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Jan 1, 1961

By T. A. Rickard

Slovenliness is as reprehensible in words as in clothes. Much writing that we recognize as poor in style is merely sloppy. Just as some students postpone the necessary shave or forget to change their collars, so young engineers in writing drop their articles, definite and indefinite, or omit prepositions where they are required, possibly to compensate for these they use unnecessarily The work will begin [on] Saturday. The work will begin [on] Saturday. `Influenza seriously affected many mines [during] the last three months. Flotation in America [during] the last two years has made tremendous strides. Construction of the mill started [on] August 12, 1915, at which time 75% of the excavation was completed. The idea I wish to convey is [that] there are mineral deposits to which the present law applies badly. For this reason, if there was [for] no other, the ownership of the ore below and [of] the surface above should go together. When a unit of mapping is furnished, be the unit a claim or [a] group of claims, it is necessary .. . A fully stocked store was started in Park City and all employees [were] sold merchandise on a strictly cost basis. The word "merchandise" is left without government or agreement. I suggest: ". . . and merchandise] was sold to all the employees on a strictly cash basis.". The verb `be' is serving concurrently both as a principal and as an auxiliary in the following: At first the work was interesting and [was] liked by most of the men. The sulphide ore was more complex or [was] milled at an increased cost. The failure to repeat tie auxiliary verb in successive clauses is a common error, as in The filter is filled with liquid allowed to empty, and then ignited.

Jan 1, 1931

By C. E. Brown, D. C. Helms, O. W. Shimer

The early history and progress of anthracite stripping, from the first known operation at Summit Hill in 1821 through 1917, was covered in 1917 in a paper by J. B. Warriner,1 then chief engineer, now president of the Lehigh Navigation Coal Co., and stripping methods between 1917 and 1931 were the subject of a paper in 1931 by H. H. Otto,2 of the Hudson Coal Company. . The present paper is confined to methods used today on pitching beds in the western middle and southern anthracite fields. The anthracite industry, not unlike other large industries, had been affected for more than a decade by the adverse economic conditions of the country. High development and operating costs and the competition of other fuels caused some collieries to be closed temporarily, while others were permanently abandoned. In order to obtain a larger tonnage at a lower development cost, a larger stripping program was put into effect by many companies. In 1932, stripping operations accounted for 3½ million tons, or 7 per cent of the total anthracite production of the year, and in the next 10 years this increased until more than double that amount, or over 14 per cent of the total production, was from stripping operations. These figures represent the total production of the entire anthracite region; unfortunately, the figures have not been separated from the different fields. There are some operations in the southern and middle western fields where the tonnage obtained from stripping amounts to more than 30 per cent of the total colliery production. Stripping operations on pitching beds present difficult problems. Owing to the various geological formations, a different situation is encountered in nearly every stripping pit; and because of the proximity of an overlying bed, it is very often necessary to load the entire overburden into trucks and haul it out of the pit to the dump area, although back filling and casting is done whenever possible. Beds in the areas described in this paper pitch from 20" to 90 and some are on the invert in many sharp folds and faults. Planning The more successful strippings have had adequate engineering analysis. Some work is being done without much preliminary planning, but many strippings would have failed completely if close supervision by the engineering department had not been . maintained. Locations of stripping areas are determined as follows: I. By constructing cross sections over the areas and drilling sufficient diamond-drill or well drill holes to study the strata and to determine the location, thickness

Jan 1, 1944

By T. D. Lynch, N. B. Pilling

The development of a proper treatment for shells in conncction with war contracts has brought to our attention the fact that the temperature of the liquid bath in which steel is quenched has a decided influence on the speed of cooling in the case of some liquids and very little in the case of others. Widely different physical results have been obtained by the use of water spray, water immersion, and oil immersion and further experiment has shown that the quenching effect of water used as a spray or an immersion varies greatly with the temperature of the water. The present experiments were undertaken with the idea of obtaining information of a quantitative nature regarding the quenching properties of a number of liquids used commercially in hardening steel. The general features of such cooling media are common knowledge and in the literature may be found records of numerous attempts to evaluate the cooling power of a liquid when used as a quenching bath. Much, if not most, of the data given on this subject is in the form of a simple statement of the time required for a certain heated mass to cool between two arbitrary temperatures when immersed in the liquid, quite regardless of the path of the temperature change. Our own purpose has been somewhat different. We have attempted to isolate that property of these liquids having to do with their ability to absorb heat rapidly, as distinct from the behavior of a considerable mass when exposed to different thermal environments. More specifically, from the data obtained through autographically recorded cooling curves of a small standard mass quenched under various conditions, we have tried to analyze the mechanism of heat absorption by the several liquids, measure the changes in its rate as a function of the temperature of the surface of transference, and ascertain the influence of the temperature of the liquid itself upon both. Without attempting an exhaustive citation of the literature, mention may be made of some of the more important contributions, notably the pioneer work of Le Chatelier,' followed by the extensive investigations

Jan 1, 1920

By V. Koump, R. H. Tien, W. J. Kim

This paper presents an approximate solution of the problem of freezing of a binary alloy. he alloy is in the form of a one-dimensional slab of finite thickness. The surface temperature of the slab is assumed to be constant and lower than the solidus (or eutectic) temperature. The densities of the liquid and the solid are assumed to be equal. For a given binary alloy system, initial concentration of solute and surface temperature, the solution yields a) the temperature distribution in the solid skin, b) the temperature, concentration, and solid fraction distribution within the solid-liquid region, and c) the positions of the liquidus and the solidus (or eutectic) fronts as a function of time. The results of calculation for Fe-C and Fe-P systems are presented. In this investigation we are considering the problem of solidification of a binary alloy. The alloy is in the form of a one-dimensional slab of finite thickness. The molten alloy is initially at liquidus temperature. At time zero the surface of the slab is reduced to a temperature T, < Te,, where Te, is the solidus (or eutectic) temperature and T, is a constant. The densities of solid and liquid alloys are assumed to be equal and independent of temperature and composition. A qualitative picture of solidification of an alloy, under these conditions, is illustrated in Fig. 1. During the initial stage of solidification, before liquidus front reaches the center of the slab, freezing proceeds by propagation of two isothermal fronts, the liquidus front and the solidus (or eutectic) front. The fraction of solid at the liquidus front is zero; the fraction of solid at the solidus front is unity, The solid fraction and the temperature distribution between the two fronts and the width of the solid-liquid region change with time. During the later stage of freezing, after the liquidus front reaches the center of the slab, the liquidus front disappears. The solid fraction and the temperature at the center of the slab, as well as throughout the solid-liquid region, are now changing with time. The solidification is completed when the fraction of solid at the center of the slab reaches unity. In solution of this problem we seek to determine a) the temperature distribution in the solid, b) temperature, concentration,

Jan 1, 1968

[I-Institute of Metals Division PAUL D. MERICA, Chairman ZAY JEFFRIES, Vice-chairman W. M. CORSE, Secretary General Committee ROBERT J. ANDERSON H. C. JENNISON L. W. SPRING WILLIAN K. FRANK DAVID LEVINGER R. L. SUHL J. R. FREEMAN, JR. PAUL McKINNEY R. F. WOOD]

Jan 1, 1928

By Stephen Krickovic

THERE is today no proven continuous mining machine that can be used under all the varying conditions found in most bituminous coal mines. During the last five years, however, both the machines and methods of using them have been improved. Coal operators can now exercise a fair degree of selectivity, except those who must struggle with thick and hard partings and operate in seams less than 40 in. thick. It must be realized, then, that more than one type of continuous miner may be used advantageously in the same coal mine. Although this appears to violate the standardization generally sought after, the gain can more than offset added maintenance and, to a lesser degree, operating problems.

Jan 12, 1957

By Robert J. Linney

In the latter part of the year 1943, it was decided to experiment with diamond-drill blast holes in the Old Bed magnetite mine at the Mineville mines of the Republic Steel Corporation, in sections of the ore body where vertical dimensions were large and where development for sublevel bench stopes had already been done. Other possibilities of application for this drilling method were in the reclamation of old floors and pillars in the pitching folds of the Lower Old Bed ore body and in the reclamation of large vertical pillars in the "21" Bonanza-Joker ore body. The cross sections and views of the two ore bodies will show the conditions to which the diamond-drill method has been applied. The Lower Old Bed magnetite ore body is lenticular and dips approximately 30° toward the southwest and strikes generally southeast and northwest. An intensely folded structure, which pitches generally on an axis approximately at right angles to the strike, is continuous from the uppermost old workings down to the present bottom of the mine, and probably continues with depth. On successively lower levels this folded structure becomes greater in vertical dimensions and the two folds are closer together in a horizontal dimension. As shown in Fig. I, this folded structure gives to parts of the ore body considerable vertical dimensions, which provide areas that were developed for sublevel bench stoping above a slushing drift, as shown in Fig. 2. It was in one of these previously devel-oped sublevel bench stopes, No. 26 on the 1185-ft. level, that the diamond-drill blast-hole method was applied for mining the upper sublevel. The lower sublevel was underhand-bench-drilled to the finger raises of the scram drift below. The roof of this stoping area began to break and spall on the lower sublevel, causing the roof to become inclined. Along the hanging wall of the stope this reached an elevation about half way between the two sublevels. A smooth schistose seam in the hanging wall causes the ore to break away freely. Therefore, if bench mining had been carried on in the upper sublevel, a dangerous condition of poorly supported benches would have resulted. When the drillers were slashing across the sublevel te footwall and hanging wall to make a bench, spdlling roof of the opening below would probably have carried away part of the bench, and would have left a dangerous place in which to continue underhand benching. A 6 by 8-ft. raise had been driven between the lower stope and the upper sublevel about 200 ft. from a manway. It was decided to use this raise for a starting cut and to arrange holes as shown in Fig 3, so that a slot would be opened across the ore body between the footwall and hanging wall. This slot would then be used for the purpose of breaking into the ore, by blasting vertical rings of holes drilled at right angles to the axis of the pitching folds as nearly as possible. Layouts of this slot drilling and the rings adjacent are

Jan 1, 1946

US 4,185,872-In the solution mining of uranium values from a subterranean uranium ore deposit, a lixiviant comprising sodium sulfate or other alkali metal sulfate and optionally minor proportions of an alkali metal carbonate or bicarbonate and an alkali metal hypochlorite is introduced into the ore to solubilize uranium therein. The pregnant lixiviant is recovered for processing. E.T. Habib, Jr., assigned to Mobil Oil Corp. Jan. 29, 1980. 5 pp (299-4). Filed- 8-18-78 (934,933).

Jan 1, 1982

By R. Ehrlich, F. E. Crane

A consolidated porous medium is mathematically modeled by networks of irregularly shaped, interconnected pore channels. Mechanisms are described that form residual saturations during immiscible displacement both by entire pore channels being bypassed and by fluids being isolated by the movement of an interface within individual pore channels. This latter mechanism is shown to depend strongly on pore channel irregularity. Together, these mechanisms provide an explanation for the drainage-imbibition-hysteresis effect. The calculation of steady-state relative permeabilities, based on a pore-size distribution obtained from a Berea sandstone, is described. These relative permeability curves agree qualitatively with curves that are generally accepted to be typical for highly consolidated materials. In situations where interfacial effects predominate over viscous and gravitational effects, the following conclusions are reached. 1. Relative permeability at a given saturation is everywhere independent of flow rate. 2. Relative permeability is independent of viscosity ratio everywhere except at very low values of wetting-phase relative permeability. 3. Irreducible wetting-phase saturation following steady-state drainage decreases with increasing ratio of nonwetting- to wetting-phase viscosity. 4. lrreducible wetting-phase saturation following unsteady-state drainage is lower than fir steady-state drainage. 5. Irreducible nonwetting-phase saturation 101lowing imbibition is independent of viscosity ratio, whether or not the imbibition is carried out under steady- or unsteady-state conditions. Experiments qualithtiveIy verify the conclusions regarding unsteady-state residual wetting-phase saturation. Implications of these conclusions are discussed. INTRODUCTION Natural and artificial porous materials are generally composed of matrix substance brought together in a more or less random manner. This leads to the creation of a network of interconnected pore spaces of highly irregular shape. Since the geometry of such a network is impossible to describe, we can never obtain a complete description of its flow behavior. We can, however, abstract those properties of the porous medium pertinent to the type of flow under consideration, and thus obtain an adequate description of that flow. Thus, the Kozeny-Carmen equation, by considering a porous medium as a bundle of noninterconnecting capillary tubes, provides an adequate description of single-phase flow. With the addition of a saturation-dependent tortuosity parameter in two-phase flow to account for flow path elongation, the Kozeny-Carmen equation has been used to predict relative permeabilities for the displacement of a wetting liquid by a gas. 1-5 It has long been recognized that relative permeability depends not only on saturation but also on saturation history as we11.6,7 Naar and Henderson8 described a mathematical model in which differences between drainage and imbibition behavior are explained in terms of a bypassing mechanism by which oil is trapped during imbibition. Fatt9 proposed a model for a porous medium that consisted of regular networks of cylindrical tubes of randomly distributed radii. From this he calculated the drainage relative permeability curves. Moore and slobod,10 Rose and Witherspoon,11 and Rose and Cleary12 each considered flow in a pore doublet (a parallel arrangement of a small and large diameter cylindrical capillary tube). They concluded that, because of the different rates of flow in each tube, trapping would occur in one of the tubes; the extent of which would depend upon viscosity ratio and capillary pressure. They limited

Jan 1, 1970

No phase of the steel industry is more typical of its remark- able progress than is the evolution and development of the modern American blast furnace. The founding of the Institute in 1871 also marked the beginning of a new era in the pig-iron industry. The rapidly expanding westward development of the country, with its seemingly unlimited markets, gave rise to unprecedented demands for blast-furnace products. The manner in which the iron industry responded provides a fascinating chapter in the history of industrial development. Prior to this period, the iron industry of the United States, largely concentrated in the East, was based upon the consumption of local iron ores and local fuels, the latter predominately charcoal and anthracite. Small, isolated furnaces were located near scattered ore and fuel sources, and the completely integrated ironworks and steelworks were yet to be developed. In about 1860 exploitation of the newly discovered rich ore deposits in Michigan and the successful adaptation of blast furnaces to coke produced from coal of the great Pittsburgh seam in western Pennsylvania proved to be major factors in firmly establishing the general westward shift of the industry. But these were largely economic in character, and it was not until about 1870 that the aggressive, individualistic nature of the ironmaster asserted itself in no uncertain manner. No longer limited by relatively inadequate equipment and inferior raw materials, and spurred as well as encouraged by those who supplied capital for these new enterprises, furnacemen began to establish unheard of records in iron production. It is not surprising that Pittsburgh was the center of this new activity. Its tenor is best indicated by the following account :l

Jan 1, 1948

By L. F. Bishop

The ore bodies of the Butte district1 are found in many different vein systems having many different structural characteristics; some are narrow with self-supporting ore but with weak walls; some are wide with weak or strong ore and weak walls; some of the veins dip steeply and others do not; some have well defined walls, and others, in the "horsetail" area, are mined to sample limits. Consequently, many types of stoping methods are used in mining these ores. The stoping methods used in the Anaconda Copper Mining Company&apos;s properties are the square-set and cut-and-fill. The square-set method is the principal stoping method used because, generally speaking, the ore and walls are weak, the ore is high grade, and good extraction is required. These square-set stopes may be classified as conventional, vertical slice, slot, timber rill, and Mitchell slice types. The conventional type square sets are those of various shapes and sizes, mined by horizontal slicing to the boundaries of the stopes. The rock is slid to the chute and the filling is moved by gravity. The ore and waste may be handled with a scraper when local conditions require it. The vertical-slice square-set system is the type used in narrow veins that are mined in vertical panels. The slot stopes are stopes in wide veins that employ a slot across the vein instead of a con- ventional chute to handle the ore. The timber rill is a type of square set in which the ore is mined as in inclined cut and fill but the square-set timber is used. The Mitchell slice is the type used for some broken or heavy ore blocks, or for pillar extraction between two converging slot stopes. The cut-and-fill method is used where the ore will stand without much support although the walls may be weak. The principal type of this method is the horizontal cut-and-fill, with mechanical scraping. The inclined cut-and-fill, or rill, stopes are used in some veins too narrow for scraping. The production from the various methods in use for the second six months of 1944 are shown in Table I. This paper deals mainly with the vertical slice and slot types of square-set stoping, because of their effect on production locally and their potential possibilities here and in other districts, with sufficient reference to conventional square-setting for comparison.

Jan 1, 1946

By H. T. Hildage

Although Greater New York does not bear any resemblance to a great mining district, the mining operations that are being conducted in and about the city are both extensive and interesting in character. With regard to the extent, it may be mentioned that, at present, there is more dynamite used in New York than in any mining district in the United States; that there are under construction about 38 miles of tunnel, and that 66 miles more are projected, most of which must be constructed .in the near future; that since 1903 at least 2,000,000 tons of earth has been removed in underground work, in addition to about 3,500,000 tons that has been removed in open-cut in connection with tunnel-work, and many times this quantity that has been removed in excavating foundations for buildings not connected with tunnel-work; and that there are to-day probably more than 5,000 men engaged in mining-work in and about New lrork City. These undertakings include almost every operation connected with underground work, from exploration by means of trench and boring, to the sinking of large shafts and the driving of large tunnels through every kind of ground from hard rock to soft, semi-fluid silt and quicksand. It is proposed in this paper to give a general description of some of the methods and appliances used in the opening-up of a " mine " in a large city, and a brief description of some of the &&apos;mines" now being developed in New York, connecting as far as possible the methods described with the particular work for which they were designed, in order to give a general idea of the

Jan 1, 1908

By George E. Thackray

In December, 1894, the Cambria Iron Company made a number of heats of Bessemer steel to be used in structures by one of its customers, subject to inspection and tests by a firm of consulting engineers, one of the requirements being that the material should riot exceed .08 per cent. of phosphorus. In other respects the requirements were such that they could only be met by material of good quality; but the general spe cification is not introduced here, as it is not the purpose of this paper to deal with anything except certain difficulties encoun tered in determining the phosphorus-content of the material in a manner satisfactory to both seller and buyer. Preliminary determinations of phosphorus were made in sample-ingots from each of the heats from which material was rolled for the order in question, and these preliminary chemical tests, made in the laboratory of the Cambria Iron Company, showed that, with very few exceptions, every heat was within the prescribed limit of phosphorus. After the material had been rolled, sample-drilling8 of finished material were taken from the various heats in the regular manner in use at the works, these samples being thoroughly mixed and divided into two parts, one of which was analyzed at the works&apos; laboratory and the other sent to the inspecting engineer. Several hundred determinations were made from this mate rial without reaching an agreement between the work of the inspector&apos;s chemist and that of the works&apos; chemist; but as it is not the object of this memorandum to treat of this part of the subject at length, it is considered sufficient to present herewith only a few of these first determinations. The analyses given in Table I. are those of the original series made on the heats which were afterwards resampled for final determination by an arbitrator; and they are selected for this reason, as the entire " comparison is thus rendered more complete.

Jan 1, 1896

By Richard H. Rein, John Chipman

Liquid slags of the system SiO2-Ca0-MgO-A1~03 were equilibrated with liquid Fe-Si-C alloys in graphite or Sic crucibles at 1600°C in pure CO gas at atmospheric pressure, and the silicon content of both phases determined. Ternary slugs of the systern SiO2-CaO-A12O3 were also studied at 1550°C. The silicon content of the metal phase saturated with both graphite and SIC is 22.0pct at 1550°C and In the iron blast furnace, as in nearly all carbon-reduction processes, some silicon is transferred from slag to metal. The importance of this reaction is enhanced by its indirect effect on the transfer of sulfur from metal to slag, and this has stimulated a comprehensive research program on the equilibrium distribution of silicon between slag and metal. Earlier studies&apos;-3 of this same problem provided data for calculation of the thermodynamic activities4 of the components in SiO,-CaO-A1,O3 slags. 22.4 pct at 1600°C. The temperature at which the phases cristobalite, gvaphite, $ SiC, liquid slag, Fe-Si-C alloy, and CO gas at 1 atm pressure can coexist in equilibrium was found to be 1533°C. The results agree well with earlier studies. They are shown graphically as lines of constant silicon cmtent in the metal which also are lines of constant SiO, activity in the slag.

Jan 1, 1963

By Henry M. Howe

A discussion of the paper published in Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 20, March, 1908, pp. 227 to 237, and No. 22, July, 1908, pp. 615 to 620. PROF. HENRY M. HOWE, New York, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary *) :-Mr. Hibbard&apos;s definition of steel would be the best yet offered were it not for its one defect, the vagueness or equivocalness of "fusion-process." Puddling is surely in one sense a fusion-process, and so are the charcoal-hearth or knobbling-processes. But what he says suggests the following definition, which seems to me a good one: " Steel: any variety of iron which is usefully malleable at least at some one temperature, and is either cast when molten into a malleable mass, or if not so cast can be much hardened by sudden cooling." It is not necessary in a definition that quantitative bounds should be set up, for instance, that the exact height at which dwarf apple-trees cease and standards begin, or at which hills cease and mountains begin, should be stated. These quantitative measures are proper for specifications and contracts, but are not necessary for purposes such as the present. HENRY D. HIBBARD, Plainfield, N. J. (communication to the Secretary t) :-Professor Howe&apos;s criticisms of my definition of steel are not, it seems to me, well founded, for the . following reasons: The term "fusion-process" has been used during the past quarter or half century to distinguish the crucible, Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes from the puddling- and cementation-processes, and probably no one at all conversant with the art of iron-metallurgy would now mistake its meaning. Moreover, no steel-metallurgist is in doubt of the meaning of the term "hardened? as applied to steel. If it were really necessary to describe what is meant by the term then it would

Nov 1, 1908

By C. S. Barrett, O. R. Trautz

PREVIOUS investigations have shown that lithium is body-centered cubic from near its melting point to the temperature of liquid air1,2,3 Nevertheless there was an incentive to search again for a transformation at low temperatures: C. Zener4,5 has remarked that the low value of the elastic modulus (11 - C12)/2 of body-centered cubic metals and alloys implies a rapid increase in free energy with decreasing temperature, which would favor the occurrence of a transformation; also the shear movement to which this modulus applies is one that can transform a body-centered cubic structure into a slightly distorted face-centered cubic structure. It was confirmed that lithium does not transform spontaneously at liquid nitrogen temperature, but it was found that a transformation can be induced at this temperature by cold working the metal,6 and at slightly lower temperatures a different transformation occurs spontaneously. Transformations were also found in solid solutions of magnesium in lithium. THE NATURE OF THE TRANSFORMATIONS Before presenting a detailed treatment of the technique used and the specific data obtained, it would be well to give a brief survey of the general characteristics of the transformations. A new crystal structure begins to form spontaneously in a specimen when it is cooled below a critical temperature. In lithium the structure appears to be close-packed hexagonal; in the Li-Mg alloys most of the diffraction lines (but not all) are near those for hexagonal lithium. The transformation proceeds as the temperature is lowered and soon stops if the temperature is held constant or raised. The course of the transformation on cooling is indicated by the curve at the lower left of Fig I. This curve is drawn in stepped fashion because the transformation goes by discrete steps with audible clicks. Because of the similarity to the decomposition of austenite into martensite in steels, it seems appropriate to designate the beginning of the spontaneous transformation on cooling as the Ms point. On heating to room temperature after the low temperature treatment only the usual BCC structure is found. On heating, the low temperature modification begins to disappear at a temperature which will be designated as Ac. The transformation on heating is halted when the rise in temperature is halted. The temperature must be raised 40 to 50°C above Ac before the reversion is complete-an interval which is sensitive to the rate of heating and to the time of holding at temperatures above Ac. This behavior on heating thus has similarities also to the formation of martensite in the cooling of steels.

Jan 1, 1948

By Robert F. Mehl, Edward L. McCandless

Oriented overgrowths and intergrowths among both metallic and nonmetallic substances have been recognized and studied for well over a century. The work of Widmanstätten in 1808 on the geometrical structure in meteorites, a structure known by his name, demonstrated that oriented intergrowths can occur in purely metallic systems. This fact led to much of the early microscopic study of alloys, contributing greatly to the advance of physical metallurgy. The problem has been attacked again in recent years in a comprehensive fashion, with the object of discovering what atomic movements may occur during phase changes in alloy systems. Much of this work has appeared in the A.I.M.E. Transactions in a series of papers published by Mehl and coworkers beginning in 19311. Although many aspects of this general problem remain unsolved, it may be said that the orientation of a new phase forming by precipitation from solid solution or by transformation invariably bears a unique relationship to the orientation of the phase from which it formed, and that similarity in atomic patterns on atomic planes in the two phases play an important part in determining the orientation relationship. Analogous orientation relationships exist in oriented intergrowths in nonmetallic systems—mineral or inorganic. In 1827 Haidinger2 discovered natural intergrowths of hematite and magnetite, and demonstrated that the rough form of the magnetite octahedrons was delineated by small crystals of hematite, of which the basal (00.1) planes lay parallel to the octahedral cleavage planes of the magnetite. The description of this orientation relationship was later completed by von Rath3, who showed that the edge (00.1): (10.1) in hematite lies normal to the [Ill]

Jan 1, 1937

By Alfred H. Bell, George V. Cohee

Illinois produced 146,788,000 bbl. of oil in 1940, or nearly 11.0 per cent of the total for the United States, and ranked fourth among the oil-producing states. Its production was only slightly less than that of Oklahoma, which produced 11.5 per cent of the national total. Illinois&apos; production in 1940 represents an increase of 55 per cent over the previous year, when it amounted to 94,912,000 barrels. The development of the Devonian limestone in the Salem and Centralia fields is largely responsible for the increase in production during 1940 Production from the Devonian limestone in these two fields was estimated to be 36,698,000 bbl., or 25 per cent of the state&apos;s total production (Table I). The increase in production during June, when the state&apos;s daily average production attained a peak of 518,200 bbl. for the week ending June 29, was due to the Devonian production at Centralia (Fig. I). The initial production of the best Devonian wells in the Centralia field was as high as 12,000 bbl. in 24 hr. Daily average production in IIIinois for 1940 was 400,000 bbl. of oil, but actually daily production fluctuated widely during the year. At the beginning of 1940 daily production was approximately 330,000 bbl. During the first hali of the year it in-creased irregularly to the peak in June mentioned above and as the prolific Devonian producing areas were drilled up, the state&apos;s daily production declined rapidly during July and continued to decline, although more slowly, until the end of the year, when the daily production was approximately 325,000 bbl. The daily average production per well in the new fields at the end of the year was approximately 40 bbl. (Fig. I). Oil from the Devonian was also produced in the Bartelso field, Clinton County, the Sandoval field, Marion County, and the Irvington field, Washington County, bringing the estimated total production from the Devonian limestone to about 26 per cent of the state&apos;s total production, The remainder was obtained largely from the Mississippian system. About 2 per cent of the total was from Pennsylvanian and Ordovician strata. The decline in the Devonian limestone production has been so rapid that the 1941 output from this system will probably be only a small fraction of that of 1940 unless large new reserves are discovered. The "Trenton" (Ordovician) limestone has been tested in two wells in the Centralia field and both were small oil producers at a depth of about 4000 it. The "Trenton" also was found productive in the Salem field at a depth of 4500 ft. (Table 5). The initial production of the discovery well, which was completed shortly after the end of the year, was 130 bbl. on pump. Other wells drilled early in 1941 had initial productions averaging 172 barrels. The outlook for 1941 is for a continuation of drilling activity in Illinois, but at a declining rate (Fig. I, upper curve). The most active area at the end of 1940 was in the deep basin area in Wabash, Edwards, White, and Hamilton Counties.

Jan 1, 1941

By Alfred H. Bell, George V. Cohee

Illinois produced 146,788,000 bbl. of oil in 1940, or nearly 11.0 per cent of the total for the United States, and ranked fourth among the oil-producing states. Its production was only slightly less than that of Oklahoma, which produced 11.5 per cent of the national total. Illinois&apos; production in 1940 represents an increase of 55 per cent over the previous year, when it amounted to 94,912,000 barrels. The development of the Devonian limestone in the Salem and Centralia fields is largely responsible for the increase in production during 1940 Production from the Devonian limestone in these two fields was estimated to be 36,698,000 bbl., or 25 per cent of the state&apos;s total production (Table I). The increase in production during June, when the state&apos;s daily average production attained a peak of 518,200 bbl. for the week ending June 29, was due to the Devonian production at Centralia (Fig. I). The initial production of the best Devonian wells in the Centralia field was as high as 12,000 bbl. in 24 hr. Daily average production in IIIinois for 1940 was 400,000 bbl. of oil, but actually daily production fluctuated widely during the year. At the beginning of 1940 daily production was approximately 330,000 bbl. During the first hali of the year it in-creased irregularly to the peak in June mentioned above and as the prolific Devonian producing areas were drilled up, the state&apos;s daily production declined rapidly during July and continued to decline, although more slowly, until the end of the year, when the daily production was approximately 325,000 bbl. The daily average production per well in the new fields at the end of the year was approximately 40 bbl. (Fig. I). Oil from the Devonian was also produced in the Bartelso field, Clinton County, the Sandoval field, Marion County, and the Irvington field, Washington County, bringing the estimated total production from the Devonian limestone to about 26 per cent of the state&apos;s total production, The remainder was obtained largely from the Mississippian system. About 2 per cent of the total was from Pennsylvanian and Ordovician strata. The decline in the Devonian limestone production has been so rapid that the 1941 output from this system will probably be only a small fraction of that of 1940 unless large new reserves are discovered. The "Trenton" (Ordovician) limestone has been tested in two wells in the Centralia field and both were small oil producers at a depth of about 4000 it. The "Trenton" also was found productive in the Salem field at a depth of 4500 ft. (Table 5). The initial production of the discovery well, which was completed shortly after the end of the year, was 130 bbl. on pump. Other wells drilled early in 1941 had initial productions averaging 172 barrels. The outlook for 1941 is for a continuation of drilling activity in Illinois, but at a declining rate (Fig. I, upper curve). The most active area at the end of 1940 was in the deep basin area in Wabash, Edwards, White, and Hamilton Counties.

Jan 1, 1941