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By S. R. L. Harding

"Introduction0N MAY 2th, 1953, Socony Seaboard Pembina No. 1 well, located 70 miles west-southwest of Edmonton, was completed as a producer of high-gravity oil from the Cretaceous Cardinm sand. This event is possibly the most significant in the development of the oil industry in Western Canada since the Devonian discovery at Leduc in 1947. The result of the Pembina discovery and the follow-up drilling has been a tremendous increase in interest in the Cardium formation.Descriptions of the Cardium formation, as it occurs in the 'Central Foothills' and in the 'Southern British Columbia Foothills' have been presented by R. E. Folinsbee (9)-and C. R. Stelck (21), respectively. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the more regional aspects of the subject.The name Cardium was first used .as a stratigraphic term in 1863. Dr. James Hector ( l2), geologist attached to Captain John Palliser's exploratory expedition, gave the name 'Cardium to the whole section of marine Cretaceous beds exposed along the Bow river west of Calgary."

Jan 1, 1955

By Terry Gerritsen, Sylvain Picard, Bruce MacKay

Virtually all new technologies require a control system. Any intense process has many process variables that react quickly making manual control difficult. Control system design has a significant impact on the success of a plant especially during ramp-up. New technology projects are particularly sensitive to control system design as the process response is unknown. This paper discusses the important factors encountered in the design of a control system for a new technology. Examples are given of successful new technology plant start-ups where tight coordination of the process control system implementation, process design and selection major equipment led to rapid ramp-ups.

Jan 1, 2011

By M. Somppi, Z. Yamak

"Gold producers invest significant effort in mining, processing, and creating an intermediate gold doré product. Nonetheless, equal effort should be extended to the final handling and processing of the doré bar, and managing the high-purity gold produced at the fine-gold toll refiner. This detailed attention to bullion handling and refining provides rigor and confidence that the mine site is achieving, through fair and controlled methodology, the most appropriate value for the final product. With the above in mind, the following study explores the importance of preparing a set of site best-practices for bullion handling and specifically, detailing the peculiarities of sampling methodologies and the impact on assays.INTRODUCTION Gold and silver handling practices are common place at mine sites and refineries. The practices include but are not limited to smelting, ingot casting, weighing practices, and secure transportation. Proper handling and processing of the bullion material ensures that the mine site is achieving the true value of the final product. Various handling aspects can critically impact the perceived value of the bullion. A few of these particulars include weight tracking, scale recertification and calibration, refining and melting practices, melt temperature measurement, sampling, pouring, bar cleaning, furnace technology and crucible selection, and assaying. Nevertheless, this report discusses and focuses on the importance of proper sampling and molten-metal temperature measurement and their potential impact on the final doré bar value. Refining or re-melting operations achieve a proper measure of the precious metal content of its bullion when the sample accurately represents the whole bar. At first this task appears seemly straightforward, however, taking a representative sample can be challenging and is also one of the most important tasks for valuing gold during the settlement stage at the precious metal refinery. Various bullion sampling methodologies exist; including: dip sampling, granulation, drilling, cutting, and vacuum pin sampling. The Royal Canadian Mint (2009) indicated in their technical review of refinery operations that pin sampling is one of the best methods for cases where representative sampling and accuracy are required, e.g. to determine the payable metal content. Pin sampling consists of inserting a sealed glass vacuum tube (Figure 1) into the molten metal; when the molten metal contacts a purposely-designed weak portion of the glass, the seal breaks and the metal is suctioned into the hollow centre (Figure 2)."

Jan 1, 2018

By Denis Yaychuk, Gary Billingsley

The economic eva luation of a mineral property or mining venture should include the quantification of ri k as part of the analy is. The re ults of such an analysis provide the decision-makers not only with the most likely financial outcome and the probability of achieving that or any other outcome. but al o with a ranki ng of the relative impact of all the ri sk factors. These type of resu lts offer more complete information for investment and technical deci ions than the traditional cash flow/ ensitivity analysis. In addi tion. by attempting to quantify ri sk. the personnel providing the va ri able input are forced to take a much clo e r look at the data involved, and are fo rced to work together. the reby increa ing substantially the awa reness of the impact their work and others· work has on th e outcome of the analysis.

Jan 1, 1986

By K. Lascelles

ABSTRACT Nickel compounds vary significantly in their toxicological properties, so it is critical that continuing studies to accurately quantify worker exposures consider the processing that accompanies refining nickel-containing materials. The Clydach nickel refinery, which has operated for more than 100 years, was the first nickel-producing facility to show a high risk for lung and nasal-sinus cancers among workers employed since it opened in 1902. Process chemistry and equipment have changed dramatically over Clydach’s history. This paper describes the processing evolution at Clydach with a focus on the propensity for aerosol formation and the forms of nickel in airborne dusts.

Jan 1, 2013

By W. O. Karvinen

"In the Timmins area, a close spatial and chronological association exists between gold deposits and two major stratabound carbonate-rich members and related quartz-feldspar porphyries. Synvo/canic and metamorphogenic are the two main types of mineralization recognized. Synvolcanic ores include the stratiform quartz-ankerite ""veins"", pyritic carbonates and chert-carbonate-tuff sedimentary rocks and epigenetic ventrelated breccias and stringer zones. Metamorphogenic ores consist of quartz-carbonate fracture fillings in dilatant zones developed during various phases of regional deformation and metamorphism. They are classically epigenetic in character.The evidence suggests a primary syngenetic enrichment of gold on the ocean floor and in vent areas during submarine felsic volcanism and related exhalative-hydrothermal activity followed by further enrichment into quartz-carbonate stockworks during regional deformation and greenschist metamorphism.Although normally thin (a few hundred metres), carbonate members in Archean volcanic terrain represent intense hydrothermal activity which could have transported and enriched gold. They should be used to locate fossil vents and structurally favourable zones where economic concentrations of gold may be found."

Jan 1, 1982

By M. Holmes, R. Molnar, E. Norton, K. Baxter, J. Riordan

The Boleo Copper-Cobalt-Zinc-Manganese Project of Baja Mining Corp. is situated adjacent to Santa Rosalia on the Baja Peninsula of Mexico. The El Boleo ore is a mixed oxide-sulfide deposit with major values in copper, cobalt, zinc and manganese. The metallurgical process designed to treat the El Boleo orebody involves a sulfuric acid leach in seawater using oxidative and then reductive leaching to maximize metal extraction. The leach solution is separated from the barren solids via counter current washing through a series of high rate thickeners. Copper is recovered using conventional SX-EW processing as cathode. Zinc and cobalt are extracted from the copper SX raffinate after iron and aluminum precipitation. The CSIRO DSX solvent system (Versatic® 10 and LIX® 63 mixture) are used in this extraction. Manganese remains in the DSX raffinate and is recovered by soda ash addition as a high quality manganese carbonate precipitate. Zinc and cobalt are acid stripped from the loaded DSX solvent. Zinc is then re-extracted away from cobalt using Cyanex® 272 extractant and stripped into a highly concentrated strip liquor (+100 g/L Zn) and directed to either a spray dryer or a granulator for production of zinc sulfate monohydrate. The zinc solvent extraction raffinate, containing cobalt, advances to another SX circuit using Cyanex® 272, for the recovery of cobalt as cobalt cathode. In this paper, the detailed results from bench and integrated pilot plant testing for zinc recovery from the El Boleo ore will be described. The results of this testing are currently being used to engineer the commercial plant at El Boleo.

Jan 1, 2008

By B. W. Steele

"Dofasco began operations in 1912 as a steel foundry located in Hamilton, Ontario. Today, Dofasco is a fully integrated mill that manufactures hot rolled, cold rolled, galvanized and tinplate steels. Customers include the automotive, construction, tubular, manufacturing, appliance, packaging and steel ser-vice centre industries. Raw steel production and purchased semi-finished steel processed in1994 was 3.5 million net tonnes. Dofasco employs 7300 people at its Hamilton facility.Environmental management at Dofasco is guided by its environment policy and associated commitments. This paper discusses Dofasco’s responsibility for its products as it relates to these commitments. Dofasco is com-mitted to:n the principles of sustainable development that require that activities be conducted in a manner that provides for the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. These principles will be integrated into product design, manufacturing and business planning;n managing renewable and non-renewable resources through the responsible application of reduce, reuse, and recycle principles;n minimizing any potential impact of its operations and products on the environment, employees, customers and the community;n continuous improvement of the effectiveness and integrity of our environmental management systems;n developing understanding among all employees about their responsibilities, and assigning the necessary authority; andn meeting the standards set by relevant legislation and international agreements through participation with governments and the diligent application of economically feasible and scientifically sound methods and technologies."

Jan 1, 1996

By Margaret Anne Stephenson

While the concepts of Aboriginal title share a similar jurisprudence in both Australia and Canada resource development regimes on Aboriginal title lands differ significantly. In Australia, the process is the right to negotiate with mining proponents. In Canada, the process is the duty to consult with government regarding mining projects. This paper compares and assesses the processes for ?consultation and negotiation? with Indigenous peoples when development actions (particularly in the context of mining resource development) impact Indigenous property rights and how agreement making can be progressed. This paper will question whether the resource development processes afford Indigenous people?s property rights full respect when mining developments on Indigenous lands are proposed.

Aug 1, 2013

By B. R. List, E. R. F. Lord

The Syncrude open pit mine, located near Fort McMurray in northeastern Alberta, produces approximately 410 000 tonnes of oil sand feed daily, which, after undergoing a bitumen extraction phase, generates approximately 315000 tonnes of tailings solids daily. The tailings are used to hydraulically construct containment dykes and supporting beaches of the storage facilities. Tailings deposition commenced in May 1978 with the commissioning of the Mildred Lake Settling Basin which is currently composed of approximately 600M m3of solid sand approximately 300M m3of contained fluids with fine tailings in suspension for consolidation. Two other storage facilities, commissioned over the past six years, have been developed to store sand and consolidated fine tailings referred to as mature fine tailings. Fine tailings reduction initiatives being developed will be successful in reducing future production of fine tailings volume by 20%. These initiatives include spiking (addition of fine tailings to coarse tailings lines for deposition), composite tailings (addition of gypsum to promote consolidation) and freeze/thaw dewatering, also to promote consolidation. The mandate of research efforts is to enhance tailings disposal and to develop economical and technically feasible reclamation initiatives. Final tailings landscapes will be geotechnically stable and ecologically productive to minimize or eliminate long-term liability. This technical paper will review the design philosophies of the current facilities and provide an overview of the areas of continuous improvement in the field of tailings management practices through the concerted research efforts and their implementation.

Jan 1, 1997

By N. W. Hendry

ABSTRACT Exploration by geophysical methods and diamond drilling of an occurrence of chrysotile asbestos, located ten miles east of Matheson, Ontario, was commenced on March 25th, 1949, by the Canadian Johns-Manville Company, Limited. The asbestos is associated with a narrow sill-like body of basic and ultrabasic rocks which strikes northwesterly across portions of Munro and Beatty townships. To date, asbestos zones of commercial interest, many hundreds of feet in length, width, and depth, have been outlined by diamond drilling along a 2-mile length of serpentine. The fractures occupied by the asbestos veins are closely associated with the regional faulting in the area. The mining of the first occurrence, or A orebody, will be by open-pit methods. Milling will commence at a rate of 50 tons an hour. INTRODUCTION OCCURRENCES of chrysotile asbestos in Munro township have been known at least since 1914 and references to them appear in reports published by the Ontario Department of Mines in 1915 (1) and 1919 (2). J. G. Ross (3) in his excellent publication on Chrysotile Asbestos in Canada, mentions an occurrence in Munro township. The area was first mapped in detail by J. Satterly, of the Ontario Department of Mines, in 1944, and brief mention is made of chrysotile asbestos in Satterly's preliminary report (4), which was published the following year.

Jan 1, 1951

By Dale A. Sketchley

The objective of Quality Assurance and Quality Control programs on advanced exploration projects is to ensure that data from sampling, assaying, and recording of geological observations are of high integrity for the purpose of obtaining reliable mineral resource and reserve estimates. National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects states that all scientific and technical reports must be prepared and certified by a Qualified Person in accordance with professional and industry standards following Mineral Exploration Best Practices Guidelines and Definitions, and Guidelines of the CIM Standards on Mineral Resources and Reserves. Additional information is given in Companion Policy 43-101CP and Technical Report Form 43-101F1. Although the Qualified Person must discuss and describe the Sampling Method and Approach; Sample Preparation, Analyses, and Security; and Data Verification; there is little specific information in the guidelines on Quality Assurance and Quality Control programs. Examples from the Oyu Tolgoi Cu-Au Project are given for optimizing sampling protocols, following proper sample preparation procedures, safeguarding sample shipments through chain of custody, ensuring quality of assaying with Round Robin monitoring programs, verifying transcribed data, and validating data with check assays to ensure high integrity for resource and reserve estimation. Oyu Tolgoi, also known as Turquoise Hill, is in the South Gobi desert, Mongolia, about 550 km south of the capital city of Ulaanbaatar, and 875 km northwest of Beijing, China. The project covers a major copper-gold system, which consists of the South West, South, Central, and Far North deposits, comprising high sulphidation and porphyry mineralization with oxide, supergene, and hypogene ore types. Exploration is done by multiple diamond drill rigs, and samples are prepared on-site and shipped to laboratories in Mongolia, Canada, and Australia for further preparation and analysis.

May 1, 2003

By C. Jay Hodgson, Adrienne C. L. Larocque

Abstract -The Mobrun VMS deposit in northwestern Quebec does not fit the classic Noranda­ type model, but exhibits characteristics more consistent with a Mattabi-type deposit. The orebodies are underlain by fragmental volcanic rocks indicative of explosive volcanism in shallow water. Felsic volcanic rocks are more abundant than mafic rocks. Alteration assemblages comprise chlorite, carbonate, sericite, and quartz. Broad semi-conformable alteration occurs high in the footwall to the 1100 lens. Mobrun occurs higher in the stratigraphic sequence than most of the other deposits in the Noranda camp. In this part of the stratigraphy, zones of pervasive carbonatization may be more useful guides for exploration than zones of silicification.

Jan 1, 1993

By Leslie B. English

"HistoricalWHILE DIGGING caves and underground passages for living quarters, primitive man must have had some means of illumination. Most likely he used pieces of wood or slim bundles of reeds or grasses as torches, perhaps steeped in animal fats to give more light. If this is so, we may accept these as the first means of underground illumination. Very little was clone to improve lighting devices for many generations, but slowly there was developed a fount holding fatty oils, with a spout in which was inserted a form of wick.Actual mining. for metals first of all, was started about 3,000 B.C. Some of the old Greek and Roman records refer to the use of torches underground, and some evidence of clay lamps has been found. Candies came into use some time during the first century A.D. When coal mining began about the 14th Century in England, candles were used for illumination because of the ease of manufacturing and handling them. Open oil-lamps came into use early in the 16th century -Agricola, in his De Re .Metallica, written about 1540. pictures a miner with such a lamp. However, the expense of these was so great that candies still continued as the general means of underground lighting.Unfortunately, as miners went deeper underground, they encountered a mysterious gas which. upon coming in contact with open lights, flamed violently, resulting in explosions and accompanying loss of life. The first reference to the results of these gas explosions appeared in 1621. No help seemed to be available. The gas was given off when the coal was mined and the miners could not see without lamps. Attempts were made to use the phosphorescent glow from partly decayed fish, fish skins, and fungus, also to bring daylight clown into the workings by means of a series of • mirrors; •but these means of illumination proved to be impracticable."

Jan 1, 1955

By G. W. Smith

"The adsorption of dehydroabietylamine acetate on quartz, hematite, rutile and baddeleyite has been deter-mined for concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 5,600 µ. moles/I and for pH values ranging from 2.5 to 10.5.The surface tension, UV and IR spectra, equivalent conductance and ion concentrations for dehydroabiety lamine acetate solutions have been determined.Contact-angle and flotability studies have established that good collection may be obtained with this amine but that selectivity depends on the suitable use of depressants for some of the minerals."

Jan 1, 1971

By J. G. Cullain

Inco Limited is an integrated mining, smelting, refining and manufacturing company with operations located worldwide. The Ontario Division operations consist of 13 mines and 10 processing facilities located in Sudbury, Port Colborne and Shebandowan. The scope of our utilization of energy in the Ontario Division in 1976 included in excess of 2.2 billion kilowatt hours of electric power, 12 billion cubic feet of natural gas, 60 million Imperial gallons of residual oil and smaller quantities of other fuels. In addition to the primary energy consumption, waste-heat energy is recovered in various operations throughout the Division, thereby reducing our primary energy requirements. Total expenditures for primary energy alone in 1976 exceeded 60 million dollars. Energy management studies were initiated by Inco's Utilities Department in late 1972, and resulted initially in a program of electric power cost reduction. This program produced significant results by improving the use of the water available for our hydraulic generation facilities and by a comprehensive peak reduction program. Our experience showed that a program of peak power control creates an awareness of both peak and energy costs, and thereby encourages a general reduction in the electric energy consumption as well as lowering the peak demand. Energy management is a continuing program at Inco and, recently, a formal energy management policy and program was instituted. Energy management committees were formed in each plant or mine area to identify the major areas for energy; consumption, thereby isolating areas with large potential energy losses, and determining immediate action which will improve the energy efficiency or reduce the energy waste within their respective areas. A decentralized program with good cross-communication between all committees was felt to be the best method of providing an on-going effective energy management program. In the future, the projections of dwindling fossil-fuel supplies in Canada and the resultant spiralling energy costs will further emphasize the need of sound energy management practices for all Canadian industry.

Jan 1, 1977

By Tyler J. Irving

"In June, 2018 Lalor Mine experienced a catastrophic blade failure of its No. 2 main exhaust fan. Over the following weeks several key changes were made to the auxiliary ventilation system to allow for continued production while the exhaust fans were repaired. Issues encountered during the period of reduced ventilation, and how they were addressed, are analyzed. The suspected causes of the exhaust fan blade failure and how risk was mitigated during the reconstruction are discussed. Key findings and lessons learned are summarized.INTRODUCTIONLalor Mine, owned and operated by Hudbay is an underground zinc, gold, and copper mine located in northern Manitoba. The mine workings extend to a depth of 1090 metres below surface and is ventilated using a push-pull system. The mine exhausts through the main exhaust raise; equipped with two, 2,500 HP fans and upcasts through a portal located at the neighboring mine, Chisel North. Air is supplied to Lalor Mine through four intake fans: The Production Shaft Downcast (two, 250 HP), Lalor Downcast (one, 400 HP), and Chisel Downcast (one, 600 HP) fans (Figure 1). In June 2018, Lalor was scheduled to produce approximately 4,000 tpd.On June 20, 2018 at 2:52 pm Lalor Mine experienced a fault on the Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) for Exhaust Fan No. 1. Time would be needed to complete the necessary repairs. The No. 2 exhaust fan was ramped up from 525 rpm to 800 rpm, 90% of its capacity, in order to maintain underground ventilation. At 4:46 pm, approximately two hours after the rpm was increased, exhaust fan No. 2 experienced a catastrophic blade failure. The forces from the blade failure resulted in the top half of the fan housing being thrown 50 metres from where it was installed; with several large sections of fan blade being thrown further (Figure 2)."

Jan 1, 2019

Arsenic bearing minerals such as enargite (Cu3AsS4) and tennantite (Cu12As4S13), which may associate with major copper minerals such as chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), chalcocite (Cu2S) and bomite (Cu2FeS4), usually report to the copper concentrate in conventional flotation due to their similar flotation properties. Arsenic in a copper concentrate causes environmental problems and also problems in the subsequent pyrometallurgical process. Voltammetric studies were carried out to investigate the oxidation characteristics of enargite, tennantite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite and bomite. Contact angle measurements and micro-flotation tests were conducted to examine the flotation characteristics of enargite and chalcopyrite under controlled pulp potentials. Selective flotation of enargite from chalcopyrite under varied pulp potentials was conducted to investigate the feasibility of arsenic removal from a copper concentrate. The test results indicate that the non-arsenic bearing copper minerals ( chalcopyrite, chalcocite and bornite) were easier to oxidise than arsenic bearing minerals ( enargite and tennantite) in an alkaline solution. Enargite floated well at a potential as high as +0.45 V vs. SCE while chalcopyrite was completely depressed at a potential higher than +0.43 V vs. SCE. Selective flotation revealed that enargite can be successfully removed from chalcopyrite through controlling the pulp potential at +0.30 ~ +0.50 V vs. SCE.

Jan 1, 2007

By M. Saghaeian, R. Hejazi, Fakoor Sanat Tehran Company, H. Abedini, M. Zare

"Dewatering of final tailings is one the biggest issues in iron ore processing plants. Because of the fine and hydrophilic particles in the iron ore tailings, dewatering of such material is difficult and, in most of the cases, needs to be processed using expensive and complicated equipment. In this study, a novel method based on classification of small and large particles has been proposed to improve the dewatering performance of iron ore tailings. In the proposed method, a hydrocyclone has first been used to separate the fine and coarse fraction of iron ore tailings. Then, the coarse fraction (hydrocyclone underflow) is easily dewatered by using vacuum belt filter. Then, the fine fraction (hydrocyclone overflow) is primarily dewatered by using a high rate thickener. Finally, the thickener underflow is added to the bed of solids on the same belt filter, which is used for dewatering of hydrocyclone underflow. The efficiency of this method has been compared with other solutions for tailings dewatering including changing vacuum filtration parameters, using fabric with larger pore size, and using pressure filtration, all through laboratory scale experiments on the tailings of an iron ore processing plant in Iran. The results indicated the superiority of this method compared to the other ones, which increased the specific filtration capacity of the tailings by around 46%.INTRODUCTIONWet beneficiation of minerals requires a substantial amount of water to enhance the efficiency of the process. Used water should be recovered at the end of process to minimize shipping costs, meet contract specifications, and reuse process water (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2006). Dewatering equipment is usually divided into sedimentation (thickening) and filtration (pressure and vacuum) equipment, the choice of which depends on particle size, solid content of slurry, and material nature (Mular et al., 2002)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Henri-Louis Jacob

Le secteur des substances non-metalliques repose au Quebec sur !'exploitation et la transformation d'une dizaine de mineraux ainsi que sur la production de materiaux de base destines surtout a l'industrie de la construction. L'ensemble de cette production representait en 1982 une valeur estimee a plus de 797 millions $, soit tout pres de 400Jo de la production minerale du Quebec. L'amiante et Jes scories de titane destines a la production de pigments, qui comptent parmi Jes plus importantes substances minerales produites au Quebec, representent respectivement 370Jo et I 70Jo de la valeur totale des non-metalliques tandis que le groupe des materiaux de construction represente pres de 400Jo. Les autres substances, parmi lesquelles ressortent nettement la tourbe, la silice et la magnesite, representent une valeur totale de 61.5 millions $.

Jan 1, 1984