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The meeting of the Board of Directors, on November 22, was attended by eight directors, the Secretary of the Institute, and eight guests. The proposed James Douglas Prize and Tablet was referred to a committee of eleven. Robert H. Richards was appointed representative of this Institute to attend the meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education. J. V. N. Dorr was made chairman of the Finance Committee in place of George D. Barron, resigned. The sum of $200 was appropriated for the 1918 expense of the American Engineering Standards Committee; the question of an appropriation for 1919 was referred to the Executive Committee for study and report. The sum of $50 was appropriated to the Treasurer's clerk. The following representatives of the Institute were elected: W. L. Saunders to succeed himself as United Engineering Society Trustee; R. M. Raymond to succeed himself as member of Engineering Foundation Board; S. J. Jennings to succeed himself as member of Engineering Council; George F. Kunz to succeed himself as member of Engineering Council; C. F. Rand to succeed himself as member of John Fritz Medal Board of Award; E. Gybbon Spilsbury to succeed himself as member of the Library Board. To members of the Canadian Mining Institute residing in Canada or Newfoundland, the privilege was extended to subscribe to the Bulletin at the price of $5. An invitation was extended to the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America to consolidate with the American Institute of Mining Engineers. The appointment of Engineering Societies' Employment Bureau was reported. Thirty-nine members and ten associates were elected. Two members were reinstated. Extension of time for the payment of clues was granted to four members. Seventeen members on active duty at the front had their dues remitted.

Jan 1, 1919

Ware B. Gay, Richmond, Va.: Having followed the remarks of Prof. Woodworth with great interest, especially his suggestions for drilling in the part of the coal-field on the south side of the James river, I would like to inquire of him if he reached his conclusions after fully considering the situation as existing upon the north side of the James ? My reason for this inquiry is, that upon the north side the eastern and western outcrops are much nearer each other than appears to me to be the case upon the south side, and also that the western outcrop on the north side is much more clearly defined than upon the south side. It is now about twelve years since I first became interested in the Richmond coal-field—and until about six years ago I passed much time in investigation and spent thousands of dollars in developments. About six years ago the properties in which I was more especially interested were leased to other parties, and since that time I have had little or nothing to do with the mining operations. I regret to say the price of coals has ruled so low during most of the time since the lease was made that the developments have not been as extensive as the lessees had originally intended. The result of my investigations after considering all the theories, expert reports, legends and other information I could obtain bearing upon the subject, was the opinion, which I still hold, that the most practicable and most economical way for proving the extent and value of the field is by sinking slopes from the eastern outcrop, and by prosecuting such slopes in the vein and following the coal to the western outcrop, thus obtaining an actual cross-section in fact and not in theory. Proceeding upon this hypothesis, I sought for the positions where this could probably be accomplished most quickly and develop a marketable coal-area as the work thus progressed. The outcrops on the north side being nearer each other, and

Jan 1, 1902

By J. G. Montgomery

An increased drilling activity was apparent in the shallow sand fields of northwestern Pennsylvania during the year. This drilling, however, was confined to previously outlined productive areas and as new shallow sand pools of interest were discovered. Drilling for Oriskany gas proceeded at about the same rate as in previous years. One new area in Kinzua township, Warren County, was opened up during the year by a producing well, but later this well developed salt water and the productive capacities of the area are very indefinite at the present time. Production from the shallow sand areas remained approximately the same as in 1935. Production from the Oriskany or deep sand areas increased approximately 20 per cent. Two new markets were made available for the Oriskany gas during the closing months of the year by the completion of the Peoples Natural Gas Co. line from the Hebron field to Clarion County, Pa. and Penn York Gas Co. line from the Harrison field to points in northwestern New York State. With the exception of the Kinzua well, the few deep wildcat wells drilled during the year failed to discover new fields in the deep sands. Bradford Oil Field The accompanying data on the Bradford oil field include only the production obtained from the portion of that field that is in the State of Pennsylvania, for it appears probable that Cattaraugus County production, which consists mainly of the New York State portion of the Bradford field, will be included in annual oil production figures for New York State. The Bradford field production for 1936 totaled 14,533,000 bbl., and as it is necessary to estimate New York State production for the Bradford field, the accompanying data includes the production from the Pennsylvania end of the Bradford field of 13,208,000 bbl., which is an increase of approximately 8 per cent over 1935 production.

Jan 1, 1937

By E. H. Griswold

The efforts of petroleum production engineers during the past year have largely concentrated upon ways and means of reducing operating investments and expenses in order that the industry may survive a period of low crude oil prices. Major progress was made in outlining and solving the technical problems pertinent to unit operation in order that executives and legal staffs may actually arrange operating contracts to effect unit operation. Consequent savings in development and operating costs, accompanied by increased recovery, will thus be obtained. Well spacing has received considerable constructive thought and study, from which practical results are assured in the near future. The control of edge and bottom waters has advanced in technique through the engineering work done in Yates, Hobbs and East Texas, and there is evidence of greater cooperative efforts between engineers to increase recovery from pools by mutual gas conservation. The use of pressure control by surface and bottom-hole chokes has become general practice to reduce gas-oil ratios. The study of bottom-hole pressures has led to new conceptions of proper utilization of reservoir energy and maintenance of pressure by natural means. Pressure gradients of flowing wells have been measured in practice and strides made to develop workable formulas for the flow of oil and gas mixtures through vertical pipes. The information thus obtained will permit the intelligent design of flow tubing combinations. Gas-lit and repressuring advancements have been few, due to overproduction from naturally flowing wells. Satisfactory unloading valves for gas-lift wells have been developed and consistent progress made in gas-lift displacement pumps. The necessity for producing wells at high rates of flow while producing large quantities of sand has resulted in radical changes in Christmas tree and separator designs for the Oklahoma City pool. The opening of wells to obtain potential production for proration purposes has been eliminated in the Yates and Hobbs pools by the application of engineering principles.

Jan 1, 1932

By V. R. Garrias, R. V. Whetsel

The present study is intended as a preliminary statistical survey of the world's production of petroleum substitutes. The information presented is admittedly deficient. It is believed, however, that the increasing importance of these substitutes, particularly with Europe at war, justifies its presentation at this time, if for no other Table i.—Petroleum Subsiitues From Natural Gas Prom Coal Methane Liquid gas Liquid gas _ Manufactured gas Natural gasoline Gasoline Methyl alcohol Benzol Lubricants Etc. reason than to encourage enlightened pertinent discussion. The world's production in 1939 of petroleum substitutes—of which approxi-mately 97 per cent are direct substitutes for motor fuels—is tentatively estimated at 108,ooo,ooo bbl., or equivalent to the combined output of crude oil in 1939 of Rumania, Mexico and Colombia. With few exceptions, these figures of production represent also actual figures of consumption. The United States, owing mainly to its output of natural gasoline, leads all countries in the production of these products, with about 53 per cent of the total. In European countries, particularly Germany, the imminence of war in 1939 forced an increase in production and im- provement of methods of manufacturing motor fuels, largely from coal, with the result that this country produced in that year over 20,000,000 bbl. of substitutes. Since the beginning of hostilities, substitutes have offered more and more the means of meeting the unfavorable balance between supply and demand in European tes and Their Source Malerial From Oil From Molasses. Wood Shales Potatoes, Molasses.etc. From wood Shale oil Ethyl alcohol Producer gas Gasoline Methyl alcohol Gas oil Lubricants Etc. countries; the increase in production of these products being at least in part offset by the systematic bombing of synthetic plants and oil storage. The source materials and the resulting substitutes are listed in Table I. The following are the approximate gross heat equivalents of some substitutes to barrels of gasoline:

Jan 1, 1941

By R. V. Whetsel, V. R. Garrias

The present study is intended as a preliminary statistical survey of the world's production of petroleum substitutes. The information presented is admittedly deficient. It is believed, however, that the increasing importance of these substitutes, particularly with Europe at war, justifies its presentation at this time, if for no other Table i.—Petroleum Subsiitues From Natural Gas Prom Coal Methane Liquid gas Liquid gas _ Manufactured gas Natural gasoline Gasoline Methyl alcohol Benzol Lubricants Etc. reason than to encourage enlightened pertinent discussion. The world's production in 1939 of petroleum substitutes—of which approxi-mately 97 per cent are direct substitutes for motor fuels—is tentatively estimated at 108,ooo,ooo bbl., or equivalent to the combined output of crude oil in 1939 of Rumania, Mexico and Colombia. With few exceptions, these figures of production represent also actual figures of consumption. The United States, owing mainly to its output of natural gasoline, leads all countries in the production of these products, with about 53 per cent of the total. In European countries, particularly Germany, the imminence of war in 1939 forced an increase in production and im- provement of methods of manufacturing motor fuels, largely from coal, with the result that this country produced in that year over 20,000,000 bbl. of substitutes. Since the beginning of hostilities, substitutes have offered more and more the means of meeting the unfavorable balance between supply and demand in European tes and Their Source Malerial From Oil From Molasses. Wood Shales Potatoes, Molasses.etc. From wood Shale oil Ethyl alcohol Producer gas Gasoline Methyl alcohol Gas oil Lubricants Etc. countries; the increase in production of these products being at least in part offset by the systematic bombing of synthetic plants and oil storage. The source materials and the resulting substitutes are listed in Table I. The following are the approximate gross heat equivalents of some substitutes to barrels of gasoline:

Jan 1, 1941

By Edward Salisbury Dana

THE remarkable advance in the Science of Mineralogy, during the years that have elapsed since this Text-Book was first issued in 1877, has made it necessary, in the preparation of a new edition, to rewrite the whole as well as to add much new matter and many new illustrations. The work being designed chiefly to meet the wants of class or private instruction, this object has at once determined the choice of topics discussed, the order and fullness of treatment and the method of presentation. In the chapter on. Crystallography, the different types of crystal forms are described under the now accepted thirty-two groups classed according to their symmetry. The names given to these groups are based, so far as possible, upon the characteristic form of each, and are intended also to suggest the terms formerly applied in accordance with the principles of hemihedrism. The order adopted is that which alone seems suited to the demands of the elementary student, the special and mathematically simple groups of the isometric system being described first. Especial prominence is given to the "normal group" under the successive systems, that is, to the group which is relatively of most common occurrence and which shows the highest degree of symmetry. The methods of Miller are followed as regards the indices of the different forms and the mathematical calculations. In the chapters on Physical and Chemical Mineralogy, the plan of the former edition is retained of presenting somewhat fully the elementary prin¬ciples of the science upon which the mineral characters depend; this is par¬ticularly true in the department of Optics. The effort has been made to give the student the means of becoming practically familiar with all the modern methods of investigation now commonly applied. Especial attention is, therefore, given to the optical properties of crystals as revealed by the micro¬scope. Further, frequent references are introduced to important papers on the different subjects discussed, in order to direct the student's attention to the original literature. The Descriptive part of the volume is essentially an abridgment of the Sixth Edition of Dana's System of Mineralogy, prepared by the author (1892). To this work (and future Appendices) the student is, therefore, referred for fuller descriptions of the crystallographic and optical properties of species, for analyses, lists of localities, etc.; also for the authorities for data here quoted. In certain directions, however, the work has been expanded when the interests

Jan 1, 1922

By T. Sterry Hunt

IN my address on the " Geognostical Relations of the Metals," delivered before the Institute on the 20th of February last (Vol. I Transactions, p. 331), I spoke of the rocks in the vicinity of Thunder Bay, Lake Superior, where I indicated two series of uncrystalline rocks resting upon the Huronian schists, the lower one consisting of dark-colored argillites and sandstones overlaid, apparently in slight discordance, by nearly horizontal red and white sandstone and marls, which were compared with those of Sault Ste. Marie, and those of the Portage Lake district, on the south shore. These latter sand-stones, according to Brooks and Pumpelly, overlie unconformably the Keweenaw series of copper-bearing amygdaloids, sandstones, and conglomerates, and are in turn overlaid by the Trenton limestone. I then proposed to call this lower series of Thunder Bay, that is to say, the dark-colored argillites and sandstones which are traversed by the silver-bearing lodes of that region, the Animikie group. Shortly after the publication of that address I received an abstract of a paper on the geology of that region by Professor Robert Bell, read before the Montreal Natural History Society, February 24th. He there confirms the statement made in my address that the gold of Lake Shebandowan occurs in the Huronian, which is also seen to be cut by the silver-bearing lodes just mentioned. Professor Bell, in this paper, proposes to designate both what I have called the Animikie group, and the overlying red and white sandstones, by the name of the Nepigon group, for the reason that the upper series is best displayed about Lake Nepigon. This latter series is by Logan supposed to be overlaid by the copper-bearing amygdaloids with conglomerates and sandstones of the north shore (apparently identical with those of Keweenaw) ; and the whole together, including the Animikie group, constitute his Upper Copper-bearing group. These copper-bearing strata are by him supposed to be overlaid by the red and white sandstones of St. Mary, which are apparently the same with those sandstones which, according to Brooks and Pumpelly, overlie unconformably the similar cupriferous rocks of Portage Lake, and are, in their turn, overlaid by the Trenton limestone. Thus the sandstones which at Thunder Cape overlie the Animikie group are by Logan placed in the midst of the Upper Copper-bear-

Jan 1, 1874

By Willard Jillson

WITHIN the last ten years Kentucky has become celebrated for its low-sulfur bituminous coals. Prior to this time, many investigators had discovered the abundance of this coal but the fact was unknown to the general public until the last extension of Kentucky's mountain railroads was completed. The coals of Kentucky are, broadly, separated into two geographic units-the eastern and the western coal fields. On a basis of their sulfur content these coal fields fall into three units, which are indicated on the accompanying map, by numbers, 1, 2, and 3. The area marked 1, the very southeastern part of the State, shows the lowest sulfur, all coals being averaged. In this field the maximum is 1.04 per cent. and the minimum as low as 0.68 per cent.-both averages and not individual analyses, which would of course show much greater variation. Included in this group are the following counties: Lawrence, 0.87 per cent.; Martin, 0.75 per cent.; Johnson, 0.73 per cent.; Magoffin, 0.S7 per cent.; Floyd, 0.88 per cent.; Pike, 0.68 per cent.; Knott, 1.04 per cent.; Perry, 0.77 per cent.; Letcher, 0.80 per cent.; Leslie, 0.70 per cent.; Harlan, 0.79 per cent.; Knox, 0.86 per cent.; and Bell, 0.92 per cent. The total average sulfur content for these thirteen counties is 0.82 per cent. Bordering the restricted low-sulfur field of eastern Kentucky is the No. 2 belt (slightly darker), which is commonly known as the western border of the eastern coal field. Here the maximum sulfur is 2.91 per cent. and the minimum 1.05 per cent. Again these are averages and not individual analyses. The counties in this group are: Greenup, 2.60 per cent.; Boyd, 1.67 per cent.; Carter, 1.07 per cent.; Morgan, 1.40 per cent.; Wolfe, 1.83 per cent.; Lee, 2.93 per cent.; Breathitt, 1.85. per cent.; Owsley, 1.09 per cent.; Jackson, 1.06 per cent.; Rockcastle, 2.30 per cent.; Clay, 1.09 per cent.; Laurel, 1.08 per cent.; Pulaski, 2.24 per cent.; Whitley, 1.05 per cent.; McCreary, 1.50 per cent.; and Wayne. The sulfur percentage average for this area including fifteen important counties is 1.65 per cent.

Jan 9, 1919

Jan 1, 1977

By N. G. Johnson

ALL of us are only too familiar with the fact that first the defense program, and finally the war, required vastly increased production from existing sources, and the discovery and development of new sources of minerals and metals. For this vast program, the explosives industry was well prepared. I use the term "well prepared" to cover all the phases of explosives service, which include formulation, design, manufacture, distribution, and application.

Jan 1, 1944

Jan 1, 1922

Jan 1, 1922

Jan 1, 1925

C. W. Kempton, Oro Blanco, Ariz.: In his interesting paper, Mr. Ingalls refers to reports of tin-deposits near Sain Alto, Zacatecas, Mexico. During 1891 I made some personal examinations of these deposits. They are, for the most part, located from 10 to 30 miles west of the town, in the Sierra del Fraile.

Jan 1, 1896

By Walter S. Tower

IN making comparisons of steel industries, one country with another, the convenient common denominator is annual capacity to make raw steel in the form of ingots. It is always necessary, however, to remember that there are different methods of figuring such capacity. For most countries no official figures on capacity are available, and the only authentic data on production are now six or eight years old. But in spite of those limitations on the accuracy of statistical comparisons, any flaws in the figures are probably not serious enough to alter materially the larger conclusions which may be drawn from them.

Jan 1, 1944

Jan 1, 1895

By AIME AIME

BOB VAN PELTS boyhood days in the mining atmosphere of Colorado apparently influenced him to direct hip college education first towards geology, at. Cornell College, then to mining at Michigan College of Mines and finally to graduate work in geology at the University of Chicago. He taught geology at his alma mater. Cornell College. served as geologist for the National Park Service then was on the staff of the Illinois Geological Surrey investigating and mapping mineral resources, and in 1928 because chief of the department of geology, mining, and metallurgy in the newly organized Rosenwald Industrial Museum (now the -Museum of Science and Industry,). He was made assistant director of the Museum in 1931.

Jan 1, 1941

Jan 1, 1905

Since this paper was written, some changes have taken place, materially reducing the cost of iron-making as estimated in the text. These are chiefly reductions in the prices of ore and fuel. The charcoal used is now made in bee-hive ovens, and the price is con-

Jan 1, 1895