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A series of in situ pull tests has been conducted to determine the holding capacity of the standard SS46 Split Set Stabilisers. The experiments have been conducted in a wide range of geological conditions ranging from bedded rock to blocky ground. The results presented in this paper indicate that cement grouted split sets bolts are likely to provide up to three times the initial bond strength per metre of embedment length provided by the ungrouted bolts. The increased load transfer capacity of the grouted bolts provides an alternative for permanent excavation support using split set stabilisers.

Jan 1, 1997

By G Cavanough, A Olsson, J Rock, A C. Torrance

There are various methods currently in use to determine detonation performance of bulk explosive products including velocity of detonation (VOD), high speed photographic analysis, fragmentation analysis and unconfined detonation of samples. For assessment prior to detonation the current practice is limited to a measurement of cup density. This paper presents additional techniques that have been developed to provide measurement and assessment of bulk explosive products. Techniques applicable prior to detonation include a mobile laboratory to allow on-site chemical and physical analysis of sensitised products and ‘in-hole density’ measurement to monitor the in-hole density during sleep time. Assessment of detonation performance is achieved using detonation pressure sensors. These sensors allow measurement of detonation pressure, average VOD, propagation time and magnitude of the pressure induced in the explosive column by detonation of adjacent blastholes.CITATION:Cavanough, G, Torrance, A C, Rock, J and Olsson, A, 2015. Measurement and assessment of bulk explosive products, in Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, pp 477–484 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 24, 2015

The Torington Lodes.This paper describes investigations into mineralogical, petrological and structural associations of cassiterite in occurrences of economic value. The work was carried out in three mines, during a number of years, in the hope that the, data collected might be helpfulin the search for occurrences of cassiterite in stanniferous zones and reduce unproductive exploratory work. Tin-bearing lodes at Torington, in the New England district, New South Wales, have been worked since 1880, and the locality is the most important centre of lode tin occurrence in the, State. The township of Torington is 18 miles westerly from Deepwater, a station on the Great Northern Railway, 446 miles from Sydney.The tinfield forms part of the Mole Tableland, which has an altitude between 3,000 ft. and 4,000 ft. above sea level. The country rock, in which the stanniferous lodes occur, is granite of Permian age, which has been intruded into Carboniferous claystone. An inlierof claystone is exposed to the west of the stanniferous area, 'and in it, close to' its contact with the enclosing granite, are occurrences of wolfram and bismuth. These minerals, together with chalcopyrite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, zinc blende, galena and molybdenite, in very small quantity, are associated with cassiterite in lodes traversing the granite, particularly near the claystone, but decrease in amount with distance from the contact. Their occurrence is sporadic and usually causes no trouble in dressing the cassiterite concentrate, the final product containing less than 1% of total penalisable impurity. In Curnow's mine, pyrite, galena and molybdenite have been observed at 700 ft. from surface.The granite is of the biotite type and its structure may be divided into four groups, or classifications, arising from segregation processes during cooling and consolidation. The four classes, in order of extent of distribution, are:1. Granite of normal type, in which the constituent quartz felspar and mica, have a particle size approximately 14, in.2. Porphyritic granite, in which the felspar particles are from % in. to lin. in size, that of the quartz and mica approximately % in.3. A fine-grained granite, in which the particles of all constituent minerals are % in. or less in size;4. A rock of highly siliceous ground mass containing very small particles of felspar and almost negligible biotite.Type 1 is the general type of granite in all mines of the field; types 2 and 3 may occur as large masses, or all three classes may merge rapidly one into the other, and all be disclosed in 20 ft. of driving. Usually, however, the segregations are massive, but are not associated with any special horizon. For instance, a mass of porphyiiticgranite extends from surface to a depth of 440 ft., for a distance of 350 ft. south from the New England main shaft. The upper levels of Curnow's mine, 14" mile south-east, are in normal granite, but a restricted mass 'of porphyritic granite occurred between Nos. 5 and 6 levels, or 400-500 ft. below the collar of the shaft...

Jan 1, 1950

By D Kepert

It is the role of the exploration geologist to create wealth through the discovery, delineation and characterisation of economic mineralisation. This requires a critical depth of geological understanding.Unfortunately, the resource industry is well known for its cyclic nature. Many of the current generation of workers have only ever experienced the boom of the ‘super-cycle’ and are only just discovering the negative side to the business. For the case of the geologist and especially the exploration geologist, the magnitude of peaks and troughs are usually amplified and may become destructive to all parties. During the uptime a healthy stream of exploration good news becomes the staple diet of company releases, in particular those of junior companies attempting to bolster the share price. The geological knowledge and experience gained thus forms a significant and integral part of the value and therefore, future of a company. On the downturn it is often viewed that geologists are a luxury, an optional extra and a burden on the bottom line with companies entering a period of memory loss and myopia.Retention of geological knowledge however remains critical as projects, companies and cycles mature. Beyond exploration per se, this knowledge becomes both fundamental in de-risking and commercialising an asset (through development or divestment) and in positioning the company for cyclic or counter-cyclic opportunities.The growth and retention of this knowledge base is difficult to quantify in terms of direct value but becomes one of a successful resource companies greatest assets. At worst, its loss can lead to millions of investors’ funds wasted on missed opportunities, drilling, or poorly designed plant and mine.But the rocks are around for the longer haul and pay little notice to the vagaries of the scurrying of Man.This paper reflects on some of the authors own observations through 25 years of iron ore exploration, in why it is critical to always rigorously question the prevailing geological (mis)understanding and the technical and commercial benefits which that may bring, and looks forward to the future.CITATION:Kepert, D, 2015. Geology – the affirmative case, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2015, pp 285–298 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 13, 2015

By R G. Barker

The NZ Minerals Industry Association has continued to advance the interests of the minerals sector through leading the establishment of a Minerals Industry Advisory Committee, and the preparation of a technology strategy with funding assistance from the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology. The current moves mirror those of more than 30 years ago when a government initiative led to a resurgence of exploration through amending the mining legislation, redirecting Government research priorities and tax changes. The economic and political and commercial environment in 2001 is very different from that of the 1960s and success of these new initiatives depends on the continuing support and involvement of all sectors of the minerals industry, and building an improved relationship with the Government and the public.

Jan 1, 2001

By J Harding, S Munro, R A. Bearman

Despite the importance of the primary crushing stage, performance optimisation is not well analysed with sufficient focus to give improvement opportunities. At the Newcrest owned Telfer operation, liner life plays an important part in scheduling planned maintenance. Major consideration is given to monitoring crusher performance, as the highly abrasive nature of the feed significantly impacts the liner wear life. A study was undertaken by the lead author which focused on establishing a strong baseline of accurate data pertaining to the performance of the crusher, in terms of, operating parameters, liner life and key machine design factors. As part of the study, mining feed materials were examined for a particular set of liners and this revealed that improved methods should be pursued. Due to the competitive nature of the mining industry, the business solution to complex problems with long shutdown cycles should be streamlined to incorporate a non-operational modelling approach that is significantly more efficient than traditional online trial and error methods. In order to dramatically reduce the time and business risks, it was decided to engage services to model and simulate the liner life by varying main operational and mechanical factors. The key to all simulation work is gathering high quality baseline data. Such data allowed deployment of the Kinematic Crusher Model and validation of the model against worn 2D wear liner profiles. The proven model was then successfully deployed to predict operational values that defined crusher performance. To enhance the study, further investigation into a set of mechanical and operational simulations generated a sensitivity matrix measuring key performance parameters throughout the wear life of the liners. The study revealed throughput as a highly sensitive parameter and a change in eccentric throw provided the greatest improvement in extending liner wear life.

Aug 24, 2022

By W Akpan

The Royal Bafokeng community in South AfricaÆs North West Province represents a unique case in Sub-Saharan Africa in terms of its positioning in the natural resource economy. It receives royalties directly from mining firms for the extraction of Platinum Group Metals, which include platinum, ferrochrome, rhodium and palladium. In 2007, royalty income of about R290 million (approximately US$32.2 million) was reported. Such direct revenues have enabled the community to invest in educational, medical and other social infrastructure, thus complementing governmentÆs social provisioning efforts. Indeed, the Bafokeng community owes its present-day modernisation efforts to mineral rights, and in particular, the legal-institutional arrangement that has enabled it to play an active role in South AfricaÆs lucrative extractive economy. However, the distribution of platinum wealth in this community is not only uneven, but also appears to have had little impact on the broader socio-economic conditions in the community. Despite claims by community leaders of heavy investment in education and skills development, the community continues to be faced with very high levels of unemployment, illiteracy, sprawling informal settlements, poor access to medical facilities and malnutrition. This paper examines the sociological paradoxes and contradictions thrown up by the approach adopted to involve community members in the mobilisation of mining royalties for developmental ends. The central argument is that the current æmodelÆ contradicts the communityÆs stated goals of using platinum wealth to drive up broad-based development and modernisation. This is mainly because it leaves out the vast majority of community members, who are uneducated and unskilled. The core analysis is based on pilot data from an ongoing study in the Royal Bafokeng community.

Jan 1, 2009

The GPS and information technology industries are now applying considerable development effort to what is being termed machine control and machine information systems, in particular focusing on the industries the of mining construction and agriculture. GPS based systems are demonstrably finding common acceptance and adding commercial value to many machine applications in industry. This has been the first step in the evolution of the information age that is now reforming mining practices. Adding the technologies of wireless data communication, modem computer databases, and networked PC's mining is on the verge of a new era in overall process management. This paper is a general discussion of what the information age means to miners and a general description of new mining operation technologies available to day from the Caterpillar technology alliance.

Jan 1, 1999

By J Wallis

The stability of a raise bore is often assessed using the rock mass classification system published by McCracken and Stacey as a modification of the Q system. Often the assessment is done using a spreadsheet to manipulate geotechnical log(s) of boreholes. This paper discusses the inherent difficulties with this approach. Recent work by others to provide guidelines to the classification system is discussed. A recent example of the design and raise bore performance at Macraes Gold Mine, New Zealand is presented. A key issue is that a visual assessment of the drill core and/or core photographs is necessary to æground-truthÆ the classification.

Jan 1, 2008

Wastewaters from Mining Projects both gold mining and coal mining generally have minerals in solution or very fine material which does not settle out quickly. These waters in the past have been discharged into the nearest water course and caused extensive pollution.

Jan 1, 1986

By Adams R. W

A commercial scale strong acid leaching plant was commissioned at the Risdon plant of the Electrolytic Zinc Company of Australasia Limited, a member of the Pasminco group of companies, in February 1988. It was designed to upgrade the lead/silver residue product from 26% to 37% lead, thus improving the realised value and increasing overall zinc recovery. This in turn enables the lead smelter treating the lead residue to improve its productivity. The equipment consists of two 250m3 bricklined leach tanks and two 6.5m diameter stainless steel high rate thickeners operating with counter current washing at 95¦C and 120 g/L H2SO4. The present filtration and drying equipment is also being replaced. Two 35m2 squeeze action filter presses equipped with horizontal plates are being installed, together with ancillary drying equipment to ensure that the final product complies with the transportable moisture limit. The new filtration plant is due to be commissioned in mid-1989.

Jan 1, 1989

By D Caley

During the response to the Moura No 4 disaster, use was made of the New South Wales Mines Rescue Service’s ‘Mineshield’ inertisation equipment. The equipment had to be transported from Newcastle, approximately 1400 kms, and the liquid nitrogen a similar distance. The time taken, and therefore availability of the liquid nitrogen, became a significant problem. Operational issues were also experienced during use. Typically the liquid nitrogen is converted to a gas (vaporised) before being injected into the mine. However, as the propane gas tanker used for the vapourising unit was delayed, an attempt was made to inject the liquid nitrogen directly down uncased boreholes. This proved unsuccessful.Following the Moura No 4 disaster and the Moura No 2 disaster, recommendations were made relating to having inertisation capacity for the Queensland coal mining industry. Today the Queensland industry has multiple options available for inertisation, including the high-volume GAG and smaller volume units such as boilers and membrane separation units. Although it ultimately aided re-entry into Moura No 4, most likely due to the issues associated with supply to Central Queensland, liquid nitrogen has not found favour within the Queensland industry as an inertisation tool.Coregas has commissioned an air separation plant in Mackay, improving the availability of liquid nitrogen to Central Queensland. Based on the availability of this nitrogen, recent sealing operations at Kestrel have trialled using liquid nitrogen and associated vapourising units. This paper details the practical application and findings of using liquid nitrogen during routine longwall panel sealing.CITATION:Caley, D, 2017. Using liquid nitrogen for the inertisation of goafs, in Proceedings Australian Mine Vent Conference 2017, pp 35–40 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 28, 2017

By F Phillips, E Deucker, J Kato

It is challenging to determine the optimal mining strategy to maximise value when a mine plan includes mineralised material which does not meet the full cost of mining but has value exceeding the variable cost of mining (‘marginal material’). Mining too much marginal material dilutes the operation’s head grade and undermines profitability. Conversely, leaving too much metal behind fails to achieve the full value of the endowment. Finding the balance between the two will maximise value delivered from the asset. This dilemma has traditionally been approached by calculating a suite of cut-off grades to define the grade of material that meets economic targets for an orebody (or zone within) and should therefore be included in the mine plan. A problem with this approach is that individual mining blocks within the zone have different costs, value and confidence levels, with each having economic co-dependencies between them. Blocks of identical grade but different mining contexts will have distinctly different economic outcomes. For example: • a block may be a low-grade increment or shell around a higher-grade stope; • a block may be available to be mined when there is spare mining capacity; or • a block may defer access to significantly higher cash flow material. Each of these circumstances would result in different value from the blocks if included as part of the mine plan. Cut-off grades calculated as averages over zones of material, or in isolation from schedule-based information, are missing the entire mining context that determines the ultimate economic outcome of making a mining decision. There are tools and techniques available to address this for open pit mining, however underground mining has different nuances. There are more intricate economic and physical dependencies between potential ore blocks, and importantly, the decision to leave material in situ can be made at any time. The case study in this paper explores a new methodology for underground mining, targeted towards strategic planning applications. It examines whether the economic logic usually applied via cut-off calculations can be implemented in the schedule so that optimal economic decisions can be made on a block-by-block basis, taking into account the mining context of the block, with the objective to maximise asset value. The results of the case study scenarios in Table 1 demonstrate the magnitude of the potential improvement in NPV that can be attained by a block by block valuation approach

Mar 15, 2021

By J Player, R de Vries, E Villaescusa, H Saw, R Hassell

The use of cemented rock fill (CRF) for support of open stope walls has increased in the Australian underground mines operations over the last five years due in part to its low capital cost. In open stoping the exposed CRF masses require adequate strength and stiffness, in order to resist the forces and to limit the displacement associated with movements in the rock mass surrounding the excavations. The CRF material preparation often involves the use of large particles, either from crushed rock or from development mining waste sometimes up to 1 m in diameter. However, the use of waste rock, which has a poorly graded particle size distribution may not achieve the required minimum target strength due to segregation and large air voids within the fill mass. This paper describes the optimisation of CRF strength by either crushing the waste rock or the addition of sand to the mix. Both methods increase the level of fines in the mix design. Cylindrical samples having 400 mm diameter and 800 mm heights were prepared for uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) testing. The UCS test was determined using the Western Australian School of Mines (WASM) large-scale static test frame. The laboratory results were compared with a database of large-scale CRF strength mixed without sand from a number of mine sites around Australia. The comparison shows a significant strength development in the CRF mixing with addition of sand for a given cement percentage. Due to the higher strengths achieved by the addition of sand and the crushing of the waste material these CRF types require less cement to achieve the same strength. This has the potential to improve the overall economics of open stope mining due to less dilution of the exposed fill mass.CITATION:Saw, H, de Vries, R, Player, J, Hassell, R and Villaescusa, E, 2017. Optimisation of cemented rock fill strength for open stope support, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Underground Operators’ Conference 2017, pp 85–90 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 16, 2017

Drill blasting is a widely used method for rock fragmentation in mining, quarrying and construction industries. Environmental effects such as air shocks, dust, flying rocks and ground vibration are unavoidable results and undesired effects of blasting. Among these ground vibrations can have a damaging effect and may influence on long distances. Therefore various researchers have developed mathematical models to predict ground vibration after blasting. These models take into account the amount of explosive, distance and several coefficients related to the field under investigation. The developed models to predict ground vibration may yield different results for the same case. Selection of the most suitable model requires engineering judgment and evaluation of models. At this point, a computerised system helps the engineer to evaluate and select the most suitable model in order to design and plan a blasting pattern. The safe charge of explosive and magnitude of vibration after blasting should be predicted beforehand. Therefore a computer program namely 'prediction of blast induced vibration' (P-BIV) has been developed. This paper introduces and presents a computer program (P-BIV) which includes the set of models developed to estimate ground vibration to provide blasting engineers a tool to determine the amount of explosive for safe blasting.

Dec 6, 2010

Process Simulation and Plant Design of a Mineral Selective Magnetising Flash Roasting Plant Using Neutrons

Sep 13, 2010

By C Vejrazka

Northparkes is located 27 km north of the township of Parkes in central New South Wales, Australia. The operations consist of underground block cave mines and an ore processing plant that produces high-grade copper and gold concentrate. Production is currently sourced from the E48 Lift 1 block cave mine and open cut stockpiles. Mining commenced at Northparkes in 1994 as an open cut operation. Underground block cave mining began in 1997. Northparkes was the first mine in Australia to use the highly efficient block cave mining method, which relies on gravity and natural rock stresses to fragment the ore.The occurrence of air blasts is one of the principal mining hazards in block caving operations between the time of first undercutting and breakthrough of the cave to surface. As such, it needs to be managed continuously, and risk assessments need to be reviewed on a regular basis for applicability to changing conditions. Unfortunately, there is little literature on how to practically approach air blast risk assessments in a way that can be incorporated in the day-to-day operation of a mine. Previous methods of assessing air blast risk were tedious and results were often unrepeatable.With the extension of the E48 Lift 1 extraction level, it was necessary to assess the air blast risk for the extension drives and develop operational guidelines for production from the extension. A review of the methodology for assessing air blast risks revealed substantial improvement opportunities.This paper outlines the principles used for air blast risk assessments at Northparkes Mines and the methodology employed to achieve efficient, repeatable and auditable results.CITATION:Vejrazka, C, 2016. Northparkes Mines’ current air blast risk assessment practices for block caving operations, in Proceedings Seventh International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining (MassMin 2016), pp 257–264 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2016

By M R. Asef

Although generation of environmentally harmful hydrogen sulfide is considered to be related to sour gas fields, sweet gas reservoirs and waste fluids, travertine springs and geothermal fields may also produce acid gas (H2S and CO2) under certain conditions. The potential parameters influencing such a possibility need to be fully investigated to evaluate the extent of the consequences and predict hydrogen sulfide generation accordingly. Reports on hydrogen sulfide production at different regions and fields were gathered worldwide for the cases when some of them did not have such a problem previously. In order to inspect different aspects of these case studies, some other regions with no hydrogen sulfide content were selected as control. In all cases water samples were taken carefully for chemical analysis in the laboratory. Besides, mineral compositions were characterised in some cases for better evaluation. In order to give a thorough prospect of hydrogen sulfide production, a geochemical model was prepared. In situ engineering geological conditions, especially pressure and temperature, were assigned in the model to investigate the possibility of H2S generation using PHREEQC software. The results of modelling revealed that although many similarities existed between mineral compositions of the cases, certain formations were particularly prone to hydrogen sulfide generation. For better evaluation, important exchangeable cation ratios such as potassium/sodium, calcium/magnesium and ion proportions like sulfate and chloride were calculated as trends of the formations. As expected, the model could successfully monitor a higher ratio of SO42- and Cl- in potential H2S generator formations. Wide variation in percentage of HCO3- was considered as a secondary observatory parameter for better estimation. In addition, it was noticed that higher anion content created an environment ready to absorb any cations and this makes H2S generation easier. Finally, using correlations between predictors and estimators for low depth and deep samples defined the degree of effectiveness for every sample.

Sep 26, 2011

The project is undertaken by Elgas Pty Ltd, a 50 per cent joint venture between AGL and BOC, to store 65 000 t of LPG in underground storage at Port Botany, NSW. The contractor, Concrete Constructions Pty Ltd, elected to use drilling and blasting techniques. The project specification called for the following works to be excavated: Access Shaft:122 m (out of 140 m total depth), 6.0 m diameter (selected by the contractor),Operation Shaft:125 m (out of 150 m total depth), 4.0 m diameter,Water Curtain Gallery:500 m (Later extended by additional 270 m), 4.0 m wide and 3.5 m high,Storage Caverns:910 m, 14.0 m wide, 11.0 m high,Top Heading:14.0 m wide, 5.5 m high,Bench:14.0 m wide, 5.5 m high,Connection Galleries:250 m, 5.5 m wide, 5.5 m high.A total of 156 000 cubm of rock to be excavated.

Jan 1, 1999

By S C. Barrie

St BarbaraÆs Marvel Loch operations have successfully used longhole open stoping as the primary mining method for a number of years. A transition to Core and Shell mining was implemented in 2009 to recover substantial ore grade resources remaining in sill and rib pillars. The transition to core and shell for the Exhibition lode required continuous waste filling of created voids and thus the removal of the crown pillar at the base of the Exhibition pit by blasting. Access to the top of pillar was denied as the pit was partially rock filled with waste rock from underground development.Beyond the technical challenges of the blasting project, a simple and transparent risk management process was developed to ensure appropriate controls and mitigating strategies were in place to minimise risk to personnel during the pillar removal process.Although failure of the crown pillar was anticipated but with the actual timing unknown, on 25 December 2011 the crown pillar yielded during normal mine operations. Engineered and isolation controls in place at the time were of a sufficiently high standard to ensure limited exposure of the underground workforce and minimal damage to mine infrastructure. Successful risk management through implementation of appropriate controls during the project lifecycle of two years and three months proved to be fundamental to the safe removal of the crown pillar.CITATION:Barrie, S C, 2012. Successful risk management through project life cycle for removal of the crown pillar at the Marvel Loch Underground Mine, in Proceedings International Mine Management 2012, pp 125-134 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 20, 2012