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By P. H. G., Durville

ANY metal which contains even a small percentage of aluminum possesses certain peculiarities of appearance and properties which are exhibited both when the metal is melted and after it solidifies. Pure aluminum, or an alloy containing a small proportion of aluminum, can be melted without flux-except for a layer of charcoal-because a film of aluminum oxide and metal forms at the surface of melted aluminum. Although very thin, this film is air-proof, and it prevents the metal underneath from oxidizing. This oxidized film does not move easily on account of its toughness and high surface tension. One very important point in connection with this process of still casting has not been strongly enough stressed, namely, that the same kind of surface film with the same peculiarities forms over the surface of all melted alloys that contain even a small proportion of aluminum. Experienced foundrymen know how desirable it is to cast aluminum under its "skin" or under the surface of the film which tends to remain still. In the case of red copper, when in fusion, the surface shows pure copper only. This' is due to the fact that liquid copper constantly absorbs the copper oxide which forms on the surface. By closely examining melting copper the oxide can be seen dissolving in the bath, and going into solution just as pulverized sugar dissolves in water. When copper is cast in the open, either in wire bars or cakes, the surface of metal exposed to the air is covered by a film of black oxide that cannot be absorbed by the metal.

Jan 1, 1927

By AIME

WE got our chance to talk with Arthur J. Blair at the Annual Meeting at the Pennsylvania Hotel. By two o'clock Wednesday afternoon things had quieted down enough so we had our interview in the foyer to the Ball Room. There were the usual questions. Where were you born? In La Salle County, Ill., on March 26, 1885. Where did you go to school? Northwestern University, B.S. degree in 1906. Where did you start work? For E. J. Longyear right after leaving school. One's ability as a geologist was measured by one's ability to wield a brush hook and ax. He stayed on the job as geologist for three years and then got to thinking about the advantages of a warmer climate. The advantages stacked up favorably, so off he went to Birmingham, Ala., just about the time U.S. Steel took over the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Co.

Jan 1, 1948

By AIME

SUPPLEMENTING surveys of the engineering profession regarding salaries and advancement, based upon data from individual engineers, a survey through a questionnaire to employers of engineers has recently been made by a subcommittee of the Engineers Joint Council's Committee on the Economic Status of the Engineer. Its object was to learn directly from employers their attitudes and policies pertaining to the selection, training, placement, advancement, guidance, and professional activities of engineering graduate employes. The questionnaire was sent in May 1946 to 174 employers of engineers, including colleges. Replies were received from 104 employers in nineteen fields of industry, who employ about 2,000,000 persons, about 40,000 of whom are engineers. The following general observations are based on the questionnaires returned. Who Are Hired? Of the co-operators 96 per cent employ cadet engineers directly upon graduation from engineering schools, but only 4 per cent recruit their engineering staffs exclusively from the new graduates. About 43 per cent hire more than half of their new engineer employes after one or more years' experience with other employers. This is evidently a matter of necessity or expediency rather than preference, because more than sixty per cent of those reporting indicate that they prefer to hire the new graduate.

Jan 1, 1947

By J. C. Boswell, J. D. Crawford

IN addition to its base-metal and coal mining operations, the United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company has, for the past quarter century, been one of the few large American mining companies interested in dredging. Its activities in this field are confined to gold, and to Alaska, but it is the largest operator in that territory, with twelve huge dredges available to work during the summer on the frozen ancient beach sands at Nome and the gravels of Fairbanks. These operations will be described separately.

Jan 1, 1948

By FRANK FIRRISTONE

Ix the summer of 1842 my father, William Firmstone, was engaged by Charles Jackson, Jr., of Boston, to examine the conditions in the Lehigh valley as a site for blast-furnaces using anthracite for fuel. In consequence of his report, he was further engaged by Mr. Jackson to build a furnace for him and his partners on the Lehigh canal, 2 miles above the mouth of the river at Easton. Work was begun in the fall of 1842, and the first furnace blown-in in 1844. The history of the works, therefore, from 1844 to 1887, when my own connection with them ceased, covers only four years less than the whole period of the rise, culmination, and commencement of the decline in the smelting of iron with anthracite in America, the beginning of which, in a commercial sense, may be put in 1839.' Although this paper, as the title indicates, is concerned almost exclusively with the furnaces at Glendon, still what was done there was more or less influenced by current opinion in the dis¬trict, and even reflects, to some extent, the changes in opinion and practice with mineral fuel the world over. No. 1 Furnace was built of red brick, on four piers, had three tuyeres and fore-hearth and tymp, as was universal with furnaces using mineral fuel until the introduction of Liirmann's cinder-tuyere. The dimensions and profile are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The first hearth (Fig. 1) was of sandstone; all after were of fire-brick (Fig. 2). The profile was no doubt derived directly from Gibbons's furnace,2 for it appears from W. Firmstone's note-books that in October, 1840, he visited ." Gibbons' new furnaces building at Corbyn Hall," and I have an old drawing,\

Sep 1, 1909

By Frederic P. Dewey

(New York Meeting, February, 1912.) By the old method of determining platinum in ores and bullion, the silver-alloy first obtained in the regular course of assay is parted in strong sulphuric acid and the residual metal weighed. This is re-alloyed with silver by a second cupellation and parted in nitric acid, the residual metal being again weighed. Any difference shown between the two weighings is assumed to be, and is called; platinum. Sometimes it is so, and if any considerable amount of platinum be present, there will be a decided difference between the two weighings; but a slight difference is no real evidence whatever of the presence of platinum. On the other hand, the second weight may equal or possibly exceed the first, even when traces of platinum are present. Again, other members of the platinum group may go into solution in nitric acid more or less. If present, these would be called platinum and escape detection. The method does not provide any direct tests whatever as to the presence or absence of platinum. It is often indecisive, and sometimes jives erroneous results. It is, therefore, quite unsatisfactory. Being called upon many times to determine platinum in a wide variety of materials, particularly when present in very small amounts, I have realized the disadvantages and defects of this old method. In an article on the solubility of gold in nitric acid, 1 I have briefly outlined a method of gathering a little gold out of a solution containing much silver, which furnishes the basis of

Apr 1, 1912

By CHARLES DORRANGE

INTRODUCTION. CULM is a general term used in the anthracite regions for many years to denote a mixture of coal, bony coal and impurities which is sent to the refuse-banks. Thus, 35 years ago culm contained the pea and buckwheat sizes of anthracite; but to-day, and as mentioned in this paper, culm is used specifically to denote the material which passes through the smallest screen in the anthracite-breaker. The smallest size of commercial anthracite is known as No. 3 buckwheat, barley, or bird's-eye coal, and is ordinarily made through a round-punched plate having openings 3/16 in. in diameter, and over a round-punched plate with opening 3/32 in. or 1/16 in. in diameter. Thus culm will consist of coal, bony coal, slate, gravel, iron pyrite, etc., ranging in size from ? 3/32 in. down to dust. Other local terms for culm are " slush," " silt," and " dirt." The first experiments towards the utilization of anthracite culm by briquetting, and the first briquetting-work done in this country, were in 1872 at Port Richmond Piers, Philadelphia, Pa., by E. F., Loiseau.1 Clay was used as a binder and the finished briquette was water-proofed with shellac, etc. Excessive cost was given as the reason for discontinuing work at this plant. The Delaware k Hudson Co., in 1876, built a plant at Rondout, N. Y., which operated until 1880. Gas-tar was used as a binder, and anthracite screenings were briquetted for engine fuel. Excessive cost, poor results in firing, and the tendency of the fuel to cut the boiler-flues were given as the reasons for discontinuing the manufacture. The next plant was built by E. F. Loiseau about 1878, at Nesquehoning, Pa., near the No. 1 or Nesquehoning colliery

Sep 1, 1911

By Herbert H. Kellogg

The chemistry of sulfide roasting is analyzed to show those aspects of performance which Thecan be predicted from considerations of thermodynamic equilibrium. It is concluded that equilibrium calculations can serve as a yardstick for prediction of roaster-gas composition and sulfate formation in the calcine for fluid-bed roasting practice. A method of calculation which combines the equilibrium and stoichiometric factors is outlined, and illustrated by an example from the roasting of Cu-Fe sulfides. ON first examination the roasting of sulfides would not seem to be a process to which equilibrium calculations could be applied to yield results of practical value. The burning of sulfides is an ex-tremely spontaneous reaction, excess air is always used to obtain rapid reaction, and in most traditional roaster designs (hearth roasting) the temperature and gas composition vary widely from point to point in the roaster. These are all conditions which promote a non-equilibrium state in the roasting process. However, the introduction of the fluid-bed roaster1 has brought to roasting practice new conditions of operation, so that equilibrium calculations can be used to predict certain limited aspects of practical operation. The fluid bed is characterized by uniformity of temperature, gas composition, and calcine composition from point to point throughout the bed. These relatively uniform properties of the bed make the meaningful calculation of the equilibrium state of certain reactions in roasting possible. It is the purpose of this paper to analyze roasting from an equilibrium viewpoint, to show where the method may be expected to yield valuable information, where it fails, and to outline methods of calculation. Main Roasting Reaction The reaction MS (s) + 3/2 0, = MO (s) + SO, [I] might well be called the main roasting reaction. It adequately accounts for the well known facts that metal sulfide and air are the main reactants, and metal oxide and SO, the main products. Deviations from this simple stoichiometry will be discussed under side reactions. For all metal sulfides, Reaction 1 is strongly exothermic and the equilibrium position is far to the right. Since the reaction is exothermic, the equilibrium shifts in the right-to-left direction as the temperature is raised. However, at all practical roaster temperatures (between 500" and 1200°C), the amount of this shift is small, and the equilibrium position remains far to the right. The main roasting reaction is essentially irreversible, and the application of equilibrium considerations to this reaction will not be! a fruitful field of investigation. A knowledge of the rate of this reaction. although not the proper subject of this paper, is of great importance to the roasting process. Analysis of the factors which influence this rate shows that: 1) The rate will increase rapidly with increased temperature. 2) The rate will be proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen at the surface of the reacting particle. Because of diffusion effects, the partial pressure of oxygen at the particle surface may be considerably less than in the bulk of the roaster gas. For this reason, intimate contact between gas and solid and high relative velocity between gas and solid, such as can be obtained in a fluid bed or flash roaster, will markedly increase the rate of reaction. 3) The rate will be proportional to the surface area of metal sulfide. Therefore, smaller particle size will permit a more rapid rate per unit of weight. To achieve practical rates of roasting the partial pressure of oxygen in the roaster gases must be maintained at a finite level at all times. Even where the gas-solid contact is very good, as in the fluid-bed roaster, the oxygen content of the gas must not be allowed to drop below some limiting value (perhaps 1 pct), or the rate of the main roasting reaction will become too small for practical operation. Side Reactions in the Gas Phase The gas phase during roasting of metallic sulfides contains the elements oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, by-

Jan 1, 1957

By A. W. Ruff

The seismic wave produced by an explosive is very important in blasting. A true understanding of the wave is only important when considering possible structural damage to buildings located near the blast, but it is also of primary importance when considering rock fragmentation. Because of the importance of the seismic wave to fragmentation, a finda-mental study of the seismic wave and its effect was made at the Cananea Consolidated Copper Co.'s mine at Cananea, Sonora, Mexico. Strain gages were used to measure the strain in the rock when nearby explosive charges were detonated. The variance in the circuit voltage caused by changes in the resistance of the strain gage was measured with an oscilloscope and recorded with a Polaroid camera. CONFINED DRILLHOLE CHARGES To record the seismic wave from a confined drillhole explosive charge, a gage was cemented to the bottom of a 4-in diam drillhole. The horizontal gage hole and nine horizontal charge holes were drilled perpendicular to the center line of the 2-39 drift and 4 ft above the floor. The gage hole was 29 in. deep, and the charge holes were drilled so that each bottomed 1 in. deeper than the gage hole. The gage was installed with its axis horizontal and parallel to the 2-39 drift. The charge holes had the following horizontal distances from the gage: hole 3, 3 ft; hole 4, 4 ft; hole 5, 5 ft; hole 9, 9 ft; hole 10, 10 ft; hole 14, 14 ft; and hole 15, 15 ft. Figs. 1 and 2 show the relationships of the gage and the charge holes. Charges of 80 pct special gelatin, which weighed 50, 100, and 150 g were exploded in the charge holes and the seismic waves were recorded. All charges were stemmed with 200 g of mud and detonated with an electric blasting cap. Fig. 3 shows the recorded seismic waves. The reflected components of the waves were too weak to be objectional on these records. Table I shows the data taken from the wave forms. The approximate average velocity of a wave with a 9-ft travel distance was 12,900 fps. Since different charge weights were used, it was necessary to scale the data. The scaled maximum compress ion-strain data and the scaled maximum tens ion-strain data are shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively. Figs. 6 and 7 show the strain-distance data from Figs. 4 and 5 converted to a 1-lb charge. The results showed that the wave consisted of an initial compression pulse followed by a tension pulse. The amplitude of the tension pulse approached the amplitude of the compression pulse as the distance between the gage and the shot increased. The decay rate of the seismic wave is very important in the evaluation of the blasting characteristics of a rock. When high-amplitude stresses are produced, as in rock fragmentation, the rate of decay is much more rapid than when small amplitude stresses are produced. In underground mine blasting, the burdens are usually not greater than 6 ft and the decay is very rapid. The rapid seismic-wave decay rate in the fragmentation range means that in practice, if the minimum weight of powder is used to break a specified burden, only a very

Jan 1, 1961

By Reno H. Sales

Our colleagues cannot in the future earn reputations and medals for achievements in milling and smelting ore and for successful management of mining companies, if some one doesn't keep finding and mining the ore to mill and smelt and to provide the basis for the good management. Good ore seems sometimes to be quite helpful to good management, and good ore is not as easy to find as it used to be. And there are still more reasons, why—when this honor had been decided upon and named for Mr. Daniel C. Jackling—it should be initially conferred on Reno H. Sales. . The terms of reference of the award are that it should be conferred upon an individual working in the fields of mining, geology, geophysics, who has made an outstanding contribution to the progress of technology in one or more of those fields. And in this initial year (the earlier years are the easiest) just that was done. I think I could get away with it amongst the old-timers of my generation if I say that this time they made the award to the individual, who made the outstanding contribution. But, as Al Smith used to say, "Let's look at the record." Really, the record is mixed up a little with extra-lateral litigation—the old-time "apex cases" under Section 2322 of the Revised Statutes. Reno Sales doesn't like such litigation, but there is little question that the urgency, generated by conflicting claims of intra-limital and extra-lateral rights, and consequent necessity for committing to records and maps the complications of Butte structure, did advance—and by several years—the first continuous, accurate, systematic, and scientific portrayal of the geological and mineralogical details of what is, after all, the most important and the most complicated copper district—at least in North America. Prior to Sales' time, some of the most eminent of geologists often waived details. One geologist took the judge to the window to show him the Rarus fault going through a notch in the Continental Divide. The entertaining testimony in the Bluebird litigation was as perfect in literary style as it was innocent of the criteria by which faulting and lack of continuity of vein structure are now recognized. At any rate, this need for an accurate record of structure was in the background—to whatever extent it was, or was not, the etiological agent—for formation of the Geological Department of the Amalgamated Copper Co. in and about the year 1900. Charles W. Goodale was at that time the head of the Boston & Montana, and John D. Ryan succeeded William Scallon as the president of Anaconda Copper Mining Co. in 1905. Horace V. Winchell, for years a specialist in extra-lateral litigation, was perhaps the man who at that date had the vision, the persuasive weight with the management, and the willingness to defend the idea of large current expenditures (as then viewed) for a complete and sys-

Jan 1, 1955

By W. F. Wheeler

IN the study of the coals of Illinois now being carried on by the State Geological Survey, an attempt is being made to determine the most satisfactory basis of comparison between different coals. The following discussion is based upon work done for the survey in the laboratories of the State University and under the general direction of Prof. S. W. Parr. " Pure coal " has been defined by Mr. A. Bement1 as ash- and moisture-free coal, and the use of this " pure coal " as a basis for comparing different bituminous coals has lately been much discussed among engineers in the middle West. By some the B.t.u. of the pure coal is being used to check calorimetric results, and to calculate the calorific value of different coal-samples from the same seam, for which purposes it is necessary to assume-first, that the composition and calorific value of pure coal from different parts of the same coal-seam are uniform, and, second, that these values remain constant after the coal is mined, both of which assumptions there are reasons to believe are inconsistent with the facts. Certain variables are included in pure coal, as ordinarily defined, and disregard of them may lead to serious error. In any event, where delicate shades of difference are involved, no sure interpretation of results can be made, unless these variables be eliminated. As a basis of comparison between coals, ash- and moisture-free coal is much to be preferred to " dry coal," and still more is it to be preferred to " moist coal," as ordinarily reported in analyses. There are, however, two constituents other than ash and moisture which are similar in effect to them, and which

Jan 1, 1908

By Johnston, T. L.

BISMUTH is found as native metal associated with tin, copper, cobalt, silver, gold, or other metals and in a variety of ores. The more important ones are: bismuthinite (bismuth glance), Bi2S3; bismite (bismuth ochre), Bi2O3.3H2O; and bismutite (bismuth carbonate), Bi2O3CO3?H2O. Of lesser importance are the arsenate, telluride, and vanadate. The sulfide is the most common; the others are often oxidation products from this mineral. Bismuth minerals have been found in various places in the United States, principally in Colorado and Utah, but no ores are mined solely for bismuth. In the Granite mining district of Beaver County, Utah, a stratum of limestone about 6 ft. thick has been almost completely replaced by contact minerals in which bismuthinite associated with pyrite and molybdenite was found intergrown with silicate minerals. In the early days a few small lots of ore assaying 7 to 10 per cent bismuth were shipped from this district. Native bismuth has been found in the Clifton and Tintic districts of Utah. Bismuth is produced as a byproduct in the refining of lead, copper, gold and silver ores, it being recovered from the anode mud from the Betts process. Deposits of bismuth minerals exist in Argentina, Aus¬tralia, China, Japan, Germany, Spain, Peru, Bolivia, and Canada, but Bolivia is the principal, producer and could easily supply all of the present world's demand.

Jan 1, 1933

By Herty, C. H.

Iron oxide (FeO) plays an extremely important part in the manufacture of iron and steel. In the three major processes- blast-furnace, open-hearth, and Bessemer converter-iron oxide is the chemically predominant compound and controls to a large ex- tent the operation of the furnaces and the composition and quality of their respective products. In order to emphasize the importance of iron oxide in each process, they will be considered individually in some detail. THE OPEN-HEARTH FURNACE. Iron oxide is introduced into the open-hearth furnace in four ways : 1. The scrap charged into the open hearth is oxidized by the furnace gases, the amount of oxide formed depending primarily on the amount and type of scrap charged. It has been found' that with large scrap, 1.7 Ib. of FeO is formed per 100 Ib. of scrap charged, whereas with scrap of medium size about 5.3 Ib. of FeO is formed per 100 Ib. of scrap charged, when the period between the charging of the scrap and the addition of hot metal is 3 hours. 2. The decomposition of the limestone sets free CO, by the reaction

Jan 1, 1957

By J. F. Mitchell, R. Bainbridge, E. A. Melvin

IN the fall of 1953, The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of Canada Ltd. put into operation a completely new and modern plant for sintering the rather complex assortment of materials which comprise the feed to the Lead Smelter at Trail, British Columbia. This Lead Smelter is one section of an integrated metallurgical plant producing lead, zinc, silver, gold, cadmium and other metals. Since most of the incoming lead concentrate contains appreci- able zinc values, and most of the zinc concentrate similarly contains appreciable lead values, the cross-routing of residues or tails from the respective lead and zinc plants offers obvious advantages in recovery of metals, and has been practiced for many years. A disparity has existed, however, between the output of zinc plant residue and the capacity of the Lead Smelter to treat it, with the result that over the years a stock-pile of residue had been accumulating, and by the end of World War II had reached the formidable total of half a million tons. To treat this stock-pile, in addition to all current zinc plant residues and, of course, the regular quota of lead concentrates, became a prime objective of the Lead Smelter following World War 11. As zinc plant residue plays an important part in the operations to be discussed in this paper, some consideration of its

Jan 1, 1958

By Bernard York, John J. Reed

J. P. Zannaras (U.S. Tungsten Corp., Congress, Ariz.) —In the investigation described in the paper by Bernard York and John J. Reed, the 8x8x8-in. square block was subjected to compressive forces from three sides, top, side, and rear. Let us refer to the stresses set up by these forces as Sz due to top pressure, Sy due to side pressure, and Sx due to rear pressure. At the section across the 2-in. hole (when failure occurred at 317 psi) the compressive stress Sy was equal to 317 x 8/6 = —422 psi, the top compressive stress S; is of the same intensity, —422 psi, and the rear compressive stress S, equals —317 psi. The true stress is T = Sy — S — S Taking as 0.2,* Taking the case when the opening was ½ in. and failure occurred at 517 psi, 8 Sy - 517 x -----= —537 psi 7.5 8 Sz = 517 x-----= —537 psi 7.5 Sx = —517 psi The true stress T = Sy — Sz — S, T - —537 + 0.2 x 537 + 0.2 x 517 = —327 psi. It can be shown that the above fundamental formula holds good not only for the above two examples but for all sizes of openings used, because when this formula is expressed in terms of the external pressure and size of the opening it agrees perfectly with the experimental results obtained by the authors and given in Fig. 12 of their paper. General formula: T = Sy — s: — S....

Jan 1, 1955

By Arnold K. Reese

It is not the purpose of the writer to set forth in these notes anything new or surprising in blast-furnace practice, but simply to lay before the Institute the somewhat unusual results obtained during a period of six consecutive months, ending April 30, 1896, at the Dover furnace of the Penn Iron and Coal Co., and to give, with these results, the conditions under which they were obtained, and all figures pertaining to that period. This plant was entirely rebuilt, on thoroughly modern and improved plans, in the spring of 1895, by Frank C. Roberts & Co., of Philadelphia.

Jan 1, 1898

Division of Geology, State of Tennessee, 401 Seventh Ave, North, Nashville, Tenn. Walter F. Pond, State Geologist A selected list of Bulletins available: Bulletin 1(B), Bibliography of Tennessee geology (1911); 2(A) Outline introduction to mineral resources (1910), 2(D) Marbles (1911); 2(G) Zinc deposits (1910), 16, Red iron ores of east Tennessee (1913), 22, Geology and natural resources of Rutherford County (1920), 24(A) Geology and oil possibilities of parts of Overton, Clay, Pickett and Fentress counties (1920); 24(B) Oil and gas resources of northeastern Sumner County (1920), 26, Mineral resources of Waynesboro Quadrangle (1921); 28, Marble deposits of East Tennessee (1923), 29, Magnetic iron ores of east Tennessee (1923), 31, Zinc deposits of east Tennessee (1923), 33, Tennessee coal fields, 37, Geology and mineral resources of Hardin County, 38, Stratigraphy of the Central Basin (in press), 39, Brown iron ores of the Eastern Highland Rim (in press) From 1911 to 1919, inclusive, volumes were issued annually on The Resources of Tennessee Only a few of the separate papers contained in those volumes are now available Vol. 2 (1911): No 1, Explosions of coal dust in mines, and other papers, No. 4, Lignite and lignitic clays in west Tennessee, and other papers; 5, The growth of knowledge of Tennessee geol¬ogy; 9, The valley and mountain iron ores of east Tennessee, 10, The iron industry of Lawrence and Wayne counties, and other papers; 11, Barite deposits in the Sweetwater district, and other papers, 12, The iron ore deposits in the Tuckalioe district, and another paper Various oil maps (15 to 40 cents each) and traverse maps of counties (25 cents and 31 each) can be had, as well as pertinent U. S topographic maps.

Jan 1, 1933

By Paul C. Merritt

Samuel Hopkins, an 18th century inventor from Philadelphia, has been little noted nor long remembered by History, but it was he who on July 31, 1790, obtained what no other man can ever achieve -the first patent issued by the Government of the United States. Signed by President George Washington, the patent guaranteed to Hopkins the protection of the American Government for his "improvement, not known or used before, . . . in the making of Potash . . . by a new Apparatus and Process." The patent itself is no longer important, but it serves as a milestone in the development of an industry that is now rapidly moving to fulfill its role as a mineral to feed the world. Potash ranks as one of the oldest products of Man, having been used as a condiment by the habitants of Gaul a thousand years before Athens achieved its Golden Age of culture. By Hopkins' time, the uses of potash had changed considerably, going primarily into glass-making, tanning, soap, and explosives, yet the same sources and techniques of manufacturing potash used during the earlier 2000 years-that is, leaching of plant ashes in iron pots with water, followed by water evaporation and crystallization of the potassium salts-were still being used.

Jan 10, 1966

By RUSSELL C. FLEMING

GILSONITE is a brilliant black, tarry-like bitumen, classed technically with glance pitch and graharnite as an asphaltite. As found it is brittle, breaking much like ice, and has a conchoidal fracture. Purest forms are used in the manufacture of paints, varnishes, electrical irisulatiorl, and inks for rotogravure; molded articles such as switch handles, telephone mouthpieces, and but- tons are made from the intermediate grades, and the poorer grades are used for the saturation of felt. According to the U. S. Bureau of Mines figures, production grew from about 4000 tons mined in 1904 to 55,000 tons in 1929. This asphaltic substance is found only in the Uintah basin in northeastern Utah, in veins over a wide area. Veins in the vicinity of Fort nuchesne were first discovered about 18G2, on what was then the Uintah Indian reservation, and the vein matter was originally called Uintaite because of that fact, In the early days, S. H. Gilson. of Salt Lake City, was so persistent and zealous in his efforts to develop the deposits and find a market that the name gilsonite was given to the material. Later, the wider and more renowned wins near Wayson and Dragon, in extreme eastern Utah, became the main supply.

Jan 1, 1932

By AIME AIME

THE American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers will hold its annual meeting in New York City, Feb. 9-12. The technical sessions, excepting the Sunday afternoon and evening sessions of the Mineral Industry Education Division (see the M.I.E.D. program) will be held in the Engineering Societies Building. The "All-Institute" luncheon on Monday will be at the Commodore Hotel; the Annual Banquet and President's Reception, the Smoker, and the Informal Dance will be at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel. The dinners of the Petroleum Division and the Institute of Metals Division will be at the Roosevelt Hotel.

Jan 1, 1942