizing and depressurizing.

Jun 1, 2012

By J. E. Gill

"The Wasa Lake property is a block of about 1,640 acres in Beauchastel township, Quebec. Gold was discovered there first in 1936 in what is now known as the 'Southern area ( Fig. 1). Stripping and trenching were followed by 9,218 feet of diamond drilling in twenty holes. A number of good intersections were obtained, but their interpretation in terms of ore was difficult. A shaft was then sunk to 220 feet vertical depth. Thirteen hundred feet of lateral work and 543 feet of diamond drilling were completed at the 200-foot level before work was discontinued in 1938. Results up to this point had been just fair.Early in 1944, surface diamond drilling was resumed. The first hole cut material of ore grade in a strong shear zone 1,000 feet north of the old workings, and holes to the east and west showed this to be an extensive gold-bearing zone.In August 1945, a main working shaft was started. This has been sunk to 550 feet slope depth. A cross-cut at 390 feet vertical depth was driven to the ore zone and, by drifting and drilling at regular intervals, a length of 725 feet had been tested to December 31st, 1946 ( Figs. 1 and 2). The results check those from surface drilling quite closely.In the main zone, scoping widths from 8 to 40 feet and averaging about 25 feet are indicated. The grade after dilution should be about 0.15 oz. gold a ton and operation will probably start at 1,000 tons a day."

Jan 1, 1954

By Robert J. Mitchell

A general approach to mine backfill design, including laboratory testing procedures, is outlined in this paper. Relationships between certain design parameters are developed and the effect of other factors is discussed. It is concluded that the inclusion of backfill design calculations at an early stage of mine design can often produce over-all design economies. Not only are the data needed for backfill plant and tailings disposal area design, but also the pillar recovery method and over-all mine stability are dependent on the attainable fill properties.

Jan 1, 1979

By W. K. Smith, V. P. Krueger, D. C. Mulder

"AbstractThis paper describes the geological procedures used to evaluate two mineable high-volatile C bituminous coal seams at Coal Valley , located in the outer foothills belt of the Rocky Mountain Eastern Slopes in west-central Alberta. Lexco Testing Ltd., the exploration arm of Luscos: Ltd., owns and operates an all -weather geophysical logging system which provides gamma, focused density , single-point resistance and caliper logs in a single pass. A mathematical analysis for a theoretical interpretation of the single-point resistance log confirms empirical research that bed boundaries are located at a point 10% from the bottom of the curve. A unique and efficient triple-tube, wireline rotary coring system cuts an undisturbed 0.076m- diameter core in a plastic liner at recoveries exceeding 90% . Although only 10% of the total footage is cored, it provides vital analytical and geotechnical data, and, when integrated with the geophysical logs, improves the quality and extends the usefulness of interpreting both sets of data. All data are programmed to produce computerized structure contour, isopach, isoratio and isoquality maps, and volume calculations.General IntroductionTHE COAL VALLEY AREA is located in the outer foothills belt of the Rocky Mountain Eastern Slopes, 60 miles (96 km) by road southwest of Edson, Alberta. Luscar Ltd. holds leases which total 49,000 acres (19,830 ha) , of which 18,300 acres (7,410 ha) have been assigned to the Coal Valley mine area (Fig. 1 ) . There are two Paleocene high-volatile C bituminous coal seams initially developed for mining within a total stratigraphic interval of 750 feet (230 m ) (Fig. 2 ). These seams strike generally NW, and in the undisturbed areas generally dip westerly from 10 to 30 degrees."

Jan 1, 1977

By G. W. Sparkes

The use of CR-39 plastic polymer as a solid state nuclear track detector in the textural analysis of radioactive minerals in geological samples was first described by I.R Basham in 1981. CR-39 autoradiographs provide a detailed, high-resolution image of the in situ distribution of the radioactive minerals within geological samples on both the macroscopic and microscopic scales. This technique is an inexpensive and effective means of obtaining detailed textural information that provides insight into the style of mineralization, its relationship to primary and secondary structures in the host rock, and its association with particular geological features or mineral phases. Although this technique does not provide any information on the identity of the minerals responsible for the radioactivity, the resultant autoradiographs can be used to select regions for further detailed analysis such as petrography, microprobe analysis, or SEM imaging. This paper summarizes the procedure and outlines the appropriate time and materials required for both the exposure and etching of the CR-39 with respect to the intensity of the radioactivity emitted by the geological samples.

Jan 1, 2013

By J. E. Hawley

"The zinc-lead deposit of the Lake Geneva Mining Company is on lot 7, con. VI, Hess township, Sudbury district, Ontario, about 10 miles northwest of the northern rim of the Sudbury Basin. Though a relatively small deposit, it shows some rather interesting relations to cross-cutting, pre-ore, quartz diabase dykes, which merit description.The deposit was discovered in October 1924 by J. H. Collins beneath iron-stained drift and oxidized sulphides. This proved to be the northwestern extremity of the orebody, the remainder of which extends southeast below swampy ground. Exploration began in 1927. In 1928 a vertical shaft was sunk to 250 feet and a level established at 235 feet. Later the shaft was deepened to 400 feet and new levels opened at 315 and 375 feet. In 1943 an inclined winze was sunk below the vein from the 315-foot level to a vertical depth of 640 feet, and two additional levels were opened at 525 and 615 feet respectively.The geology of the area has been described by T. T. Quirke (1), F. F. Osborne (2), F. J. Alcock (3), and Ralph Tuck (4). Private reports have also been made by Carl Tolman, J. E. Gill, and K. W. Fritzsche. Tuck's paper, covering the work completed to 1930, gives a detailed account of the character of the ore and enclosing rocks.Up to May 1944, when the property was closed, all ore above the 375-foot level and a small tonnage from below this elevation had been removed. Ore mined from 1941 to 1944 yielded the following:"

Jan 1, 1954