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By George Schore

Radiation grafting of ion exchange structures contains ion exchange groups but may consist of neutral groups. High energy grafting of monomers on to polymers has-been known since 1950 (1.2); manufacture on an industrial level was-begun in 1970.(3) Proper choice of substrate and monomer will produce various ion exchange membranes with differing physico and chemical properties. Grafting a selected monomer to the proper polymer will provide selective ion exchange with assured chemical protection of the substrate. Ion exchange systems utilizing radiation grafted structures to polymers have been fabricated to "capture" gold from drag-out and rinse water and silver from cyanide rinse water. Other ion exchange systems can feasibly be produced to remove other precious metals. Rotating Cathode Technology is used to recover the metals from their concentrated eluating solutions as pure metal foil.

Jan 1, 1984

By Ikuya Takase

INTRODUCTION Since the occurrence of the first oil crisis, coun-tries of the world, especially oil-importing countries have made sustained and vigorous efforts to lessen the dependency on oil as a source of energy supply. The adoption of "Principles of Coal Policy" by the IEA Ministerial Governing Board Meeting in May, 1979 was the first formal action taken by major energy consuming countries. At the Venice Summit in June, 1980, it was agreed that production and use of coal should be doubled over the next ten years. In fact, the world coal use in 1980 showed around a 10 percent increase over the previous year. Recently, we have seen an indication that the balance of oil supply and demand in the short term have eased. But I believe that it remains vital that we continue to encourage the development and introduction of alternative energy sources. Because, from the medium and long range viewpoint the recovery of the worldwide economy will lead us to increased oil requirements and thus we will be faced with the cyclical, structural tightening situation between the supply and demand of oil. Moreover, we are still convinced that the constraint of the supply capabilities of the Middle-East nations may be increasing in the long-term, since there still remains political uncertainties among these nations. Consequently, above all, coal is viewed as an alternative energy resource available for immediate expansion of use and is given as high a priority as nuclear power. In Japan, we regard coal as the most reliable alternative energy resource to replace oil. According to the "Alternative Energy Supply Targets" approved by the Cabinet in November, 1980, the level of coal imports is estimated to approximately double by 1990, while our domestic coal production will remain nearly at the same level. The transition from oil to coal is found in the recent import levels of coal---73 mil¬lion tons in 1980, a 23 percent increase over the 59 million tons imported in 1979. There was an upsurge in steaming coal imports, reflecting the transition in feedstocks---7.2 million tons in 1980, four times over the previous year's amount. Henceforth, from the medium to long range view, the demand for coal, especially that of steaming coal is forecast to continue to grow. The timely expansion of supply capabilities is our utmost concern and should be one of the most significant goals of our comprehensive policy. The Overseas Coal Investigative Committee, a privately organized advisory panel to the Director-General of the Natural Resources and Energy Agency of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), investigated means to secure a stable supply of overseas coal. The panel presented its interim proposals in August, 1981, recommending the diversification of coal import sources, extensive use of low rank coal, as well as enhanced international cooperation between coal producing and importing countries. THE CONTENTS OF THE COMMITTEE'S REPORT Four Points for Major Consideration In order to ensure a stable supply of overseas coal, Japan needs adequate policy measures consistent with the characteristics of coal resources and environmental requirements, giving consideration to Japan's status and the role she is expected to play in the areas. From the above, great importance should be attached to the following four points: All the components of the "Coal Chain" (Namely, the development of mine sites, construction of railroads, port loading facilities, coal shipping vessels, port receiving facilities, including coal centers and international transport facilities etc.) should be reviewed and reformed with steps taken to assure efficiency consistent with the entire coal chain system. The complete formation of a coal chain system requires such lengthy lead times and huge amounts of investment that necessary measures should be undertaken well in advance utilizing long-range projections of future demands and various economic surveys. Policy planning should be conducted taking into account of harmonizing stability and economics of the supply structure. For ensuring the long-term stability and expansion of the coal trade, international cooperation on a bilateral and multi-national basis should be encouraged. Mutual understanding and close relationships are essential to facilitate the formation of the supply system and to promote the extensive use of coal. Direction and Problems Related to Supply Stability Expansion of Supply Capabilities. World coal imports in 1979 amounted to 229 million tons, of which Japan's share amounted to 59 million tons, or one fourth of the entire amount. The imports of European and Asian countries accounted for 83 million tons and 7 million tons respectively. According to the examination of the Investigative Committee, Japan's coal requirement is estimated to be between 140-150 million tons by 1990, nearly the same level as announced in the Provisional Long-Term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook in 1979. This fore¬cast is-to be revised in April, 1982. Japan's demand is expected to be met through fiscal 1985; however, by 1990, the supply is estimated to fall short of demand, particulary, in the field of steaming coal. For the expansion of supply capability, first, mine development should be accelerated. The proposed

Jan 1, 1982

By Robert C. Munro, Kenneth M. Reim

NEW IDRIA INTRUSIVE For the most part this ultrabasic mass is a highly sheared serpentine, the exposed rock being made up of small serpentine chips and plates, the faces of which have been slickensided. Throughout this sheared material there are residual blocks of serpentine and highly to moderately serpentinized peridotite. The faces of these resistant blocks show rounding and slickensiding and their size varies from pebble size to diameters of over 5 ft. Certain areas have seemingly resisted the shearing stresses and remain as moderately fractured serpentine. Throughout the ultrabasic mass are bodies of silica-carbonate rock, silicified serpentine and minor concentrations of magnesite and chromite.

Jan 9, 1962

By Robert B. Schlosser

Anaconda's Jackpile uranium mine is a multi- million-ton open pit sandstone deposit, producing some 3000 tpd for the company mill. With minor exceptions, the orebody is in equilibrium, and the backbone of ore-grade control is the radiometric assay, which fortunately is dependable. Preparatory Sample Drilling: Before it is stripped, the orebody is diamond-drilled on 200-ft centers N-S and 100-ft centers E-W. Drill core is logged, split, and assayed radiometrically, and several samples are assayed chemically to check the equilibrium status. This information establishes the pit outline and the first rough estimate of ore. After stripping, diamond drill data is supplemented by rotary drillholes on 50-ft centers. Dry chip samples, collected every 2 ft, are prepared and assayed radiometrically at the mine. Details of the orebody are then available for study, and the basic mining plan is drawn up.

Jan 10, 1958

By Klaus Schwerdtfeger, Leo Zwell

The equilibrium between Ir-Fe or Rh-Fe alloys, iron oxide (wüstite or magnetite), and CO2-CO atmospheres has been determined at 1200°C. The data are used to derive the activities in these binary solid solutions. Both systems show negative deviations from Raoult's law. The lattice parameters are given for the investigated Ir-Fe and Rh-Fe alloys. IRIDIUM and iron form a continuous series of fcc solid solutions at elevated temperatures.' Rhodium-rich Rh- Fe alloys have fcc structure.' In the medium concentration range an ordered bcc phase is stable at temperatures up to about 1300°C. Phase relations in iron-rich alloys are not well-known. No thermody-namic data are available for these alloys. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD The experimental method used was to measure the equilibria between a gas phase of known CO2/C0 ratio, the alloy, and iron oxide (wüstite or magnetite). In one series of experiments the alloys of known composition were heated in CO 2-CO gas mixtures. After treatment (usually 1 day) the sample was quenched to room temperature and its surface examined visually to determine whether an oxide tarnish had formed. The procedure was repeated at slightly higher CO 2/CO ratios until the CO 2/CO ratio of incipient oxidation was found. Subsequently, the CO 2/C0 ratio was lowered again in small increments until the tarnish was reduced. In other experiments mixtures of alloy and iron oxide powders were pressed into pellets and equilibrated with the CO2-CO gas phase. In order to ensure that equilibrium was attained, two specimens with different starting iron content were heated side by side; in most cases, equilibrium was approached in one pellet by reduction of iron oxide and in the other pellet by oxidation of metallic iron. The sample was quenched to room temperature, and the composition of the equilibrated alloy was determined by X-ray measurements of lattice parameters and comparison of these values with calibration curves obtained from alloys of known composition. The oxides present in the specimens were identified by comparison of their diffraction patterns with those in the ASTM Card File. It may be expected from the noble character of iridium and rhodium that no appreciable amount of iridium or rhodium is dissolved in wiistite and magnetite under the present experimental conditions. The activity of iron in the alloy is then equal to that established in the iron oxide by the COrCO atmosphere. The activities of iron in wüstite and magnetite, as a function of oxygen pressure, were taken from the work of Darken and Gurry,

Jan 1, 1969

By Chester N. Truax

Still another shadow was cast over coal's largest market-the electric utilities-when President Johnson signed into law the Federal Clean Air Act of 1967. Air pollution-sulfur reduction-was thus brought into sharper focus as one of the central problems of the coal industry. Industry executives testified in both Houses of Congress to enable the lawmakers to develop a workable and economic law. The new legislation calls for the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare to establish air control regions. After the regions are outlined the Department will publish air quality criteria on pollutants. Anticipating this legislation, the coal and utility industries have for the last several years been involved in extensive research programs to develop solutions to the air pollution problem. Even though the coal industry has been under strong attack for its part in adding contaminants to the atmosphere, it is by no means the major contributor.

Jan 2, 1968

By Carrol A. Quam

DURING the first years of operation of the titanium and iron mine of the National Lead Co. at Tahawus, New York, efforts to increase production were hampered by the increased load put on the facilities for sharpening churn-drill bits. The ore and rock are extremely hard and abrasive and it was necessary to sharpen and harden a large number of bits per day to keep the churn drills supplied. Efforts to increase the capacity of the bit shop by a two-shift operation were not wholly successful in that it was hard to train men to do a satisfactory job of sharpening and tempering the bits. The number of bits that were improperly tempered increased, thus boosting the daily requirements for bits at the drills and increasing the load on the bit-sharpening facilities.

Jan 1, 1949

By J. A. Benell

DIOXIDE of silicon, commonly called silica, is one of the greatest single constituents of modern in-dustry. It is brought most clearly to the mind when we consider the various kinds of sand and their rela-tion to industry. The major portion of.all sand is silica, and should be its principal component part in building materials. As an abrasive for cutting, polish-ing and sand-blasting, sand serves a vital purpose in many industries. Even lumber is now being sand-blasted, to cut away the softer grains of wood, leaving the harder grains in relief. The result not only in-creases the beauty of the wood, but adds to it an ap-pearance of antiquity. The common uses of silica in industry may be classified about as follows: Chemical industries-filtering medium; manufacture of carborundum; manufacture of water-glass. Paint-inert extender. Mineral fillers-wood filler; filler in rubber, hard rubber, pressed and molded goods, phonograph records.

Jan 5, 1928

Jan 1, 1928

Jan 1, 1918

Detailed Geology of Certain Areas in the Mineral Hill and Warm Springs Mining District. By A. L. Anderson. T. H. Kilsgaard and V. C. Fryklund. Jr. Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology. University of Idaho. 73 P. Maps, Illus.-Divided into three parts, this pamphlet covers the geology and ore deposits of the Hailey-Bellevue Mineral Belt, the Triumph-Parker mine mineral belt, and the ore deposits of the Mayflower Area. Numerous maps and illustrations are included for each area. Government Administration of the Copper Industry, World War 11. By John W. Douglas. 1950.51 P. $1.-This pamphlet covers in detail all the steps relating to control and operation of copper and copper products, and is of particular interest to primary producers, brass mills, wire mills, and foundries. Of particular current interest is the booklet's coverage of the steps leading to the Controlled Material Plan, into which industry is now once again heading. Copies can be obtained for $1 from John W. Douglas, Republic Foil & Metal Mills Inc., 55 Triangle St., Danbury, Conn.

Jan 12, 1951

Jan 1, 1929

Jan 1, 1935

By G. Carman Ridland

A program of exploration for radioactive deposits, conducted in 1945 in the well-known mineralized areas of the Front Range, Colorado, was rewarded with the discovery of pitchblende in a dump at Caribou Hill. The presence of pitchblende in. the silver veins at depth apparently is not expressed as gamma-ray anomalies at the surface.

Jan 1, 1950

Robert H. Richards, Boston, Mass.: Mr. Goodale calls attention to the difficulty of obtaining clean tailings from the jigs which are fed by the spigots of the hydraulic separator. This difficulty is universally encountered. The Lake Superior copper mills practically overcome it by running the beds of those jigs loose, carrying into the hutch all of the available copper and some sand. These hutches are again jigged upon threesieve Collom jigs, where the treatment is very slow and gentle; and on the successive jigs lighter and lighter bedding is used. The last sieve is run thin enough to let some sand into the hutch. With these precautions most of the free copper is extracted, as well as a fair proportion of the included copper.

Jan 1, 1897

Jan 1, 1908

Jan 1, 1946

Jan 1, 1905

New Products Equipment

Jan 7, 1951

Jan 1, 1922