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Open stoping dimensions are typically controlled by a number of factors including production drilling capacity, scheduling, fill constraints, orebody dimensions and host wall rock conditions. Frequently host wall rock conditions are the key control on stope dimensions. As a new mine is brought into production, there is a steep geotechnical learning curve for those associated with the development of the mine. Initially, the experience and observations gained at other mines is used to guide the stope design. As experience is gained at the new operation, site specific techniques can be validated for use. This has been the case at BHP Cannington, where a heavy emphasis has been placed on the validation of empirical stope stability techniques for site specific conditions and experience. A range of empirical and numerical techniques can be applied during the design of open stopes. The empirical techniques are an experience based application of known performance levels during the design of open stopes. The numerical modelling and structural tools can be used to compliment the empirical techniques so that an understanding can be gained of the likely stress and structurally controlled failure mechanisms.

Jan 1, 2000

By Gennaro G. Marino

Site conditions at several shallow room and pillar mines in Illinois are described and compared with the charac¬teristics of the subsidence profiles at the ground surface. The shape and magnitude of the subsidence profiles were found to be closely related to the thickness of the soil and rock over-burden the percent extraction of the coal, and the shape of mine pillars. The room and pillar mines were located at a shallow depth (from 112 to 220 ft), beneath flat to gently rolling terrain. Thickness of the coal seams ranged from 5 to 9 ft and at all sites was underlain by underclays. This information has been developed in order to improve techniques for evaluating the subsidence potential at sites within the Illinois coal basin. he results presented form a small portion of the work carried out by the University of Illinois with Illinois Abandoned Mined Lands Councils and the U. S. Bureau of Mines at the Minneapolis Research Center in Minnesota (Marino and Mahar, 1985). Presented in the paper are the modes of mine failures observed for Illinois room and pillar mines, an overall summary of the site geologic and mining condi¬tions, case histories of each mode of failure, a comparison of sag profiles, and then an empirical relationship between the site conditions and the maximum sag subsidence. The most ideal case histories are presented to illustrate fundamental behavior. A brief of the Paper is given in a summary and conclusions section.

Jan 1, 1984

By Robert A. Robinson, Steven R. Thompson, Harvey W. Parker

The Mt. Baker Ridge Tunnel, under construction in Seattle, will be the world's largest-diameter soil tunnel with an inside diameter of 19.2 m (63 ft) and an effective outside diameter of about 24.4 m (80 ft). The five-lane highway tunnel will be constructed using a "stacked-drift" scheme in which an articulated or "flexible" tunnel lining consisting of 24 concrete-filled drifts is constructed to form a horizontal compression ring followed by removal of the soil core. Geotechnical factors, including variable strength hard fissured soils, high horizontal stresses, potentially unstable sands, and prior slope instabilities, significantly influenced the innovative design and construction approach.

Jan 1, 1983

Mining of the Martha Hill epithermal gold deposit via open pit methods will excavate a pit to 15 m below sea level. Regular geotechnical evaluations of pit slopes have taken place. Details of the various components of these evaluations, including geological structure, material strength, and groundwater, are covered. Pitwall geological structures are represented clearly on pit floor grade control maps with the dominant sets being steeply dipping strike fractures. Cross cutting shears are common. Material strength is reflected by the oxidation status of the hydrothermally altered host rocks, with weaker material occurring in partially oxidised ground. Regional groundwater is generally high, particularly on the north-eastern side of the pit, where it has been little affected by de-watering. Geological structures appear to control the flow of groundwater in the proximity of pitwalls and require draining by the introduction of horizontal drains. An overview of pit slope design is given. Slopes are designed for overall slope stability, allowing for the occurrence of minor interbench failures.

Jan 1, 1991

By J Hartnett, B Tarrant, A Rayner, D O’Toole, P Davies

Since 2009, the Northern Territory and Australian governments have been working under a national partnership arrangement to inform a rehabilitation plan for the former Rum Jungle uranium mine. Part of the rehabilitation strategy is to backfill a flooded former pit (Pit), which extends down to 100m below the current pit lake surface and was historically partially backfilled with uranium tailings. It is proposed to utilise the remaining pit volume below water level to sub-aqueously store Potentially Acid Forming (PAF-I) waste rock which currently occupies large stockpiles across the site. The rehabilitation design and planning process undertaken to develop a strategy commensurate to project objectives and construction constraints involved the establishment of key constraints derived from the analysis of historic data sources and preliminary design efforts. Tabled strategies were balanced against dependent project tasks and project objectives, especially surrounding minimising disturbance of highly contaminated materials within the Pit. Ideas were developed in conjunction with industry input and review of case histories to develop a remediation solution that is constructible within the project timeframe and constraints.

Jul 1, 2021

By A. G. Pathan

Rock and soil mechanics investigations were carried out in block VIII at Thar Coalfield, Pakistan. Most of the strata were mainly composed of sand, with an average content of 67.68 %. Laboratory studies of rock and soil samples from drill hole GT-01 revealed that the strata in block VIII are very weak with an average uniaxial compressive strength of 3.59 MPa, an average tensile strength of 0.68 MPa, an average Young?s Modulus value of 0.234 GPa, an average cohesion of 129.19 KPa, and an average friction angle of 55.47°. Slope stability analysis, based on a probabilistic approach, was carried out using Slide-V software. Monte Carlo simulations have been applied to investigate the probability of failure in the slopes of an open pit lignite mine in block-VIII. From the slope stability investigation, it was found that the probability of failure is 0 % at a slope angle of 16°.

Aug 1, 2013

By Jahnavi Parmar, Pranav R. T Peddinti, Saloni Pandya, P. S. Prasad

Coastal cities are in desperate need of suitable land to meet the ever-increasing demand for urban infrastructure to support commercial, residential, tourism, and off-shore activities. Countries with a lengthy coastal line, such as India, possess significant areas of wide spread highly saline soils subjected to periodic seawater intrusion. One such soil stratum was encountered at the Gulf of Cambay, Bhavnagar district, Gujarat, India. Due to the high volume of river runoff, the Gulf has a positive water balance. The relative humidity ranges from 65 to 86 percent, making the climate semi-arid to sub-humid. The high salinity, mineral content, basaltic origin, and deeper water table offered the impetus to investigate applicability of various soil treatment options for such saline soils. Admixture stabilization techniques have been shown to help with problematic soil features. The Current study aims to determine effectiveness of addition of locally available lignite fly ash (10% - 30% by weight) and cement (6% - 9% by weight) to Bhavnagar saline soil in respect of strength, electrical conductivity and CBR. In this assessment, a comparison of stabilized and unstabilized saline soil mixtures is expected to highlight the need of understanding influence of treatment on instinctive performance of stabilized saline soils, as well as assist practitioners in efficacious treatment of extreme saline soils for diverse geotechnical and construction applications.

Sep 1, 2022

By Jan A. Nemcik

Steel mesh has been used successfully for many years to control friable roof conditions and prevent loose roof and rib material from caving into the roadway. Despite its extensive use, the installation of steel mesh is difficult to automate and many other products have been evaluated as an alternative for skin control. Ideally, the properties of these new products should be similar or better than those of the steel mesh. In particular, development of a strong and resistant shell that minimizes movement along the fractured rock and coal surfaces between the bolt anchors is recommended. A strong surface adhesion and the strength of a reinforced polymer skin can provide the necessary toughening mechanism required to enhance roadway surface support by forming a reinforced polymer/rock surface layer. Most of the Thin Spray-on Liners (TSL) evaluated in the mines are weak with slow curing times, and the plastic mesh currently used to support the coal ribs is relatively weak. Therefore, neither material can seriously compete with steel mesh. Currently, a new polymer product that cures in seconds and forms an instantaneous strata binder that surpasses the properties of steel mesh is under development at the University of Wollongong.

Jan 1, 2009

By H. Warren Newcomen, Dennis C. Martin

"This paper describes the investigation of a large, progressive slope failure on the southeast wall of the east pit at Highmont Mine, British Columbia Geotechnical investigation s consisted of geological and structural mapping, assessment of blasthole drilling records, review of rock core information, slope movement monitoring and back analysis of various possible failure modes. Climate records and mining history were also assessed to determine their relationship to slope movement .Analysis of movement monitoring records and geotechnical information indicates that the failure is deep seated. The upper portion of the failure surf ace occurs along clay filled discontinuities. The lower portion of the failure surf ace appears to occur through the highly altered rock mass. High groundwater pressures and mining at the toe of the slope are documented to have had a major influence on stability at various times during the failure. Stability analyses results are presented and possible remedial measures are discussed.IntroductionHighmont Mine is located near Logan Lake in the Highland Valley approximately 50 km southwest of Karnloops, British Columbia (Fig. I). Mining of the porphyry copper and molydenum ore bodies began in 1980. In May, 1983, when mining in the east pit had progressed to a depth of about 60 m (200 feet) , a failure (designated the Southeast Failure) began to develop in the southeast corner of the east pit. Subsequent mining to a depth of 110m (360 feet) was accompanied by frequent and substantial slope movements involving between 500000 and I 000 000 m3 of rock . The slope was monitored extensively to assess short-term movement trends for operational safety. Geological mapping, core logging and rock mechanics testing were used in conjunction with the long-term monitoring information to determine the failure mechanism, conduct stability analyses, assess the effects of instability on pit design and enable design and installation of remedial measures."

Jan 1, 1988

By H. Warren Newcomen, Dennis C. Martin

"This paper describes the investigation of a large, progressive slope failure on the southeast wall of the east pit at Highmont Mine, British Columbia Geotechnical investigation s consisted of geological and structural mapping, assessment of blasthole drilling records, review of rock core information, slope movement monitoring and back analysis of various possible failure modes. Climate records and mining history were also assessed to determine their relationship to slope movement.Analysis of movement monitoring records and geotechnical information indicates that the failure is deep seated. The upper portion of the failure surf ace occurs along clay filled discontinuities. The lower portion of the failure surf ace appears to occur through the highly altered rock mass. High groundwater pressures and mining at the toe of the slope are documented to have had a major influence on stability at various times during the failure. Stability analyses results are presented and possible remedial measures are discussed.IntroductionHighmont Mine is located near Logan Lake in the Highland Valley approximately 50 km southwest of Karnloops, British Columbia (Fig. I). Mining of the porphyry copper and molydenum ore bodies began in 1980. In May, 1983, when mining in the east pit had progressed to a depth of about 60 m (200 feet) , a failure (designated the Southeast Failure) began to develop in the southeast corner of the east pit. Subsequent mining to a depth of 110m (360 feet) was accompanied by frequent and substantial slope movements involving between 500000 and I 000 000 m3 of rock . The slope was monitored extensively to assess short-term movement trends for operational safety. Geological mapping, core logging and rock mechanics testing were used in conjunction with the long-term monitoring information to determine the failure mechanism, conduct stability analyses, assess the effects of instability on pit design and enable design and installation of remedial measures."

Jan 1, 1988

Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines Pty Ltd is currently developing the 'Super Pit' gold mine in the mining area known as the Golden Mile adjacent to the city of KalgoorlieBoulder, Western Australia. The presence of numerous abandoned mine workings and complex structural geology has required considerable geotechnical input into the determination of the optimum pit slope geometries for both interim and ultimate pit slopes. Slope design is based on detailed site investigation and stability analysis which is balanced with historical operational experience. This paper discusses the process of determining the optimum pit slope angles for each of the stages of the west wall of the 'Super Pit'. The risks associated with slope instability are discussed for each stage.

Jan 1, 1994

By Randall J. Essex

The Construction Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers recently published the second edition of a 1997 publication on geotechnical baseline reports. The new publication, called Geotechnical Baseline Reports for Construction, Suggested Guidelines, represents a 2-year effort that adds three new chapters to the original publication, as well as capturing practitioner commentary through two industry workshop sessions. The paper will overview the contents of the new publication, particularly the three new chapters.

Jan 1, 2008

By T. Freeman

In the past ten years, the Geotechnical Baseline Report (GBR) has arguably become the key document for tunnel construction. This report not only allocates much of the risk involved with the work, it serves as the basis for bid preparation and is used extensively in resolving disputes during construction. This paper discusses some important issues related to the GBR and presents suggestions for improving these vital reports.

By Bart Bartholomew, Randall J. Essex

INTRODUCTION In June of 2004, at the North American Tunneling Conference in Atlanta, an all-day workshop was conducted to review the application of Geotechnical Baseline Reports (GBRs) for underground construction. The moderator for the program was Bart Bartholomew, former President of Fruin Colnon Construction Company. The program involved commentary by a panel of engineers, owners, contractors, and legal representatives within the North American tunneling industry, as well as an extended audience discussion. The panelists were: Peter Douglass, President, Peter Douglass, Inc. Randall Essex, Executive Vice President, Hatch Mott MacDonald Joseph Gildner, Deputy Director for Technical Services, Sound Transit Randall Hafer, Esq., Kilpatrick Stockton Robert Fitzgerald Esq., Watt, Tieder, Hoffer, & Fitzgerald Kirk Samuelson, Senior Vice President, Kiewit Construction Group DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAM FORMAT The focus of the program was to assess the state of the practice in the preparation of GBRs, and to discuss improvements that could and should be made with regard to their preparation, interpretation, and application. The approach used to achieve this focus in the broadest possible way was unique, in that it involved the panelists’ preparation of the workshop format and materials months before the presentation of the workshop. First, each of the six panelists was selected by the moderator based on their reputation and involvement in their respective fields of expertise, taking care to maintain balance and contrast within the collective pool of talent assembled. Following selection and agreement to serve on the panel, each panelist was asked to independently submit to the moderator a list of the six most pressing issues involving GBRs that they each frequently encountered in their individual professional experience. Each was asked to rank their issues in descending order of perceived importance. This process resulting in a pool of thirty-six potential or “candidate” issues for use in the workshop program. Contrary to the moderator’s expectations, there was surprisingly little duplication among the thirty-six issues submitted.

Jan 1, 2005

By R Rimmelin, C Vergara

Heap leach pads are composed of mined ore, usually crushed, disposed on liners to be processed with leach solutions, and the tail of the process is called “spent ore” which are then transported by conveyor belts to be disposed into dumps. It is often to observe stability problems in these dumps, that could affect the equipment working on it and the continuity of the whole mine process. These problems are related to an excess of water content at the spent ore, therefore the operational efforts are focused onto control this geotechnical parameter.This work presents the results of different geotechnical laboratory testing, using samples of spent ore of a mining operation in the north of Chile. In the last 10 years, 3 campaigns have been made to get samples. Valuable information was obtained to identify how specific operational/metallurgical factors could affect the geotechnical behaviour of the spent ore. Special attention is given to the decision to change the metallurgical process adding salt to the heap leach process and its impact to its hydraulic conductivity.Historically, the process has been based on the leaching of oxides and sulphides materials, in separate campaigns, in which it is possible to observe different geotechnical response in the spent ore generated. Recently, it was implemented a new process in which the materials are blended and salt is added, to improve metallurgical performance in terms of recovery. This change generate impacts in the dump, since the geotechnical parameters are affected; decreasing hydraulic conductivity in about one order of magnitude (explained by the salt added).Changes are shown in the geotechnical parameters of the spent ore, considering that the mining source is the same, and how the operational process and dump design are affected.CITATION:Rimmelin, R and Vergara, C, 2018. Geotechnical behaviour of spent ore – impacts of metallurgical factors, in Proceedings Mine Waste and Tailings Stewardship Conference 2018, pp 369–375 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 23, 2018

By D Anderson, W Timms

"A geotechnical centrifuge can characterise and model the interaction of tailings and fluids over very long time periods by accelerating drainage and consolidation processes. This technology can be considered an environmental ‘time machine’ for designing and evaluating tailings storage projects and verifying numerical models. The Broadbent G-18 geotechnical centrifuge (2 m diameter, up to 875 rev/min) and associated equipment is a unique facility commissioned in 2011 at UNSW Australia for applied research in low-permeability materials such as mine tailings. Two centrifuge modules are available: the permeameter module for characterisation and physical modelling and the strongbox module for physical modelling.This paper presents examples of geotechnical centrifuge applications for the: consolidation of slurries and dewatering design of earthen barriers compatible with tailings chemistry prediction of contaminant mobility. The specifications and capability of the UNSW Australia geotechnical centrifuge and associated instrumentation is also presented, along with preliminary analysis of the confidence intervals associated with permeability testing of a set of samples of varying heterogeneity. Drainage velocity through a mine tailings sample increases linearly with g-level in the centrifuge permeameter until tailings consolidation occurs. Alternatively, geotechnical centrifuge experiments can be designed to limit consolidation so as to quantify permeability changes that may occur with geochemical interactions between fluids and mine tailings or earthen containments. Reactive solute transport through mine tailings can be simulated at realistic solid:liquid ratios when chemical equilibrium is maintained during geotechnical centrifuge testing. Carefully designed physical models of tailings disposal tested at accelerated gravity can therefore provide a realistic evaluation of tailings consolidation and drainage and the potential for subsurface migration of contaminants from mine tailings over long time periods.CITATION:Timms, W and Anderson, D, 2015. Geotechnical centrifuge technology for characterising the interaction of tailings and pore water over decadal time periods, in Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste Management for the 21st Century, pp 247–252 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jul 27, 2015

By Gautam Benerjee, Veera Reddy Boothukuri, Bhattacharjee Ram Madhav, Panigrahi Durga Charan

"India’s tryst with mechanized longwall coal mining started with the introduction of the first self-advancing powered support longwall (PSLW) face at Moonidih Colliery of Jharia Coalfield in 1978 and at Godavarikhani (GDK)7 Incline of Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) in 1983. During the last 37 years, about 30 longwall units in Coal India, Ltd., (CIL) and 10 longwall units in SCCL have been introduced with powered roof supports of varying capacity, ranging from 280 to 800 tonnes, in many mines in India under varying geological and geotechnical conditions. The majority of the longwall faces in India have been worked under relatively shallow cover (up to 200m), and significant strata control problems have been encountered due to poor caveability of the roof, inadequate capacity of the supports, a lack of knowledge on longwall caving mechanisms, less than adequate strata monitoring systems, and the non-availability of quality spare parts, etc. This has resulted in structural damage to supports and increased downtime of the equipment, thereby making longwall mining in India a case of technology failure. Energy demand for a developing country like India with a population of 1.2 billion is huge, and the thrust on increasing coal production continues. However, the share of coal production from underground mines in India continues to decline (current share is around 6%) because of absence of successful mass production technology in underground coal mining. Under this backdrop, a high-capacity longwall with state-of-the-art technology was introduced in 2014 at Adriyala Longwall Project (ALP) of SCCL for the first time in Indian Coal Mining Industry. The first longwall panel (LWP) has been completed successfully. This paper highlights the major geotechnical challenges encountered during development of the longwall gate roads due to the presence of two overlying clay bands, significant in-situ horizontal stresses and the experience of using rigid (welded) steel wire mesh with resin-anchored roof bolts. Efforts have been made to analyze longwall weighting and caving behavior, such as main and periodic weightings, the effect of front and side abutment pressures, and the behavior of gate roadway support systems under immediate friable weak roof with overlying massive sandstone."

Jan 1, 2017

Subsurface development requires some geotechnical conditions and challenges. Most of then are related to the compatibility between tunnelling system and surrounded ground conditions, and design criteria. Design criteria usually involve lining pressure and ground control of displacements. In order to fulfil these requirements, geotechnical parameters have to be obtained as well as construction aspects have to be taken into account for predicting the tunnel behaviour. The Brasilia Metro is presented as a case history illustrating the geotechnical conditions and challenges for its implementation. It is 42 km long, including tunnels excavated in collapsible porous soils by the New Austrian Tunnelling Method. The Brasilia porous clay presents some characteristics, which may lead to large deformations due to structural collapse. Empirical methods were calibrated for collapsible porous soils and then applied to predict tunnelling-induced settlements. Settlements due to soil structural collapse modify completely the expected settlement profile, increasing their values from the tunnel crown to the ground surface. Consequently, surface settlement trough volumes were also greater than the ground losses around the tunnel. In this case history, structural collapse of porous soils played an important role and must have been taken into account to predict correctly the settlement trough and profile. Numerical simulation has shown that settlement magnitudes due to structural collapse are strongly dependent on the soil stiffness reduction after collapse and the extent of the collapsible zone.

Jan 1, 1999

By D. Stone

"The Beal Mountain mine near Anaconda, Montana, is an interesting case history of a mine that has continued operations despite several large pit wall failures over a period of approximately 10 years. The largest event involved some 3.9 million tons of rock that has moved steadily at a rate of about 0.05 ft/day since 1992. This paper documents the geotechnical instrumentation and monitoring programs implemented at Beal to provide the company with a comfortable baseline that supported ongoing operations. The success and failure of a variety of stabilization measures will be discussed, along with typical instrumentation responses for several significant events. The success of Beal Mountain serves as a good model for mines faced with serious geotechnical challenges."

Jan 1, 2002

By A B. Bayooke, A C. Robertson

In terms of underground tunnelling in metres advance per capita, Australasia compares well with the best world performers. This is because of the large number of metalliferous mines, coalmines and civil tunnelling projects, with the Australian tunnel advance for civil and mining projects exceeding 625?km/a. In terms of hard rock quarry extraction, Australia produces approximately 200?Mt/a of aggregates, roadbase, fill material and specialist rock products from its quarries, which equates to approximately 8?t/capita. Australian mining and tunnelling contractors are also of world standard and are used to excavating in a variable range of ground conditions in a competitive environment. One author has been involved in tunnel and underground space planning and quarrying in Australia for the past 25 years and predicts that, over the next 20 years, there will be a major swing towards underground space for commercial uses. This paper identifies the potential uses of underground commercial excavation and the planning and geotechnical challenges for the future. Underground quarrying creates new opportunities to extend existing quarries within their urban footprint with minimum impact on the surrounding community. Investigations by the authors reveal that there are very few cities in the world that actually incorporate underground space planning in their city plans. However, cities such as Helsinki have been planned in detail to utilise the rock resources beneath them. Brisbane is used as a case study for a practical application of commercial underground space and underground quarrying in Australia.CITATION:Bayooke, A B and Robertson, A C, 2014. Geotechnical challenges for underground commercial space and quarrying in Australia, in Proceedings AusRock 2014: Third Australasian Ground Control in Mining Conference , pp 317–322 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 5, 2014