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By Oswald J. Heinrich

(Supplementary Paper.) IN conclusion of a series of deep exploration-borings with the diamond drill, I beg to submit the following statements, supplernentary to those in my former papers on this subject: Since my communications read at the St. Louis Meeting, in May last, I have finished two more borings, one terminating at the depth of 922 feet 7 inches, the other at the depth of 715 feet 6 inches. The results in regard to time and expenditure have been highly favorable and fully confirmatory of my opinion stated in previous

Jan 1, 1875

By Robert L. Akre

When Marco Polo visited China in the 13th century, no one knew what black powder was except the Chinese: they knew enough to make dazzling fireworks with it. But the realization that black powder could also do useful work came much later and, like all important discoveries, it altered the course of history. It was in the 14th century that black powder was first used to break rock in a very crude way: there were no drills and the powder was simply poured into cracks and exploded by setting it afire. Because its energy value was pretty low, the need for something more powerful was felt when the industrial revolution arrived.

Jan 6, 1976

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 6 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and 6le this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained. 11. That the persons duly appointed or designated to manage the affairs of said association are designated by the rules thereof Members of its Council; that the under- signed are all members of said Council as the same was constituted on the 29th day of December, 1904.

Jan 1, 1936

By Charles Catlett

An examination of the census reports' for 1880, which contain a large number of complete analyses of typical American iron-ores, indicates that the existence of barium sulphate in intimate association with iron-ore is rather unusual. Of 94 analyses reported there, but four show any barium sulphate, and the maximum content amounts to 3.04 per cent. The note of the occurrence of considerable quantities of barite in connection with certain iron-ores found in the Pinar del Rio Province of Cuba may be of interest. These deposits are found near the little village of Francisco, about 25 miles west of the city of Pinar del Rio on the Western Railroad of Havana. The principal ridges are anticlines, and consist of very thick deposits of sandy shales and slates containing a large number of little veins of white quartz, which, by the gradual disintegration of the mass of the material, is left covering the surface. This quartz occasionally shows sulphide, but is generally barren of any such indication. At times lenticular masses of a more or less pure limestone mere observed in these slates. The shales, which are of light color, are occasionally talcose. The formation would tentatively be classed as the Lower Cambrian, arid the heavy ridges of comparatively horizontal limestone found in the anticlinal valleys as the Upper Cambrian. Along the crest of these slaty ridges deposits of iron-ore are found which are apparently in place, and were probably formed by replacement of masses of limestone similar to those noted elsewhere. The ready disintegration of the slates, arid the

Jan 1, 1908

By J. Donald Graham, John G. Kuhn

The goal of any development drilling program is the drilling of the exact number of holes necessary to adequately determine grade and dimensions of an ore body, no more and no less. Any technique which eliminates unnecessary drilling costs produces beneficial results, both to the company and to the person who can claim the savings. The method for controlling development drilling programs to be described was developed during the latter part of a major development drilling project at the Christmas mine of Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co. in Gila County, Arizona. It was used to test the need for drilling individual holes but could be expanded to control an entire project. Application of this method involves an evaluation of geological conditions present and a good bit of common sense. Projects involving large disseminated, rather homogeneous ore bodies of the porphyry-copper type would be the most likely candidates for application of the technique. Discontinuous ore bodies would not be amenable. The method is based on the measurement of the linear correlation between the spatial distribution of two sets

Jan 1, 1973

By T. KIRKE ROSE

A Discussion of the paper by H. O. Hofman and M. G. Magnuson, read at the Lake Superior meeting, September, 1904. (British Columbia Meeting, July, 1905.) T. KIRKE ROSE, London, Eng. (communication to the Secretary*`) :-The authors have shown that, under certain conditions, the rate of dissolution of gold by chlorine and bromine is re¬duced by the addition of 10 per cent. of silver to the gold, and that the action is almost stopped when the silver amounts to 30 or 40 per cent. of the alloy. Even if full recognition is given to the practical way in which the work was done, how¬ever, it is to be regretted that Prof. Hofman and Mr. Magnuson did not determine the temperature at which the experiments were carried out. From the details given it may be inferred that the temperature was raised by chemical action by about 20° C. when 21 g. of sulphuric acid were added, and that the mixture was then slowly cooled down during the experiment. When bromine or very weak chlorine solutions were used, there could not have been any perceptible heating action. As the action of both chlorine and bromine is aided by heat, it follows that the stronger solutions of chlorine were given an unfair advantage over the weaker solutions and over bromine. If the temperature had been the same in each case, I do not think that the conclusions given oil p. 432 of the Bi-Monthly Bulletin, March, 1905, 1 would have been found to be justified. (This is speaking generally. In barrel-treatment the conditions are similar to those in the experiments.) The superior speed of bromine as compared with chlorine at equivalent strengths is not yet disproved, and the differences noted between strong and weak solutions of chlorine may have been largely a function of the temperature. Moreover, the authors used somewhat coarse particles of gold

Sep 1, 1905

By Barnabas Bryan

In the year 1875, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, acting on incorrect information concerning the production of oil and gas, established what has become the law of the land for the governing of oil production. While the decision was ideal for the refining monopoly which was completed in that year, there is no evidence that the court was in any way influenced by that refining monopoly. The evidence indicates that the court accepted the view of the royalty owner and independent oil producer. Throughout the life of the refining monopoly it accepted this law, which was so evidently to its advantage in securing cheap raw material. The same policy continued until the development of the exhaustion theory and the entry of the various units of the former monopoly into the production of crude oil. It is curious that no one doubted the new theory of shortage sufficiently to feel the need of changing the law. When the theory entered the economic field sufficiently to raise crude oil prices beyond justification it shortly disproved itself, but by this time the question of split ownership in producing fields made a change from legal error to justice too complicated to be undertaken by the large companies. Not even the ardent advocate of unit operation dared to carry the question to the United States Supreme Court, which has never been asked to pass on the complete question. The impossible position of the producing industry, hemmed in on one side by court law compelling wasteful production and on the other by the national law against cooperation, lasted until the demoralization of 1927 led to cooperation within a state and under state guidance. Since that time control of production has grown with the bringing in of each new field and at this time has the active support of the Department of the Interior in such ways as are definitely legal. As in 1875, the royalty owner and independent producer are opposing by all possible means the rational conduct of the business of producing crude oil. Fluctuation in Investments The investor in oil securities has not been as badly fooled as has the oil man himself. Fig. 1 is designed to show the composite regard of all

Jan 1, 1930

By Robert Schorr

A Discussion of the Paper by Robert Schorr, read at the Atlantic City meeting, February, 1904. (Washington Meeting, May, 1905.) E. T. DUMBLE, Houston, Texas (communication to the Secretary*) :-In addition to the list of publications mentioned by Mr. Schorr and those by Prof. Hofman, I call attention to the following references : Studi sulle Lignite, by Capacci. Turin (1890). (An excellent work.) Report of Brown Coal Industry in Germany. J. Cosmo Newberry. Department of Mines, Victoria (1892). Second Report of the Royal Commission. on Coal Supply. Vol. II. London (1904). Peat Fuel: Its Manufacture and Use. Report of the Bureau of Mines of Ontario, 1903. Mr. Schorr says : " Brown coal and peat are briquetted as a rule without binder," but this statement is entirely true only so far as raw peat is concerned, and it is but partly true of brown coal. With regard to raw peat, briquetting without bond is carried on successfully both in Europe and America, and the development of the industry in Canada is fully described in the Bureau of Mines report for 1903, mentioned above. While there is still room for improvement in the efficiency of some of the arrangements for drying the peat previous to briquetting, a very satisfactory fuel is made at a price which enables it to compete with coal. During the late strike in the anthracite regions of Pennsylvania, the manufacture of peat: briquettes received a considerable impetus, and possibly the attention directed to it on this account may result in a. considerable increase in the output. In Canada. the peat when it is first excavated from the ground

Mar 1, 1905

By F. B. JEWETT

TWENTY FIVE years of doing, finding, and encouraging others to do scientific research in' industry, and of organizing the machinery for the` smooth 'and effective conduct of such research, have left me with a feeling that so far as this branch of human activity is concerned the problems in 'essence are- not, materially 'different from those met elsewhere. Years ago, in a less mature period of life, I may have thought that the effective industrial research man was a being somewhat different from his fellow workers in adjacent 'fields, but I have long since 'changed my views. The rank and' file of the modern industrial research organization are relatively easy to find, though some¬times difficult to get in sufficient numbers. Mistakes in choosing them are not particularly serious to the or¬ganization, however unfortunate they may be for the misplaced individual who persists too long in the wrong environment. The reason for this is obvious from the fact that, taken by and large, the work of the rank and file is at best necessarily a work of detail done under guidance of the more experienced. In this respect the situation of the rank and file in an industrial research organization is not different from that class in any other group activity, whether concerned with industry, the university, or the church. This does not mean, however, that we are not all anxious to have the best possible material obtainable in the rank and file, or that we are indifferent to the utmost of encouragement and stimulation to its individual members.

Jan 1, 1929

By AIME AIME

Council may deal with any matter of general interest, for which joint action of two or more of its member societies would have been appropriate, if Council had not been established. Council may initiate and carry through projects of the general character defined in the By-Laws, for which the necessary financial provision has been made. Council may take up, and in its discretion act upon, any matter of general interest referred to it by any member society or by any other society, national, state or local, or by any branch of Government, or by any individual or group of individuals.

Jan 1, 1920

By Allen H. Rogers

THE need for coordinated effort on public problem by engineers has long been felt. Early in June there will assemble in Washington a conference composed of delegates from all the engineering organizations in the country. The call for this conference is issued by the Joint Conference , Committee of the four national societies as the completion of its work on the organization of a congress composed of delegates representing all the engineering organizations of the United States. The plan for this confederation was presented at a joint meeting of the administrative boards of the national founder societies on Jan. 23, 1920; and was unanimously approved in principle by that meeting. The work of the committee since that date has consisted in drafting a constitution of the organization to be presented at the conference for discussion and, after such amendments as may be adopted, acceptance.

Jan 1, 1920

By Robert H. Chapman

During the past two years the writer has been traveling in the Lewis and Clarke timber reserve, locating the boundaries and reference-monuments for the Geological Survey. The Lewis and Clarke reserve lies in northwestern Montana. The region is very mouutainous, the main range of the Rocky mountains passing through it, dividing the waters of the Columbia and Missouri rivers. The mountains do not rise in one important and well-defined backbone, but in a series of parallel ridges, striking nearly northwest and southeast. Between these ridges, and, in general, parallel to them, are the drainage-systems. Beginning at the west, the rivers are the Swan, emptying into the Flathead lake, the South fork and the Middle fork of Flathead river, both emptying into the main Flathead river, which, in turn, empties into the lake of that name. The continental divide passes through the reserve from the southeast corner to the middle of the northern boundary, and the stream of most importance east of it is the Sun river, which heads well toward the north, and flows southeasterly and then eastward, and, emerging from the mountains, flows across the great plain of' the Missouri river. The southern boundary is drained by the Big Blackfoot river, flowing westward; the northern boundary, by the several branches of the Flathead river. The accompanying map (which is only a sketch, and does not represent the final work of the Geological Survey in this forest-reserve) shows clearly the parallel systems of drainage and ridges. The westernmost mountain range, the Mission, divides the great valley of the Flathead from the Swan river valley. The

Jan 1, 1900

By William R. Rumbold

When I was in South Africa during the latter part of 1904, there were three known tin-fields, which may be called the Cape Town, the Bushveld, and the Swaziland fields. The Cape Town Tin-Field. This district is situated near Kuils river, 20 miles west of Cape Town, and 5 miles from Kuils River station on the Cape Town & Stellenbosch railway. The deposits are in granite, intrusive in the Malmesbury beds, which are supposed to be of Silurian or Cambrian age. The granite, resisting denudation better than the surrounding shales, has formed low-lying hills, the highest of which, the Bottlelary Berg, is 1,510 ft. above sea-level. The rock consists of quartz, orthoclase feldspar, and biotite mica; tourmaline is also present. The feldspar occurs in large crystals. The rock is generally decomposed on the surface, and the decomposition sometimes extends as deep as 100 ft. This formation—granite intrusive in Silurian shales— extends for many miles to the northeast, but so far as I know the Kuils River deposits are the only ones now known to occur in it, though probably further prospecting will reveal other deposits. This particular discovery was accidental; alluvial tin being found in the course of boring for oil. The Kuils River Deposit. This deposit comprises both lode and alluvial tin. The lode strikes N-S., and dips about 30' E. into the hill. It is 5 ft. wide, and composed of dense white quartz, in which pinkish-gray cassiterite is distributed in large crystals. The vein also contains considerable quantities of wolframite. Fig. 1 is a rough plan of the relative positions of the lode and the alluvial deposit, the latter, as shown, following the course of a stream, while the lode crops out on the hillside ,

Jan 1, 1909

By R. Costantini

A. Brebner (Chairman, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada) — Under the heading of friction losses, the author, in Eq. 10, gives the relationship

Jan 1, 1962

By T. M. Olson, B. G. Lewis

The adsorption of selenite on bentonite, kaolinite, and an iron--coated illite was studied to determine the importance of several soil variables on selenite removal from uranium mill tailings pond seepage. Adsorption capacities of the clays of selenite varied by orders of magnitude and decreased in the following order: illite > kaolinite > bentonite. Maximum adsorption of selenite on the clays was observed between pH 2.5 and the clay's zero-point-of-charge. Substantially less selenite was adsorbed on these clays in actual mill tailings solutions than in model systems. Virtually all selenite was removed from the tailings at pH 7. The principal removal mechanism at this pH is suggested to be the adsorption of selenite on freshly precipitated metal hydroxides. It is concluded that selenite can be removed from tailings seepage in soil or in clay liners in the presence of kaolinitic clays and iron oxides. Selenite would also tend to be removed from tailings seepage in calcareous strata.

Jan 1, 1984

Jan 1, 1930

By Walter Kauenhowen

The production of crude oil in Germany during 1933 totaled about 1,669,521 bbl., a slight increase over the 1,608,558 bbl. produced in 1932. This is an extension of a yearly increase which has continued uninterruptedly since 1928. The 1933 increase in production is due chiefly to developments in the Nienhagen field. The production of the Wietze and Oberg fields remained rather stable, while the Oelheim-Eddesse and Volkenroda fields showed decreases. Nienhagen Field.—This field furnished about 61 per cent of the total German oil production in 1933. Most of the drilling activity centered the north district near the village of Nienhagen, where the trend of

Jan 1, 1934

By Michael R. Lewis, Dennis P. Moore

Untensioned, fully grouted, steel bars (dowels) up to 30 m long and 45 mm in diameter were used to reinforce rock slopes several hundred metres high, excavated for a hydroelectric project near Revelstoke, British Columbia. These dowels were successfully used to prevent surface rock from loosening, to prevent sliding on interconnected discontinuities and to prevent sliding of relatively intact rock on a thin shear zone. Because the interaction between rock slopes and dowels is not well understood, critical slopes were extensively monitored. Based on the experience from Revelstoke and elsewhere, it appears to be worthwhile, in most circumstances, to reconsider the need for tensioning rock anchors.

Jan 1, 1982

By John L. Schroder, D. L. McElroy

ALTHOUGH the earliest use of rubber-tired haulage was in Illinois in 1936, the first unit of this type of equipment used in West Virginia was shipped into the state in 1938. All units placed in West Virginia mines have been of the shuttle-car type. The Katherine Coal Mining Co., at Lumberport, W. Va., was the second company in the United States to install shuttle cars and the Gay Coal and' Coke Co., at [ ] Mt. Gay, W. Va., was the first company in the country to install the thin-bed type of shuttle car. On Oct. 8, 1940, nine companies in the state were using 41 shuttle cars, of which 10 cars at three mines were of the thin-bed type. All shuttle cars of the low type were in the southern fields and all of the high type were in northern West Virginia. At that time several units were in the process of delivery. The data in this paper were collected in the field by Mr. Schroder in connection with graduate work on mechanical loading of coal in West Virginia by mobile loaders. In the course of his field work he visited five mines in the state that were using shuttle cars. All of these mines were in high-volatile coal beds of strong structure. [ ] The more pertinent data obtained at the mines visited are given in Table I. The maximum distance of shuttle-car haul is the distance between the transfer station and the farthermost place. Tonnage per loading unit per foot of bed thickness is to some degree a measure of relative efficiency, especially if the different operations are working the same bed or have somewhat similar conditions. The thin-bed operation is well up in the higher bracket of the afore-mentioned column, which is as

Jan 1, 1941

During the year 1915-16, the Mining Engineering Society of the, Massachusetts Institute of, Technology had five meetings, at which the following gentlemen addressed the society on the subjects Mentioned: Professor Richards-Memory and the Business World. Mr. Hutchinson-Mine Examinations. Mr. Packard-Mining Law, Necessity of Amendment. Mr. A. H. Rogers-Organization of Mining. Property. Mr. C. Hurter-Explosives. Mr. W. Macgregor-Organization of a Gold Mine and Mill. During the year 24 new members were admitted, making the present active membership 54. There was an average attendance of 34 members at the meetings. HAIG N. SOLAKIAN, Secretary, 1915-16. The Pick and Shovel Club, Case School of Applied Science, has elected the following officers for the current year: President, G: D. Welty, Secretary, C. E. David, Vice-President, E. G. Hollman, Historian, L. S. Kuehn, Treasurer, C. E. Althouse, Sergeant at-Arms, H. H. Smith.

Jan 2, 1917