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By J. W. Cox, W S. Jones, A E. Chase

For a long time the Oil Industry has been looking for a logging tool which can determine the quality of the cement job behind casing. Older methods such as Temperature Surveys and Radioactivity Surveys might detect the presence of cement behind the casing, but short of production tests, it was impossible to tell that the producing zones were adequately sealed off from adjacent zones. A new logging method, which is called the •Cement Bond Log, operates on the principle that a sonic pulse transmitted by the casing is greatly attenuated when the casing is strongly bonded to an outer annulus such as cement. The down-hole tool consists of a source of sonic energy which is detected by a receiver situated a few feet away from the source. The amplitude of the detected energy is measured and the resulting signal transmitted to the surface where it is recorded versus depth. Amplitude is a function of attenuation and thus the log is readily interpreted.

Jan 1, 1961

By Karl V. Lindell

Asbestos is not the name of a distinct mineral species, but rather the commercial term applied to the fibrous form of several minerals differing widely in composition. There are some 30 known varieties of asbestos but of this number only 6 are of economic importance, and these, in order of economic significance are chrysotile, crocidolite (or blue asbestos), amosite, anthophyllite, actinolite and tremolite. Chrysotile asbestos was formed by the introduction of hydrothermal solutions into fractures in serpentinised ultrabasic host rocks. These solutions dissolved magnesium silicate from the wall rocks, and with subsequent lower temperature and pressure they became supersaturated, and crystals of chrysotile asbestos formed. The chemical composition is variable but is classified as a hydrous magnesium silicate, containing a high percentage of magnesia and water, plus varying amounts of alumina and ferrous and ferric iron. Other asbestos minerals are formed by a similar process but with a different host rock e.g. crocidolite occurs only in iron' formation. The chemical composition of asbestos minerals other than chrysotile, shows a wide variation, but in general may be classified as silicates, or metasilicates, containing varying amounts of calcium, magnesium, sodium and iron.

Jan 1, 1964

By Colin Jones

Canadian Clay Products Inc., which mines bentonite in Saskatchewan near Truax and operates a plant at Wilcox, is the sole producer of swelling bentonite, often called western bentonite, in Canada. Seven products produced by the company are used in binders, sealants, water and waste water treatment, plasticizing agents, foundries and absorbents. Reserves are reported at about one million tonnes for the deposit but the area in general contains significant additional reserves.

Jan 1, 2001

By D. du Plessis, R. Stobbs

The Canadian Clean Power Coalition (CCPC) was created in 2001 to protect and enhance Canada’s vast coal and other carbon-based resource wealth, and to ensure that environmental public policy decisions recognize that these resources are a Canadian asset, not an environmental liability. To achieve its mandate, CCPC has undertaken to demonstrate technologies for use in new coal-fired power plants to control air emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxides (SOx), mercury (Hg), and particulates (PM). The first phase of the demonstration project assessed three existing technologies for coal-fired power plants that reduce all emissions, including CO2, to levels equivalent to or below that of gas-fired power plants. The technologies considered in this phase included integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), ‘oxyfuel’ combustion, and amine scrubbing of pulverized coal. These technologies were evaluated with three coal types: Eastern bituminous, western sub-bituminous, and lignite coals. This paper presents the studies, conclusions concerning the capital and operating costs of these technologies, the cost of electricity produced (with CO2 removed), and the cost per tonne of CO2 avoided. It also discusses the potential for using captured CO2 for enhanced oil recovery, and possible technology enhancements for improving the competitiveness of gasification of low-rank western Canadian coals. The second ongoing phase of CCPC’s work includes the design and construction of a commercial-scale plant to demonstrate the feasibility of integrated gas combined cycle (IGCC) and/or polygeneration technologies and the potential for using the CO2 generated for enhanced recovery of conventional oil.

Jan 1, 2006

By Paul R. Clark

Outline ? Coal As An Energy Resource ? Canadian Clean Power Coalition ? Phase I of the CCPC Project ? CO2 capture options ? Gasification ? CO2 use ? Results ? Phase II Plans ? Next Steps TransAlta - Profile ? 9,726 megawatts (MW) of capacity ? 46,877 gigawatt hours (GWh) produced at an average plant availability of 88.4% ? 47 facilities in four geographies: Canada; the U.S.; Mexico; and Australia ? Fuel mix of coal (62%), gas (26%), hydro and renewables (12%) ? 23.2 million tonnes of coal mined ? 47.0 million gigajoules (GJ) of gas consumed

May 1, 2004

By R. K. Singhal, H. Sahay

Introduction In terms of the world's recoverable coal reserves, Canada ranks 10th, providing 0.6% of the world's total. The US is first with 27.8% and the Soviet Union follows with 24.1%. Figure 1 shows the principal coal mines in Canada. Several provinces contain substantial coal deposits, but the largest deposits are found in the western provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan. Conservatively, 90% of the lignitic, 80% of high volatile bituminous, and nearly 100% of subbituminous, and low and medium volatile bituminous coals are located in these three provinces. During the past decade, Canadian coal production of all types increased from 18.8 Mt (2 million st) in 1972, to 25 Mt (28 million st) in 1975, to 61 Mt (66 million st) in 1984. About 38 Mt (43 million st) of this output was classified at thermal and 23 Mt (25 million st) as coking and metallurgical coal (Table 1). The three western provinces currently produce 57 Mt (62 million st) of coal - 95% of Canada's total. The remaining 3.6 Mt (4 million st) (5%) is produced in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick on the east coast. The majority of western coal (98%) is produced by surface mining methods. On the east coast, though, mining is predominantly underground and only 15% is produced on the surface. In 1985, Canada exported close to 28 Mt (30 million st) of metallurgical coal and thermal coal. During the same period, 15 Mt (16 million st) of coal were imported, mostly from western US for use in Ontario and Quebec. Almost 60% of the imported coal was used for thermal applications. The remaining 40% was metallurgical coal for the steel industry. It is generally cheaper to import coal into central and eastern Canada from the eastern US to augment local supplies rather than from western Canada. This is mainly because of high transportation costs. Mining methods The suitability of mining methods in a particular area depends largely on the geological setting. Geology, therefore, simplifies or adds complexities to mining operations, directly affecting the economics. It also influences the flexibility required from the min-

Jan 9, 1986

By H. Sahay

The current Canadian coal production is approximately 57x106 tonnes per annum of which some 25 million tonnes is exported. Two thirds of the Canadian output is classified as thermal and one third as coking or metallurgical coal. The Canadian coal industry, like the industries in some other industrialized nations, has gone through a cycle of ups and downs. The current world vide recession and stable oil prices have somewhat dampened the plans for a further growth of this industry - albeit temporarily. No new mines are expected to be developed within the next few years. However the production is projected to increase to 60x106 tonnes in 1985 increasing to an estimated 75 to 80x106 tonnes by 1995. The Canadian mines are highly mechanized and are willing to employ the modern technology to maintain its competitive position in the world's coal market. This paper reviews the recent technical developments which continue to improve resource recovery and productivity.

Jan 1, 1986

By Donald O. Downing

"IntroductionThis paper provides an overview of the coal mining industry in Canada with a description of current circumstances. The Canadian industry is placed in a global context and the future prospects of the industry are described. The export market is very important to the future of Canadian coal production and the essential aspects of the market are explained. Future prospects are very much tied to metallurgical coal exports and some key characteristics of that market are discussed, including major technological changes in the industry. Stability in 1996The Canadian coal industry enjoyed another strong year in 1996 continuing a trend established over the last four years. The strength of the industry is based on a stable domestic industry and a relatively healthy inter- national market. The figures bear out these statements. In 1996 total production reached 75 million tonnes and consumption was 52 million tonnes. The major markets for coal in Canada are electricity generating stations (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia) and the steel industry in southern Ontario. Approximately 11 million tonnes of coal were imported and exports reached a new record of 34.5 million tonnes, mainly from western Canada. Canadian Coal FlowsCanada represents a unique case in the coal world because we both import and export coal (Fig. 1). The reason for this apparent dichotomy is Canada’s geography. Eastern Canadian coal markets are located closer to the eastern United States coal fields and are basically served by them. This is true for both thermal and metallurgical coal. Major imported coal users are the steel industry, electricity generators and other industry including the cement industry in southern Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, with a little coal imported into Manitoba. Only about 2.2 million tonnes of western Canadian coal move into the east, including both lignite and bituminous coal."

Jan 1, 1997

At the Prospectors and Developers Annual Convention (PDAC) in Toronto, Canada mining and exploration companies of all sizes were on hand to discuss the year that was and those that will be. The following is a look at some of the companies with Canadian operations that were on hand for PDAC 2009. Iamgold Corporation is a leading mid-tier gold mining company producing approximately 31 t (1 million oz) of gold from seven mines on three continents. With record revenues of $870 million ? up 28 percent when compared to 2007 ? the company is focused on growth with a target to reach 56 t (1.8 million oz) gold production by 2012. During 2008, the company acquired the Essakane project in West Africa. The project is fully permitted, under construction and will contribute more than 9.3 t (300,000 oz) of lower cost production by late 2008. Iamgold increased its reserves by 55 percent, to 385 t (12.4 million oz) and its resources in-creased by 16 percent to 821 t (26.4 million oz) in 2008. Going forward, Iamgold has three areas of focus ? West Africa, Guyana Shield and Quebec ? with seven gold operations, five advanced projects and the Niobec niobium mine included. The Rosebel Mine in Suriname is Iamgold?s fl agship property. With measured and indicated resources of 300 t (9.6 million oz), it accounts for 30 percent of Iamgold?s production. Production there was up 20 percent compared with 2007 and further production increases are expected in 2009 and 2010. Mill expansion and optimization increased throughput from 8.9 Mt/a (9.8 million st) to 10 Mt/a (11 million stpy). In West Africa, Iamgold has joint ventures at Sadiola in Mali; Tarkwa in Ghana; Yatela in Mali and Daman in Ghana. Iamgold also has 100 percent ownership of the Mupane gold mine in Botswana and the Doyon gold mine in Quebec, Canada. Also in Quebec, Iamgold has 100 per-cent ownership of the Niobec niobium mine in Quebec. Niobium is used in high strength specialty steels.

Jan 1, 2009

By C. P. Browning

Copper, as far as we know, was the first metal used by man, and due to the fact that it occurs in many places in the 'native' state, and also to the ease with which it may be shaped, it has played an important part in the evolution of civilization. Copper tools with inscriptions dating back to 6,000 B.C. are known in Egypt, where the metal probably got its start as a useful material in human hands. Just how far back the use of copper in Canada dates is difficult to say, but it was in use by the Indians in the Lake Superior country long before the arrival of the first white man. For many generations the Eskimos also have used copper derived fr0m deposits of the native metal found in the Coronation Gulf district. Due to the metal's many unique qualities, imperishable with age, ancient implements and utensils are apparently as good today as when they were made, having withstood the onslaught of time probably better than objects of any of the other base metals. Copper alloys so well with other metals that today it is second only to iron in its industrial value. Even at the beginning of the eighteenth century the world's production of copper was probably not more than seven thousand tons a year, with Great Britain producing three-fourths of this. One hundred years ago the mines of the United States, Chili, Mexico, Canada, South Africa, Australia, and Tasmania, which now produce about nine-tenths of the copper of the world, were totally undeveloped. Ln 1926 the world production of copper was approximately 1,658,000 tons, which was seventy thousand tons greater than in the preceding year; but growing demand absorbed the increased production, so that the stock of rough copper throughout the world is comparatively small. Of this huge tonnage of the metal, Canada produced four percent, two-thirds of it emanating from British Columbia, nearly one-third from the Province of Ontario, and the balance from Quebec.

Jan 1, 1927

By C. C. Muir

At the outset, I believe reference should be made to comparatively recent world developments in copper which have an important bearing upon the Canadian position. COPPER SITUATION No one can doubt the marked change for the better compared with not so long ago when less than adequate attention was paid to marketing and to uses of the metal. I need not show you graphs of world copper prices, which except for relatively brief periods and war conditions were, until about three years ago, not unlike the topography of the Canadian Rockies. There remain, of course, some non-industry factors who yearn for the old days of "roller-coaster" copper prices.

Jan 1, 1964

By Marlin E. Sandlin

NORTH-CENTRAL United States is now, and will continue to be, a natural market for Canadian crude oil. This area is a natural market for many basic reasons. There are no physical barriers along the border of our countries. This market is in dose proximity to Canadian production. This market is already joined by crude oil pipe-1,ines to numerous producing areas of Canada. The tariff barriers are reasonable. We are not handicapped by mandatory quota restrictions. There are many of us who desire lo sell Canadian crude oil in this market. Further, and what is really important, there are many of us who desire to buy Canadian crude oil for this market. It is fundamental that for crude oil to be sold in the world market, it must ?be sold at competitive prices. At the same time, it is important that such competitive price must result in a fair price for the crude oil at the we1lhead. The factors of nearness to market, cheap pipe line transportation, and reasonable United States tariffs, all tend to make ?possible a competitive market and a fair wellhead price.

Jan 1, 1958

By J. J. Emery

There is an increasing awareness on an international level of the potential for utilizing many wastes and by-products as construction materials. This has resulted in recent major reviews by OECD and RILEM to supplement national activities by agencies such as CANMET, USBM, BRE and LCPC. Much of this international and national work was reported during an International Conference on the use of by-products and wastes in civil engineering held in November 1978 in Paris. Based on participation in the OECD and RILEM reviews, and the Paris conference, developments in waste and byproduct utilization of particular concern to Canada are described. The major technical and economic constraints involved are also reviewed, so that the over-all evaluation reflects important factors such as inherent variability and transport logistics. Areas requiring further research and development are also identified. Particular emphasis is placed on slags, salvaged asphaltic concrete and surplus sulphur. "Due to the rapid development of China's industry, more than a hundred million tons of industrial wastes are generated annually, which occupy lots of land for storing, bring about environmental pollution, obstruct industrial and agricultural production and cause harm to people 's living. Therefore we must utilize them effectively to create wealth for our country. "

Jan 1, 1979

By Robert Boyd

The Diamond Markets ? Supply has continuously increased over the past 25 years ? However, global supply is expected to drop by 1 to 2% by 2015 ? Demand Driven Market ?Demand is expected to grow 3% annually through to 2015 ? Supply Squeeze Anticipated (2010 to 2015) ? Consumption is exceeding rate of discovery, mine development and reserve replacement ? These fundamentals are driving increased capacity and production at existing mines in South Africa, Botswana and Russia and new areas such as Canada ? Canada is now the third largest diamond producing country in the world ? These fundamentals are also driving record levels of exploration expenditures throughout the world with particular focus on Africa and Canada

May 1, 2006

"THE CONCEPT of energy as a commodity, while not entirely new, is not as widespread as the importance of the idea to this modern world would lead one to expect. The growth in the supply and use of energy over the past years has been tremendous, but our very closeness and familiarity have somewhat distorted the viewpoint, particularly of the younger generation. To many of us who remember the wonderful satisfaction of our first responsibility for directing two horsepower hitched to a farm cart or hay wagon, there still arises a feeling of some awe at the casual flick of the switch with which our sons and daughters summon to their convenience the service of some one hundred or more horsepower.Energy is the vital component of our existence and, no matter what contempt our day-to-day familiarity may •breed, it is wise to .pause from time to time and consider our national energy standing. Have we still capital in the bank? Are our expenditures wisely •conceived and well directed? Is provision being made for the years •ahead for the needs of our children and our children's children?"

Jan 1, 1953

By R. K. Singhal

Canada is a world class producer and exporter of minerals and mineral products. Today's highly mechanized Canadian open pits use state-of-the-art equipment and support technology. They are taking advantage of larger equipment, including in pit crushing and conveying, truck dispatch systems and electronic management tools. Mine planning is computerized. Environmental issues are dealt with in all phases of planning, and equipment modifications are pursued to keep them functioning in the hostile Canadian north. In 1991, Canada's mineral production (excluding fuels but including coal) totaled $C 16.9 billion, a decline of 13.8% from the 1990 total of $C19.6 billion. It is a major producer of nickel, zinc, asbestos, potash, molybdenum and uranium. Canada is also an important source of copper and iron ore (Fig. 1).

Jan 1, 1995

By Robert B. Parsons

"The Canadian Exploration Incentive Program (CEIP), which was announced by the federal government on May 3, 1988, promises to maintain the viability of flow-through shares as a financing mechanism which has proven to be so crucial to the health of the junior exploration sector. This month, Tax Notes examines, the main features of CEIP, which will come into play on January J, 1989. IntroductionOn May 3,1988, the Honourable Marcel Masse, Minister of Energy Mines & Resources, and the Honourable Gerald Merrithew, Minister of State (Forestry and Mines) announced the Canadian Exploration Incentive Program (CEIP). Under CEIP, the federal government will make cash payments to eligible applicants equal to 30% of eligible exploration expenses. CEIP payments will be available with respect to both mineral, and oil and gas, exploration. In essence, the program will replace the ""mining exploration depletion allowance"" (MEDA) presently applicable to mineral exploration, and the Canadian Exploration and Development Incentive Program (CEDIP) which is presently available to the oil and gas exploration sector.This paper discusses briefly the main features of CEIP insofar as the program will affect mineral exploration. The comments herein are based on the Canadian Exploration Incentive Program Act which received Royal Assent on July 21, 1988, and on a discussion paper which was released by EM&R in May 1988. The bulk of the rules relating to the program will be in the form of regulations which have yet to be finalized. It is understood that EM&R would like to have the regulations in force by October I, 1988, when the oil and gas portion of CEIP becomes effective. (The rules relating to mineral exploration will become effective January I, 1989)."

Jan 1, 1988

By M. K. McMullen

Mineral Development Agreements (MDA?s) are a cooperative mechanism in Canada by which the federal and individual provincial governments can coordinate their scientific, techno- logical and market development resources in order to implement measures designed to stimulate mineral exploration and development by the private sector; the objective, ultimately, being to increase the mineral industry?s contribution to provincial economies. In the latest round of MDA?s, which was initiated in 1984, a significant number of planned activities relate to industrial minerals. This paper will describe the nature and importance of MDA's in Canada and will outline the wide range of activities taking place with respect to industrial minerals.

Jan 1, 1987

By AIME AIME

ASIDE from the annual dinner-dance, the two outstanding social events of the Annual Meeting were the dinner- smoker on Monday night and the informal dance on Tuesday night, both of which were held at the Commodore Hotel. Approximately 400 attended the former event, compared with 570 a year ago, and about 250, people were attracted to the dance.

Jan 1, 1933

By Balmer Neilly

In these days of arrested prosperity, when patience is tried and the future but dimly outlined, Canada's gold mining industry stands out as a beacon light shedding its rays of hope and confidence and demonstrating that there is still one product unaffected by Customs barriers and eagerly sought by all the people of the world. Some other forms of industry have hesitated and side-stepped. Some have cried for help, and in spite of public assistance, generously extended, they are still unable to demonstrate definitely their ability to resume the onward march. But gold mining has never hesitated. As an industry, it has bad an unique experience. When prices are high and conditions are generally referred to as prosperous, this industry is adversely affected. The cost of production goes up; profits are diminished; public sympathy is lacking; and, thrown upon its own resources, the industry tightens up its belt and throws its whole energy into an effort to improve operating conditions, and offset high prices by increased efficiency. When, in due course, depression follows inflation and prices ebb, the gold miner, through necessity, finds himself physically and mentally prepared to meet the situation.

Jan 1, 1932