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NORTH AMERICA Number Members Alaska 43 Canada 340 Mexico 205 Newfoundland 4 United States Alabama 39 Arizona 120 Arkansas 11 California 699 Colorado 168 Connecticut 89 Delaware 18 District of Columbia 140 Florida 20 Georgia 6 Idaho 78 Illinois 214 Indiana 77 Iowa 12 Kansas 24 Kentucky 33

Jan 1, 1936

ALABAMA Alabama City.-Eddy, L. Altoona.-Cain, J. America.-Foreman, J. T. Anniston.-Foster, R. N. Ashland.-Sturdevant, J. C. Bessemer.-Ball, E. M. Calhoun, F. W. Maschmeyer, W. L. McKenzle, W. C., Jr. Birmingham.-Abbott, C. E. Aldrich, T. H. Aldrich, T. H, Jr. Ashton, J J.

Jan 1, 1923

By LEWIS F. THOMAS

MINING geologists and mining engineer, rarely give due thought to the geography of mining deposits. They realize, it is true that what may be ore in one place would be only worthless rock in another because f the in accessibility of a smelter r a market; and they may consider the lack of a supply of labor, or water, or power to carry on operations. But they do not think (of these things in terms of geography. Geography may be defined as the science of relationships between earth and man, so geographers are vitally interested in the how and why of mining as it is carried on at different place, having entirely different environment-. Such environments are geographic complexes or composites of natural and cultural elements, which are listed and briefly discussed in the following paragraphs.

Jan 1, 1941

By S Talu, E Savage, S Howe

Major falls of ground, strainbursts, airblast and mudrush events are the major hazards in block caving environments, resulting in both safety and financial consequences and losses. Rio Tinto mines have developed strategies to reduce the likelihood of these events occurring. However, until recently, there have been no tools available to monitor and manage these hazards in real time.Mira Geoscience and Rio Tinto have collaborated to develop real-time geohazmaps to monitor and manage major cave hazards. These geohazmaps are used by mine planners to integrate multiple hazard parameters that contribute to form a combined hazard rating.The benefits of implementing geohazmaps include safety and cost improvements through the early identification of potential locations for major events. These cost savings are realised in the design phase, where development and critical infrastructure is located in areas of lower hazard rating. Additional improvements can be achieved by taking the hazard level into consideration when planning the production and development schedules and ground support design.CITATION:Talu, S, Savage, E and Howe, S, 2016. Geohazmap implementation in block cave mines, in Proceedings Seventh International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining (MassMin 2016), pp 817–822 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2016

By Angelus S. C. Owili-Eger

The investigation into the hydrologic and hydrogeochemical influence of longwall coal mining in the Appalachian coal basin was under- taken in response to the need to technically address problems of damaged or impaired well yields, and quality deterioration. Prior to this study, issues regarding reduced aquifer yields and degraded water quality had to be handled in a very qualitative manner. Such an approach would, in the long run, claim a heavy toll on the mining industry. The primary objective of this undertaking, therefore, was to provide sufficient and reliable information base for the determination of the local and possibly the regional effects of longwall mining on well yields, and the hydraulic and hydrogeochemical parameters of the immediate surface and subsurface water systems. Specifically, the program was designed to supply definitive data to answer the following series of questions: 1. Does longwall mining affect the quantity and quality of water in local wells above and adjacent to longwall panels and barrier pillars? 2. If the water quality is affected as soon as mining takes place, does it heal? or if it is not affected immediately, does it change over a longer period of time? 3. How do the aquifer water transmitting characteristics respond to induced physical ad hydrologic variations? 4. What is the extent of the various changes in quantity and quality of the water resources? 5. Should and can standard hydrologic evaluation techniques be used to determine the hydraulic properties of highly fractured zones located within a larger and less permeable aquifer?

Jan 1, 1983

By M. Portal, L. Goicochea

This study is carried out in the Zenit mining concession, which is located in the city of San Pablo in the department of Cajamarca in Peru. The Project has 33 mineralized structures and according to laboratory analyzes we have the presence of gold and silver. The geostatistical evaluation provides an analysis on the distribution of precious metals in the vein. This information is used to improve the efficiency of metal extraction and to reduce costs. The general objective is to evaluate the polymetallic veins (Au and Ag), for which the classification of resources (measured, indicated, and inferred) has been carried out, taking into account the parameters of minimum distance from the composite, corresponding volume and tonnage calculation. In addition, an inventory of estimated geological resources was carried out with the block grades obtained to generate the tonnage-grade curves.

Feb 1, 2024

By Maurizio Siepi

The realisation of most of the civil engineering works is subordinate to the execution of consolidation works, in order to improve the soil physical-mechanics characteristics. The works classifiable with the term "Soil Improvement" can be realised using several technologies, among which the Deep Mixing Method is distinguished for his remarkable flexibility and productivity characteristics. The Deep Mixing Method is a process whereby a rotary drilling machine mechanically drills a constant diameter hole while cement slurry is injected into the soil at high pressure. The process combines state of the art construction techniques merging mechanical and hydraulic mixing energies at the tool bit. The result is a soil-cement column of engineered strength, consistency and dimension. Whereby the soil cement column formation process is controlled by a computerised device, the result is a speedy installation, thorough mixing, and a high degree of control, repeatability and documentation.

Jan 1, 2002

The ability to track miners and communicate with them while they work in underground coal mines is important during normal daily operation, and critical in emergency conditions. This was evident during recent incidents at underground coal mines worldwide. Communication with miners and the knowledge of their location is of great importance for rescue efforts and the preservation of life. Numerous technologies have been developed, adapted and deployed to meet tracking requirements of the Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response (MINER) Act of 2006. Evaluating the performance of these systems has proven to be dif?cult for mine operators, system manufacturers and regulatory agencies. The MINER Act requires operators to improve accident preparedness by developing an emergency response plan speci?c to each mine. With the recent implementation of the provisions of the MINER Act of 2006, all underground coal mines in the United States are subject to the mandates of legislation concerning communication and tracking system installation. As of June 2011, 203 new or revised tracking and/or communication systems had been approved by the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), with nearly 50 other systems or revisions in the approval process (MSHA, 2011). At that time, the available approved systems for underground coal mine use included these types: ? Leaky feeder communication systems. ? Fixed node-based communications and/or tracking systems. ? Wireless node-based communications and/or tracking systems. ? Medium frequency (MF) communication systems. ? Communication system peripherals. Other types of tracking systems have since been developed and some manufacturers are seeking approval for use in this application. Some of the new products include through-the-earth (TTE) systems and various radio frequency (RF) adaptations. New technologies that are currently being developed and deployed in other industrial applications should also be considered, including acoustical, optical, inertial and hybrid technologies. To date, no uniform method has been employed in the industry to effectively compare and evaluate the performance of installed systems. Neither industry operators nor regulatory agencies can accurately assess the capabilities of installed systems in the continuously changing mine environment. There is a need for a uniform evaluation method that provides the ability to assess how different systems and technologies perform in various mining applications, and whether they can satisfy the regulatory requirements.

The ability to track miners and communicate with them while they work in underground coal mines is important during normal daily operations, and critical in emergency conditions. As was evident during recent incidents at underground coal mines worldwide, communication with miners and the knowledge of their location is of great importance for rescue efforts and the preservation of life. Numerous technologies have been developed, adapted, and deployed to meet tracking requirements of the Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response (MINER) Act. Evaluating the performance of these systems has proven to be difficult for mine operators, system manufacturers, and regulatory agencies. The MINER Act of 2006 requires operators to improve accident preparedness by developing an emergency response plan specific to each mine. With the recent implementation of the provisions of the MINER Act of 2006, all underground coal mines in the United States are subject to the mandates of legislation concerning communication and tracking system installation. As of June 2011, 203 new or revised tracking and/or communication systems had been approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), with nearly 50 other systems or revisions in the approval process (MSHA, 2011). At that time, the available approved systems for underground coal mine use included these types: ? Leaky Feeder Communication Systems ? Fixed Node-Based Communications and/or Tracking Systems ? Wireless Node-Based Communications and/or Tracking Systems ? Medium Frequency (MF) Communication Systems ? Communication System Peripherals Other types of tracking systems have since been developed and some manufacturers are seeking approval for use in this application. Some of the new products include Through-the-Earth (TTE) systems and various radio frequency (RF) adaptations. New technologies that are currently being developed and deployed in other industrial applications should also be considered, including acoustical, optical, inertial, and hybrid technologies To date, no uniform method has been employed in the industry to effectively compare and evaluate the performance of installed systems. Neither industry operators nor regulatory agencies can accurately assess the capabilities of installed systems in the continuously changing mine environment. There is need for a uniform evaluation method that provides the ability to assess how different systems and technologies perform in various mining applications, and whether they can satisfy the regulatory requirements.

Feb 23, 2014

By O. H. Rostad

The importance of geology in ore reserve estimation has been stated by several authors. King et, a1 (1982) reported that the geological factor was the key deficiency where serious weaknesses in ore reserve estimation appeared, especially in grade. The foundation for a successful mining operation is an ore reserve estimate that neither overstates nor understates the true situation as to tonnage and grade. Overestimation of reserves can have devastating economic results. Overestimation of tonnage may lead to wasting money on an overbuilt plant or worse yet, if grade is seriously overestimated also, to undertaking an operation that is doomed to economic failure from the outset. Understated ore reserves can result in building a plant that is smaller than optimum which may result in higher unit costs. At worst, understated tonnage of ore reserves can result in a missed opportunity for a profitable operation. Failure of the ore reserve estimator to properly take into account all geologic and allied factors pertaining to the deposit can result in an ore reserve estimate that is overstated either as to tonnage or grade or both. This paper will focus on these factors and will not discuss rules about distances above or below a drift that should be given a classification of proven or probable, etc. Each deposit has its own particular characteristics which often require modification of general rules for defining limits of proven and probable ore blocks that work satisfactorily in another deposit. A number of references are included which discuss some of these problems. Definitions of ore reserve classifications and an illustration are given in the Appendix.

Jan 1, 1985

By William Ives

My presentation is from the viewpoint of the industrial mineral geologist, which is a relatively rare breed. Very few geologists become involved with industrial minerals for two reasons, I think: (1) Much of the industry utilizing non-metallic minerals has developed without the use of geologists in the begin¬ning and many of the management people, who generally derive from the processing plant supervision, tend to take raw materials for granted; and (2) non-metallic minerals are a very insignificant part of the curriculum of virtually all colleges granting a geology degree. One learns about the geology of industrial minerals by working with it. This "on-the-job-training" is probably best because it brings the geologist into close quarters with the production people and the production process. And the industrial minerals field has a distinctiveness when compared with the petroleum or metal mining field in that each deposit can yield a material differing in some aspect from that in any other or within the same deposit. The petroleum from a well in a given field will be similar to that from any other well, but a limestone on one side of a hill can differ signifi¬cantly in elemental composition, calcinability, soundness, specific gravity, or some other factor from the same ledge on the other side of the hill. This characteristic of almost certain variability creates problems sooner or later and provides for much of the employment of industrial mineral geologists. My job seen from the viewpoint of management is "Find us some rock we can extract and process at a profit." The industrial non-metallic geologist has much the same problems and approach as a detective. I do not mean the TV variety with the big mouths and the unfailing knack of spotting the wanted criminal immediately in a city of ten million people. Any real detective will tell you it takes leg-work, knowhow, and persistence to make a case. The same is true for the geologist who finds rock which can be quarried at a profit. I am responsible for finding raw materials for a company which manufactures portland cement and

Jan 1, 1977

By William S. Hallager

Banded ironstone and associated fine-grained carbonaceous sediments near Jardine, Montana, are enriched in gold, arsenic, and tungsten. The mineralized sediments lie within a thick sequence of quartz-mica schists cut by a 2.6 b.y, granite. Surface, underground, and drill hole mapping are used to construct structure contour maps of individual ironstone lenses. Each lens is then unfolded by triangulation of minimum surface path distances between drill hole penetration points. Major and minor element abundances in composite ironstone samples are interrelated through R-mode factor analysis. Results indicate five significant element groupings thought to reflect coarse detrital, fine detrital, sulfide-rich chemical, iron-rich chemical, and epiclastic ultramafic sediment. Ultramafic factor scores are highest in a previously undefined rock type rich in cummingtonite, biotite, and chlorite; lacking in quartz; and closely associated with at least one ore horizon. Detrital dilution of ironstone, calculated from chromium and nickel content, drops off significantly as ore-bearing ironstone is approached. This observation may indicate that centers of gold precipitation have protected themselves, either topographically or by rapid deposition, from detrital contamination. Gold mineralization correlates most strongly with the sulfide- rich factor. Gold may have been introduced through hotspring activity as a bisulfide complex.

Jan 1, 2013

By James W. Clark, William C. Dixon, Kevin L. Wiley, Thomas R. Couzens

This paper is a description of certain geologic aspects of the Inspiration mining operation. It is not a geologic description of the Inspiration deposit nor an exposition of all the geologic work. Involved in the development and exploitation of the deposit. A few specific examples of the application of geology and geostatistics to the mining process are given to illustrate the progress that has been made in making the Inspiration Mine more efficient and cost effective, and a statement of the philosophy of geologic applications is offered.

Jan 1, 1985

By James W. Clark

This paper is a description of certain geologic aspects of the Inspiration mining operation. It is not a geologic description of the Inspiration deposit nor an exposition of all the geologic work involved in the development and exploitation of the deposit. A few specific examples of the application of geology and geostatistics to the mining process are given to illustrate the progress that has been made in making the Inspiration Mine more efficient and cost effective, and a statement of the philosophy of geologic applications is offered.

Jan 1, 1984

By A. V. Henry

THE kaolins of the southeastern United States were known to civiliza-tion as early as the latter part of the eighteenth century-and yet the GEORGIA PRODUCTION UNITED STATES PRODUCTION IMPORTS Fig. 1.-KAOLIN PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS. commercial history of Georgia kaolins may be said to begin in the year 1900. The U. S. Bureau of Mines reported for that year a production of 6885 tons of "miscellaneous" clays in Georgia. A comparison of these figures with those of 1934, when the production rose to 284,556 tons (65 per cent of the domestic production), indicates the growing economic and technologic importance of this raw material. Fig. 1 clearly shows that a part of the increase is due to a normal growth in the use of kaolinitic clays and a part is due to replacement of clays formerly imported.

Jan 1, 1937

By Ramon LaRusso, Frank Wheby, Richard Acker

Field investigations and office studies were used to develop criteria and cost parameters related to the geologic aspects of the proposed project. These results were employed in optimization of layouts and comparison of alternative schemes, leading to selection of the recommended program. Study of project features included the development of subsurface shafts, tunnels, and mined storage areas, and the utilization of existing surface quarries. These project features were proposed for construction within the bedrock units underlying Chicago. Principal geologic considerations included bedrock structure, stratigraphic sequence of units, rock competence and uniformity, and requirements for aquifer protection. All geologic factors were interrelated with other project considerations such as surface hydrology, hydraulics, and urban setting. Data for analyses was acquired through an exploration program conducted intermittently between 1967 and 1971, in addition to that already available through numerous explorations and well constructions in the project area. The exploration program included seismic surveying, core drilling, geophysical borehole logging, and water pressure testing of boreholes, and water well drilling and testing. Extensive laboratory tests were conducted on core samples. The data formed the basis of studies enabling the formulation of preliminary design and siting criteria resulting in construction cost evaluation.

Jan 1, 1997

By Maurice Deul

Certain health and safety hazards occur entirely unexpectedly in some subterranean excavations. Although ground support is not the subject of this paper, ground failure can result in large and often uncontrolled flow of fluids into an excavation. Even when there is no ground failure, the disturbance of nature's equilibrium between rock or unconsolidated alluvium or rubble and the contained fluids poses severe problems to a well planned operation. Optimum conditions for safe operation cannot be the sole criterion for site selection. Some mineral deposits form in zones of structural weakness, others form where hydrothermal alteration substantially weakens the enclosing rock, and tabular deposits such as coal and evaporites inevitably undermine large areas. Excavation to acquire mineral values cannot be relocated. The same is often true for tunnels driven to connect distant points by the most direct route. Rivers and mountains cannot he avoided, and the cost of lengthening a tunnel--by even a fraction of a percent--must be strongly justified. No responsible engineer will knowingly select a dangerous route for excavation, but to what extent do engineers attempt to assess the health and safety hazards that may be reasonably expected? How, specifically, can methane explosions, water and sand flooding, dangerous dusts, toxic gases, thermal shock and radar poisoning be eliminated or minimized through systematic advance planning?

Jan 1, 1974

By E. D. Attanasi

Geologic resource assessments describe the location, general characteristics, and estimated volumes of resources, whether in-situ or technically recoverable. Such compilations are only an initial step in economic resource evaluation. Forecasts that assume that resources that exist in nature can be commercially produced as needed ignore economic constraints. This paper identifies, by example, the salient features of a geologic assessment that will assure its usefulness for economic analysis. These features are demonstrated with examples of coal resource assessments and coal bed gas assessments.

Jan 1, 2001

By Stephen J. Harven

Geologic conditions in eight northern operating sections of Jane Mine, Keystone Coal Mining Complex. Armstrong County, Pennsylvania are defined by utilizing drillhole data and underground geologic mapping. Three of the eight sections are experiencing difficult mining conditions in the Shelocta "0" coal seam (formerly the Lower Freeport). The five remaining productive sections will exhaust their reserves within one year. Coordinating mine planning with future production levels is aided by indicating areas that appear favorable and lack the geologic conditions that cause difficult mining. Roof rock 1 ithologies, lithologic variations in and below the floor, jointing, overburden thickness, coal splits, paleochannels. and clay veins are the principal geologic factors believed to influence mining conditions in Jane Mine. Careful definition of each cause allows for a reasonable assessment of future mining conditions.

Jan 1, 1987

By Robert A. Bauer

Introduction A longwall mining demonstration currently in progress in the Herrin (No.6) Coal Member near Benton, Illinois, involves the extraction of three adjacent panels by the longwall method. The first panel was completed in May, 1977. The Illinois State Geological Survey is involved in this project for two reasons: (1) to detail the geology of the roof and relate the geologic features to the behavior of the roof during mining operations, and (2) to study the nature and occurrence of coal balls (carbonate petrifactions of peat) encountered during this demonstration. General Geology of Area The stratigraphic sequence of beds immediately above the No. 6 Coal in this area, ranging from oldest to youngest, is: gray shale (Energy Shale Member), black carbonaceous shale (Anna Shale Member), and argillaceous limestone (Brereton Limestone Member) (figure 1). In some areas of the mine, where one of these units may rest directly on the coal, one or more of the members is absent from the stratigraphic sequence. The nature of roof for the area is shown in figure 2. It is greatly exaggerated in the vertical direction. The Walshville Channel, 11.3 km west of this mine, was a river at least in part deposited at the same time as the coal. The gray shale wedge on top of the coal, which thins away from the channel, is thought to represent an overbank deposit of mud from the channel. The next layer deposited on top of the gray shale, and on the coal not covered by gray shale, is the black carbonaceous shale, believed to represent a mud deposited in a brackish environment. The area where the roof lithologies change rapidly from one shale to

Jan 1, 1977