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Jan 5, 1953

By Wilbur Nelson

Little drilling has been done in Kentucky and Tennessee in 1923, with the exception of the Kettle Creek area on the Kentucky-Tennessee line. Oil prices fluctuated between $2.86 and $1.36 Per bbl. for light oil. The Kentucky production was slightly over 8,000,000 bbl., being 1,000,000 bbl. less than during 1922. Tennessee production was approximately 8500 bbl., being a decrease of 1000 bbl, over. 1922. During 1923, the first producing well was brought in, in Clay County, Tenn. Production in Tennessee will undoubtedly increase considerably in 1924, and Kentucky production will probably increase slightly. THE year 1923 has been a dull period in oil development in Kentucky and Tennessee, with the exception of the Kettle Creek area along the Tennessee-Kentucky line, in Clinton and Cumberland Counties, Kentucky, and Clay County, Tennessee. The price of oil during the year has been so low that wildcatters have shown little interest in drilling. At the beginning of the year, light oil sold for $2.31 per barrel and medium oil for $2.06 per, barrel. Prices increased to the highest point for the year in February, when light oil brought $2.86 per barrel and medium oil, $2.61. In April, prices had declined 35 c. while in May an additional decline of 25 c. went into effect. During June, prices declined 20 c. per barrel; during July, 45 c. per barrel; remained stationary during August and September, and dropped during November and December to the low price of $1.36 per barrel for light and $1.21 for medium oil. At present, an increase of 29 c. has brought the price of light oil up to $1.55, and indications are that the price will continue to increase during the coming months. It can readily be seen that during 1923 the price of oil was such as to prevent any drilling except that necessary to hold leases and to maintain production enough to take care of overhead expenses.

Jan 3, 1924

Jan 1, 1908

Map

Jan 1, 1944

By Harvey T. Kennedy, Erasmo T. Guerrero

In this investigation, the effects of the surface tension of brine and the interfacial tension between oil and brine on the recovery of oil by water flooding of Woodbine sand were studied. Variation of the surface forces was obtained by the addition of small amounts of commercially available chemicals, which did not appreciably change the surface tension of the oil. Fourteen surface-active agents, which were found to be effective in lowering the surface and interfacial tensions, were further investigated to determine the extent of their adsorption by the Woodbine Sand cores. It was found that adsorption was sufficient in all cases to prevent any substantial concentration of chemical at the flood front. The flow system was, therefore, brought to equilibrium with definite concentrations in the flood water by circulation before each test. The data thus have no relation to the results obtainable by using the chemicals in full-scale water floods, but should be helpful in predicting the performance of surface-active chemicals which are not lost by adsorption, if such can be found. Flow tests were made on various concentrations 01 six chemicals selected from the 14 investigated for surface activity and adsorption, with and without the presence of gas in the core. It was found that lowering the interfacial tension had a tendency toward reducing the recovery of oil and that the reduction of the surface tension of the brine had little or no effect. A substantial beneficial effect, however, resulted from the presence of gas in the cores. INTRODUCTION The movement and distribution of crude oil in a porous medium are governed by such factors as surfacc and interfacial tensions, viscosity of the oil, pore size configuration, and wetting characteristics of the medium. The knowledge of the part played by each of these factors is limited. If the oil is assumed to be distributed in droplets whose movement is restricted only by the pore openings, the following equation may be applied: ?P= 2r(1/r1-1/r2) .......(1) In this equation ?P is the pressure drop necessary to force an oil droplet through the construction, r is the oil-brine interfacial tension, r1 is the radius of curvature at the forward and smaller end of the deformed droplet, and r2 is the larger radius. This equation neglects the effects of viscosity, as a static or near static condition is assumed. It would apply equally well for a bubble of gas in liquid if r were taken as the surface tension of the liquid. This relation shows that droplets can be more easily displaced if the interfacial tension is decreased. The displacement of oil from the surface of a sand particle may also be considered from the basis of selective wetting assuming that the oil droplets are smaller than the pore constructions and that the sand surfaces may be considered as planes. A relation of the forces involved can be derived from Dupre's equation to give: Wos = row (1 +Cos?)........(2) where Wos = Work of adhesion between the sand and the oil row = Oil-water interfacial tension 0 = Contact angle ros = Oil-solid interfacial tension This equation would indicate that the displacement of oil from a sand surface is more readily obtained when the water-oil interfacial tension is reduced provided the contact angle remains constant. Evidently. however, the values of Cos 0 may vary along with the water-oil interfacial tension due to changes in the other surfaces of the system. The above theoretical considerations suggest that perhaps even the static behavior of a dispersed oil phase in a porous medium is considerably more complex than may be inferred by the simple systems

Jan 1, 1955

By Stanley Herold

AT THE present time five localities in the Argentine Republic are known to bear direct evidences of the presence, of petroleum. The segregation of these localities is more or less arbitrary inasmuch as minor indications may be found to extend from one locality to the other at no regular distance apart, especially in the northern and western part of the republic. These localities are listed as follows: North Argentine-Bolivian region, Salta-Jujuy district, provinces of Mendoza and Neuquen, Comodoro Rivadavia, and the Gallegos-Punta Arenas region. Economic conditions attract us to the possibilities of developing these and other regions of countries in the southern hemisphere. Development work will, naturally, be undertaken first in such localities as present direct manifestations of the presence of petroleum; "hidden fields" may exist, but, unless discovered by accident, their development will be left to the last. The problems to be solved in the development of the petroleum resources of the Argentine republic are mainly of stratigraphy, structure, and transportation. We are not here concerned with the unfavorable climate of the countries to the north in the tropics where, for us of the "far north," life hangs by a thread ready to be severed by a mosquito, gnat, or tropical germ.

Jan 2, 1920

By E. Cortese

Phosphate occurs in many places in Egypt, in two main zones: one in Upper Egypt, along the Nile Valley, principally on the right side, and one near the Red Sea coast. In the Nile zone, the principal layers of phosphate rock are to be found: in the mountains east of Mahamid (right side of the valley); in the hills near Sibaiya, also called Sebaieh (both sides); in the hills of Agula, Hagaza and Gurn (right side); and further on, along the camel road leading from Kena to Kosseir, a few miles east of Legheita's Oasis. Following that track, after having crossed the watershed, underlain by rocks like granite, serpentine, porphyry, and diabase, one comes again to the Cretaceous formation containing considerable quantities of phosphate, at Gebel Duwi, Gebel Nakheil, and Gebel Kosseir El Kadim, not far from the coast. More to the north, in the hills near Safaga Bay (Um El Uettat El Wasif) is another rich bed of the same formation. There are reports of phosphate existing near Suez and in the Sinai peninsula, and possibly some other zones can be traced or discovered in the future. The mines are well developed on the right bank of the Nile at Sharawna (near Sebaieh Station) and along the Red Sea coast, at Safaga and near Kosseir. Prospecting work has been done at Gebel Duwi, Gebel Gurn, Agula, Hagaza, and near Mahamid. The phosphatic formation in Egypt is quite variable, not only from place to place, but even within small areas. The phosphate is all of Cretaceous age, as is proved by the fossils found in it. It is considered to belong to the Campanian or, more appropriately, to the Maestrichtian series. The principal fossils are: Alectryonia Villei Coq. sp.; Roudereia Aures-sensis Coq. sp. = R. Drui Mun. Chalm.; Trigonoarca multidentata, Newton.; Cardita libyca, Zittel; Libycoceras Ismaely, Zittel; Nautilus sp.; Ancystrodon libycum Dam.; Corax pristodontus Ag.; Lamma biauriculata Zittel sp. Above the Maestrichtian beds, we have the Danian series, unconform-ably covered by Lower Eocene beds. Under the phosphate is a grayish marly clay, and beneath this, bluish-gray scaly shales resting on the Nubian sandstone (Santonian).

Jan 1, 1918

By J. Campbell

The hydrostatic tensions in pure metals and long freezing range alloys are evaluated theoretically considering the viscous flow of residual liquid and the general plastic collapse of the casting. The former mechanism operates until the radii of the remaining liquid channels are of the order of 10-3 cm radius, after which the second process limits the attainable negative pressures which range from —1500 to -4200 atm for nickel, aluminum, copper, and iron. In previous reports1'2 the maximum possible hydrostatic tensions developed during solidification have been evaluated employing spherical symmetry. This inevitably involves the concept of totally confined liquid regions, the reality of which has recently been brought into serious doubt3 following observations of the freezing of various transparent materials. Regions of interdendritic liquid which are apparently about to be isolated by the growth of dendrite arms are observed not to be cut off because the advance of the dendrite tips is arrested until the region has completely solidified. Although this may be the result of the very low melting point liquid available at this late stage in freezing, or the result of a higher rate of heat transfer to the dendrite tips because of the acceleration in liquid flow rate near the completion of solidification, this point need not concern us. In this paper an attempt is made to approximate more closely to real conditions; thus the assumption of confined liquid regions is abandoned and cylindrical symmetry adopted. It has also been necessary, therefore, to consider the viscous flow of residual liquid through the remaining channels in the pasty zone. Furthermore, the rather special conditions of spherically symmetric solidification led to extremely high solidification rates and hence unusually high tensile stresses as solidification neared completion; the cylindrical Symmetry appears to yield solidification rates and stresses which are more typical of real castings. The rate of solidification is first considered since this critically affects both the flow of the liquid and the creep of the solid.

Jan 1, 1969

By Dale K. Fields

With today's technological advances in mineral processing equipment, there is an increasing demand for accurate system control. This can only come about through representative sampling. The purpose of this paper is to guide in the selection of sampling equipment and outline design parameters for the cutters used in dry and wet sampling without adding redundant mathematical probability formulas. Special attention will also be given to the equipment used in conjunction with samplers and sampling system, such as feeders, crushers, chutes, launders, and controls.

Jan 10, 1979

By M. Van Siclen

THE outstanding fact in connection with dust disease in the United States at present is the growing recognition of its seriousness by state officials and by the more progressive operators of mining, metallurgical and allied industrial plants. The same may perhaps be said of labor in some of its better organized centers, but the average independent non-union workman continues, .as of yore, to suffer the toll of disability and even of death from dust inhalation without realization of the source of his ill-being. Progress in the betterment of the handling of sufferers from dust disease and of the conditions creating dust hazards in mining and allied industries is pursuing a course similar to that of the now widespread campaign against accidents, in which the risk is more obvious, more severe, and was naturally recognized sooner. The coming on of dust disease is generally relatively slow and its immediate effects not infre-quently masked by or attributed to other diseases. Marked exceptions to this general rule have occurred in districts where the dust is particularly pernicious, such as the Rand and Joplin; yet such exceptions, unhappy in themselves, opened the eyes of medical men, and of those in other localities charged with the responsibility for the welfare of industry, to the much more widespread if less spectacular hazard existing from the inhalation of dust in all rock-excavating operations and all industrial operations creating inorganic dust, whether it be crushing and grinding, sand-blast-ing, granite-cutting, or what not. Advancement to date in the United States in prevention and treat-ment has been slow, yet the record shows that quantitative methods for determining the degree of hazard and means for decreasing it were being developed as far back as 25 years ago; and that more rapid progress may be looked for from now on. In 1908, in this country; F. L Hoffman?(1) discussed the mortality from consumption in dusty trades, especially brass foundries; and in 1913 E. R. Hayhurst(2) described the effects of inhalation

Jan 1, 1933

By A. L. Labbe

SOON after the Cottrell treater was placed in operation in the Murray plant in 1918 to treat combined lead sinter and Wedge roaster smoke, it was noticed that the power flowing through the treater did not remain constant. This was indicated by the varying milliamperes and also by the total amount of power consumed by the rectifiers. At times, for then unknown reasons, the treater current fluctuated through a wide range of from 40 to 300 milliamperes. Fortunately, these variations in power did not affect the treater's overall recovery, as this installation consisted of three independent units in series, a feature which made the Murray Cottrell an outstanding installation over many years of operation. Water conditioning of the smoke as a means of improving recovery was already known, but was not adaptable to this installation for reasons of excessive corrosion, which had been the case with other treaters using water as a conditioner exclusively. Tests conducted on the smoke had proved conclusively that water vapor played no part in the fluctuation of power, and the same was true of the SO2 contents and dust burden of the smoke. Neither did temperature variations of from 150 to 400°F have any effect on the power. Finally it was noticed that the variation in power taken by the treater, and the efficiency of recovery, had some definite relation to the number of Wedge roasters operating, and particularly to the sulphur contents of the charge. This observation soon led to the discovery that free sulphuric acid was the conditioner for Murray smoke and that variations in acid contents of smoke accounted for fluctuations of treater power. Analysis of recovered dust revealed that only a few hundredths of a per cent free acid was necessary to maintain a very efficient recovery. Once this knowledge was available, the roaster charge was adjusted as to sulphur contents to produce the necessary acid conditioner. For a number of years this practice was followed, but with improvements in the field of flotation, excess pyrites were eliminated from the smelting picture, so with a change in metallurgical practice we were confronted with the problem of providing the deficiency in acid by some other means. The situation was aggravated and our problem of acid conditioning made more difficult by the increase in the lead contents of concentrates roasted resulting from better flotation methods. The first step towards introducing acid vapors into the smoke stream by accessory means was accomplished by boiling sulphuric acid in cast iron pots placed in an open fire box. Acid fumes evaporated from the pots together with the combustion gases from the fire box were discharged into the flue through a cast iron pipe. Capacity of the iron pots was quite limited because of the comparatively slow rate of evaporation and the use of lump coal as a fuel, which did not lend itself to practical temperature control. This method of firing resulted in frequent pot failures due to overheating. In spite of these incidental difficulties, encountered in any new venture, the pot evaporator demonstrated the practicability of fuming sufficient acid to make up the deficiency in that naturally evolved in the Wedge furnace operation. As time progressed, less and less high sulphur material was available for Wedge roasting, and the necessity for accessory acid conditioning reached a climax when the supply of this material was entirely eliminated. Since the cast iron pots could only evaporate a few hundred pounds of acid per day, and were costly to replace, the logical thought presented itself of spraying the acid in a heated chamber. This new type of acid evaporator was simpler and more economical to operate and had sufficient capacity to fume several thousand pounds per day. The attached fig. 1 presents the outstanding features of the new furnace. A is the vaporizing drum, which is heated by the combustion gases of coal stoker fire box, B. Acid is sprayed into the hot gas stream within the drum through a number of air-acid atomizers, C, and the acid vapor, together with combustion gases, is introduced into the smoke stream through two cast iron pipes extending to different points in the flue. The operation of this type of furnace requires control of temperature inside the drum to prevent overheating, which dissociates the acid vapor to SO, and eventually to SO2, with resulting loss of acid. The dissociation to SO, at elevated temperatures is comparatively high, and in some cases accounts for as much as 60 pct of the acid sprayed into the drum. To reduce the loss of acid, through dissociation, some Cottrell plants, where the rate of acid sprayed reaches at times 9 ppm, use two evaporating units. Fuming the acid into the smoke stream is only

Jan 1, 1951

By L. S. Panyity

The Cleveland (0.) gas pool described by Frank R. Van Horn,' is the northern extremity of the great "Clinton" sand gas development in Ohio. Numerous gas pools have been developed in this formation, which are now more or less connected, link by link, forming an almost continuous gas pool, starting at Cleveland, and running thence southward through Cuyahoga, Medina, Wayne, Ashland, Richland, Knox, Licking,

Jan 1, 1918

Jan 1, 1966

Jan 1, 1934

Feb. 5. Society for Applied Spectroscopy, 6 pm, supper, Tosca's; 8 pm, meeting, Socony-Vacuum Training Center, 63 Park Row, New York. Feb. 6, AIME, Chicago Section, Chicago Bar Assn., 29 S. La Salle St., Chicago. Feb. 18-21, AIME, annual meeting, Hotel Statler, New York. Feb. 19, Michigan College of Mining and Technology, alumni reunion, Skytop Room, Hotel Statler, New York. Feb. 21, AIME, Utah Section, Newhouse Hotel, Salt Lake City. Feb. 28, Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., annual meeting, Edgewater Beach Hotel, Chicago. Mar. 3-7, ASTM, spring meeting and committee week, Hotel Statler, Cleveland. Mar. 5, AIME, Chicago Section, Ladies' Night, Chicago.

Jan 1, 1952

By Persifor Frazer

Among the geological problems with wliicli the present PenufiyI vanirr Geological Survey has had to deal is the relative age of wries of atrata passing around and through the city of' Philadelphia, Bucks, Chester, and Delaware counties. Rogers includes all these roclrs in 11is hypc~zoic series, and every student, so far as the writer knows, with one exception, has assigned to them a position beneath the Pobdam sandstone, or Primal" of that eminent and gifted geologist. So far as regards the srllall portions of this belt, to which it is the intention of the present paper to draw attention, even the oiie geolo-

Jan 1, 1881

By CARL B. SNYDER

PERHAPS the most extraordinary thing about business, the trade and production of the country as a whole, is its amazing continuity and growth, its momentum and energy. It goes on year after year, growing steadily, almost without breaks, in spite of every kind of disturbance. We have been grossly deceived into the idea that business is highly variable. We have taken a few things like pig iron, and the like, constructional activity broadly, and imagined that these are a trustworthy measure of trade. Actually they are the worst that we could find. They do not apply to more than 10 per cent or, at the most, possibly 15 per cent of the total of the country's industrial activity. The other 85 or 90 per cent, or even more, goes on growing surely and steadily just like the growth of population and the steady advance in technique, invention, discovery, and improved methods of production Let me give you what seems to me one of the most remarkable examples of this amazing momentum and regularity. You know that 90 per cent or more of the business of the country is done 'by means of checks. About seven-eighths of the total of all checks drawn are reported regularly every week in the newspapers. Let us follow these reports from week to week, just as they come, and plot them up against the correspond- ing weeks of last year, and the year before, and the gear before that, as far back as you would like to go. Take especially the figures for 140 selected cities out- side of New York.

Jan 1, 1929

By M. B. Ramachandra Rao

THE occurrence of copper ores at Garimenapenta, 14° 59 min 30 sec N Lat., 79° 33 min 10 sec E Long., in Nellore district, Madras State, India, has been examined and investigated on numerous occasions during the past two centuries.1 No tangible orebody was ever located as a result of all the ex-

Jan 4, 1953

Adolph Thies, Haile Gold-Mine, S. C.: I have little to add to what my friends Messrs. Nitze and Wilkens have said on this subject. What I have done in mining during the last fortyone years, partly in this country and partly in South Africa (though not, as to Africa, in the diamond- or the gold-fields,

Jan 1, 1896