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By James Douglas

An address before the Meeting of the New York Section, Nov. 4, 1914. As life advances one is inclined to look backward instead of forward, and the vista over which my memory carries me has been filled with such a shifting panorama of changes in metallurgy that the whole practice of the art seems to have been re-created. The first cupola furnace that I saw in operation was at one of the group of mines at Capelton, Quebec, from which the Nichols company still draws some of its sulphur supply. At that time it was operated by a Hartford, Conn., company, under a General Adams. When its small brick furnaces made a campaign of a week and smelted 10 tons a day, the feat redounded to the credit of the operator. The introduction of the water-jacketed cupola dates forward to the next decade. I was using one in Pennsylvania, making copper matte, to the horror of a noted metallurgist, who could not conceive it possible that you. could bring fused sulphides in contact with steel without rapid corrosion. In our ignorance we were doing what seemed to be an impossibility, and it is just that recklessness and disregard for precedent which has characterized so much of the work of American metallurgists, and carried us forward at such headlong speed. Once the water jacket was accepted as the type of the. copper cupola, its almost unlimited expansion in length, but not in width, was a matter of convenience rather than of skill. In Butte the cupolas have been enlarged by adding furnace to furnace. The first reverberatories which I saw in operation were those in Professor Hill's Black Hawk establishment, where the concentrates from the Gilpin County gold mills were run down into matte for separation in England. Sixty dollars per ton was the usual deduction in those days before gold and silver was paid for. Smelting was done with wood as fuel, and the capacity of the furnace was about 10 tons per diem. Shortly after this Professor Hill formed an alliance with Richard Pearce, who was running what, if I recollect aright, was called the Swansea Works, at the bend of the river approaching Georgetown.

Jan 4, 1915

By Eugene Guccione

Evidence that the United States is gradually converting to the metric system of measurement can be perceived today even by housewives in a supermarket. The question is no longer whether but when the country will have completed the conversion. To the extent that any bickering about metrication still exists, the debate now centers on such issues as finding agreement on details of implementation, and whether federal legislation should speed up the metric-conversion process or allow it to proceed along its present evolutionary and voluntary course. Apparently, the voluntary or "make-haste-slowly" approach is gaining widespread support. According to The Research Institute of America, Inc., if and when federal legislation is enacted it will likely include the following national ground rules: (1) A National Metric Conversion Board will develop and submit to the President and Congress a comprehensive plan to achieve a coordinated, minimum-cost changeover. (2) The change- over will be completed 8 to 10 years after the board's plan goes into effect, and by that time the US will be predominantly, though not exclusively, metric. (3) Costs will "lie where they fall"; subsidies, special tax concessions, and antitrust exemptions will not be authorized by the legislation. (4) The changeover will be voluntary because of the recognition that while some firms can "go metric" in a matter of weeks, others may require 15 years or more, and a few might never convert. (5) In determining whether or not to convert, on an individual company basis, adherence will be to the "rule of reason-that is, ". . . do not convert unless the engineering, economic, or other benefits outweigh any metric-related disadvantages. No one is talking about rip- ping up our railroad tracks or rewiring our homes just to conform to the practice of metric nations in Europe." (6) Government is to be part of the solution, not part of the problem; in effect, says The Research Institute of America, the leverage of federal procurement will not be exerted to force-feed the metric changeover but will be coordinated with the sector-by-sector conversion of the economy.*

Jan 12, 1975

By Richard D. Divine

In the Parkes process of extracting precious metals from lead, zinc is added to the molten lead containing gold, silver, copper, and some antimony. These metals, with the exception of antimony, form an alloy with the zinc by reason of their greater affinity for it than for the lead, and this alloy, being lighter than lead, rises to the top, carrying the precious metals with it, whence it can be removed by skimming. These skimmings are further treated for the separation of the zinc therefrom, and the recovery of the precious metals, the zinc being driven off by heat and again used for another operation. In addition to the zinc that combines with the silver, etc., a certain amount is necessary to saturate the lead, and it is therefore necessary to treat the desilverized lead to free it from this residual zinc. TO do this it is heated again in a reverberatory furnace and air or steam is blown through it. This oxidizes the zinc together with a small amount of lead and antimony, leaving the lead free from zinc and antimony, and forming oxides of these metals, which rise to the top and are skimmed off. This process relates to the separation of the metals in these oxides or skimmings. The skimmings are cooled, crushed, and mixed with carbonate of soda and pulverized oil coke. The mixture is heated in a reverberatory furnace on a bath of lead, to about 1,000" C. The metals are reduced by the coke, the lead and antimony go into the lead bath, while the zinc is volatilized and burned to oxide. This impure oxide is at the present time treated at Omaha by the Hall process of electrical precipitation, making a very pure metallic zinc. It can also be very easily refined by the old Schnabel process of using ammonia and carbon dioxide as a solvent. It seems to be in an ideal form for this purpose, and very few changes from the original method are required to obtain the zinc oxide practically C. P., leaving the lead and antimony as residues. There has been considerable difference of opinion regarding the effect

Jan 1, 1915

By A. J. Lanza

THE prevention of illness among the employees of the mining industry is especially important in view of the importance of the industry, the unsettled conditions of labor, which emphasize the economic necessity for conservation of labor, and for humanitarian reasons. The burden of chronic illness is altogether unwarranted and unnecessary. If the industry is to maintain its labor supply in an efficient manner and keep the standard high, it is essential that it make every effort to keep its labor in good physical condition. The basic principles underlying health conservation are the same for any industry, but they are here applied especially to the mining industry, and more particularly, perhaps, to metal mining, as it is with this phase of the industry that the writer is most familiar, and as it is conceded that metal mining presents more health hazards than coal mining. The first step in the prevention of illness lies in securing employees who are in sound health and free from organic disease. I do not mean that all men who go underground should be physically perfect, but they should be free from organic defects of the heart, lungs, and other organs, or from anatomical defects that would- markedly increase their liability to accident. The number of men working underground in mines in this country whose physical, condition totally unfits them for such work presents-a situation that should not be allowed to continue, and which I believe is 'not equalled in any other, industry in the country. There is but one way to secure men who come up to the required standard, . and that is by a thorough physical examination before employment. I am fully aware of the objections felt toward such a procedure by many employers and employees. There is much to he said on both sides, but to any one who is at all familiar with the mining industry as it is today in this country, and who approaches the matter with an unbiased mind, there can be absolutely no doubt as to the necessity for physical examination. As a purely logical proposition this is self-evident, but there remains the further necessity of placing physical examinations on such a

Jan 2, 1919

By S. H. Ash

THE increasing need for the products of our mines, mills, and processing plants, the loss of mine manpower to plants other than those concerned with the mineral industry, and the drafting of our younger men into military service have created an acute situation in many places as to workers and production. This, in turn, has focused attention on the need for conserving manpower by conserving the health and life of our mining people. Health A world-wide tendency is noticeable in the mineral industry toward protecting the health of workmen,-particularly younger workers, as well as older workers who can continue to produce in many places where manpower is lacking. This matter was emphasized at the Geneva Labor Conference for Coal Mines at the Committee's fourth session, held in Geneva, Switzerland, May 7 through 19, 1951. Papers concerning the health of workers were presented at the annual meetings of the mining sections of the National Safety Council, the Coal Mine Inspectors' Institute of America, the American Public Health Association, and other organizations. Safety Conferences Without exception, the attendance at mining-safety conferences in widely separated places throughout the country during the year was the largest to date. What is needed at the safety meetings throughout the country is more-widespread attendance by those who can sell the idea to the workers that they are the focal point in accident prevention and that safety is not going to be achieved alone or even in part by laws, decrees, or commands, but by quiet influence, unconscious suggestion, and personal' guidance. If these are acquired by the workmen, a safe environment and ample, capable supervision supplied by management, accidents will be fewer and less severe. Many safety conferences attempt to develop the foregoing idea by enumerating and describing training programs for supervisors and workers alike. Nothing can replace a course in first aid for all persons employed at any mine or plant as an introductory and basic step to a successful safety program. Even in this, the shoe must fit the foot, rather than applying the order do this or else. In first-aid

Jan 1, 1952

By Thomas M. Drown

I DESIRE to communicate to the Institute the results of a few analyses which bear on the condition of carbon in gray and white iron. These analyses were made in the course of an investigation, now in progress, of the chemical composition of "chilling" irons. It will be remembered that Bell says he found no material difference in the amount and condition of carbon in gray and white pig iron made at the Clarence furnace, in England, and he therefore refers the difference in color and appearance in these two varieties of iron to the size of the particles of graphite. I quote from his "Chemical Phenomena of Iron Smelting:" "The inference I would draw from the information afforded by these analyses is, that the condition of iron in respect to its so-called 'richness' is, within certain limits, entirely independent of its chemical constitution.. .. In the fluid state, I conceive the carbon, so taken up, confers upon the iron the property of fusion much below the temperature at which the pure metal melts, and the carbon itself may be regarded as dissolved in the iron. If, during the process of manufacture, the pig metal has been formed at a low temperature, consolidation, I imagine, takes place under such circumstances that the crystals are so minute, and the carbon which is separated assumes the uncombined or graphitic form in particles so minute as to be invisible, and, in consequence, the iron is white. If, on the other hand, the furnace is working at a very high temperature, the intensely heated iron crystallizes with large facets, upon which the extruded carbon assumes the condition of distinct plates or flakes. Should the temperature be less intense, these crystals are of smaller dimensions, and the separated carbon is less conspicuous, and, as the temperature of the furnace declines, the crystals decrease in size, as do the flakes of carbon, until both disappear in white iron.. .. Returning, then, to temperature as the cause of differences in quality of pig iron, the 'chilling' of gray metal, and its conversion into white, may be regarded as the effect of preventing, by rapid cooling, the formation

By Thomas M. Drown

I DESIRE to communicate to the Institute the results of a few analyses which bear on the condition of carbon in gray and white iron. These analyses were made in the course of an investigation, now in progress, of the chemical composition of "chilling" irons. It will be remembered that Bell says he found no material difference in the amount and condition of carbon in gray and white pig iron made at the Clarence furnace, in England, and he therefore refers the difference in color and appearance in these two varieties of iron to the size of the particles of graphite. I quote from his "Chemical Phenomena of Iron Smelting:" "The inference I would draw from the information afforded by these analyses is, that the condition of iron in respect to its so-called `richness' is, within certain limits, entirely independent of its chemical constitution... . In the fluid state, I conceive the carbon, so taken up, confers upon the iron the property of fusion much below the temperature at which the pure metal melts, and the carbon itself may be regarded as dissolved in the iron. If, during the process of manufacture, the pig metal has been formed at a low temperature, consolidation, I imagine, takes place under such circumstances that the crystals are so minute, and the carbon which is separated assumes the uncombined or graphitic form in particles so minute as to be invisible, and, in consequence, the iron is white. If, on the other hand, the furnace is working at a very high temperature, the intensely heated iron crystallizes with large facets, upon which the extruded carbon assumes the condition of distinct plates or flakes. Should the temperature be less intense, these crystals are of smaller dimensions, and the separated carbon is less conspicuous, and, as the temperature of the furnace declines, the crystals decrease in size, as do the flakes of carbon, until both disappear in white iron. . . . Returning, then, to temperature as the cause of differences in quality of pig iron, the `chilling' of gray metal, and its conversion into white, may be regarded as the effect of preventing, by rapid cooling, the formation

Jan 1, 1875

By Kendall E. Born, Walter F. Pond

Production of crude oil in Tennessee during 1935 approximated 20,000 bbl., an increase of about 5000 bbl. over 1934. The total production for the state is an estimate, since the only definite figures available are those for Scott and Morgan counties, where 12,377 bbl. were marketed during 1935, an increase of 4305 bbl. over the preceding year. The oil fields of Scott and Morgan counties are near the eastern margin of the Cumberland Plateau where Pennsylvanian sediments rest uncon-formably upon the Mississippian. Near Glenmary, in Scott County, the production is from the middle Mississippian, probably near the top of the St. Louis limestone. Accumulation is due to a low, east-west anticline which has been cut by a fault. This field is now 20 years old and only a few wells are pumped at present. Oil was Struck along Boone Camp Creek in Morgan County in 1924 and there has been small production since that time. The oil comes from the middle of the Fort Payne formation of lower Mississippian age at a depth of 1400 ft. Geologic work in the area has shown that a terrace and porosity conditions in the Fort Payne formation account for the accumulation. The production figures on a number of small producing wells in Clay and Overton counties are not available. As pointed out by Glenn1, the installation of small local skimming or topping plants in the fields has curtailed the shipment of crude oil out of the state and as a result it has been impossible to secure accurate production figures in these counties. The operators, in most cases, are reluctant to give information, and there is no state law requiring them to do so. Based upon information available to the writers, it is believed that between 7000 and 8000 bbl. is a fair estimate of the production in Clay and Overton counties during 1935. More than 500 wells have been drilled in Clay County, the majority of which were drilled east of Cumberland River. Some eight small oil fields have been developed in the county within the past 12 years, a

Jan 1, 1936

By Charles Schwab

WHEN I leave this life, as an employer of labor there is no one thing that I want so much to be engraven upon my monument as the fact that I have been one of the men who have worked, whether with my brains or my hands, for the advance-ment of industry in the United States, and to be regarded, as I should like to be regarded by labor with love and kindly remembrance for our years of association. In my relationship with my employees, I have always contended that every man should be paid for what he does. I will not employ or be associated with any kind of labor of which the organization insists that a man shall receive a fixed sum of money for his day's wages, however poor or good his day's labor may be. What applies to the common laborer applies equally well to the management, the brains of an industrial establishment. I have always thought of industry as a three-legged stool, with capital, management and labor as the legs. All three legs of that stool must be there before that stool can stand up. If you take any one of those legs away, it is going to topple over. The. three must stand together for successful business accomplishment. I believe that a man who has his labor to sell, to put it plainly, has just as good a right to bargain for the best price for that labor as those who employ him. It is a perfect right for him to do so. If the government of our United States is right, our method of handling labor in our Bethlehem plants is right because it is representative and democratic. We have our labor elect delegates; elect representa-tives from their own ranks, who shall meet frequently. That constitutes, as. it were, the House of our great Congress in Washington, the industrial house. We have our management, who represent the Senate, who meet independently. Working men have learned to express their views freely as to whether they are treated fairly and whether conditions are right or wrong.

Jan 12, 1922

By S. W. Parr, T. E. Layng

The low-temperature carbonization of coal involves the carrying out of the coking process under conditions wherein neither the coal mass nor any of the passageways through which the volatile products pass are heated above 700" or 800" C. For convenience in this discussion, the single number 750" will be used to designate the maximum range. This temperature is not selected arbitrarily; it is the result of certain natural conditions that are inherent in the substances involved. Two of these conditions arc sufficiently pronounced to suggest a line of demarcation at this point as follows: (1) Below 750°, all the heavy hydrocarbons are expelled, which means that, at these lower temperatures, the illuminants, the gases of high calorific value, and the condensible oils are discharged; above 750") there are given off the lean, non-illuminating gases consisting for the most part of hydrogen and marsh gas and having no condensible constituents present. (2) Below 750") there is substantially no secondary decomposition; above 750") the volatile products are readily decomposed, forming tars, naphthalene, free carbon, etc. It is not intended to maintain that no secondary decompositions occur below 750". Many recent studies have demonstrated the practicability, especially in the presence of catalytic substances, of cracking certain of the hydrocarbon compounds; but at these lower temperatures the step is a moderate one, as, for- example, from xylene to toluene or from toluene to an anthracene. These changes are moderate in amount. Not only do the reactions proceed slowly but they are subjected to the decomposing . conditions for only a short time. This is evident when it is recalled that at these initial temperatures the decomposition of the coal is very rapid and, if anywhere near a neutral pressure is maintained, the movement of the evolved gases is lively and reduces, correspondingly, the time for the retention of the gases in the passageways where these milder decomposing conditions exist. It is acknowledged that the maintenance of these temperature conditions at the present time has only an ideal and not a practical status. Actual operations under these conditions, as a? industrial accomplish-

Jan 1, 1920

By Joseph Richards

THERE are two essentially different types of case-hardening processes; that using a dry mixture in which the object to be case-hardened is packed and kept for the necessary time at the necessary temperature, and the "liquid" process, employing a bath of fused, salts into which the object- is immersed and which by immediate contact case-hardens the surface of the article. The Shimer process belongs to the second class, and was a war emergency invention. Of the liquid melts used as baths, the most effective and most fre¬quently used are melted potassium cyanide and melted sodium cyanide. These may be used either pure, or mixed with salts that reduce the melting point and the percentage of cyanide present. The use of these baths since 1914 has met many commercial difficulties because of the high price and frequent commercial scarcity of the cyanide salts; at present sodium cyanide has practically entirely displaced potassium cyanide. Another trouble is the danger to the workmen handling the cyanide salts, which are extremely poisonous, and the annoying and poisonous vapors or gases given off in the workshop, unless an effective system of hoods and ventilation is provided, so as to prevent the gases from the baths mixing with the air of the room. Porter W. Shimer, of Easton, Pa., has invented a substitute for the bath of melted cyanides which case-hardens with equal or greater facility and effectiveness, gives off no poisonous vapors, and costs for chemicals materially less than the cyanide costs in the previously used baths. The process has been in use over a year in a large American works and the following statement embodies the results of practical experience in the use and operation of the process. The Shinier liquid or melted bath consists of a mixture of easily fusible salts that do not possess case-hardening properties, into which is immersed fresh calcium cyanamide, which imparts to the bath case-hardening properties. The composition of the non-case-hardening-,salts appears rather immaterial. Good results have been obtained by using a mixture of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and barium chloride in

Jan 2, 1919

Butte Meeting. It is expected that the technical program of the Butte meeting will be a sufficient attraction to draw to that point every member who can possibly get away long enough to attend. Attention is particularly called to the papers already sent in by the Committee on Precious and Base Metals, and the papers which they are undertaking to secure for the meeting, as published on pp. ix and x. In addition to these papers, and in addition to those published in this Bulletin, the office of the Institute already has in hand several papers, which will be published at an early date, and presented in abstract and discussed at the meeting. Of the discussion of these papers a special feature is being made. Therefore, let every member come to Butte who can do so. A meeting of the Board of Directors of the Institute will also be held at Butte. In the May Bulletin, we stated for the information of members the railway excursion rates for two suggested tours in connection with the meeting, which included Glacier Park before the meeting and Yellowstone after it. The itineraries there given and rates quoted were planned and offered by the railway agent bureaus in New York. Circulars have been sent to the members of the Institute by A. E. Vaughan & Co., a tourist trip agency of New York City, containing details of tours nearly identical with those outlined in the Bulletin, and quoting rates covering, the expenses of the whole trip. Members can easily compare these rates with the rates offered by the railroads, and published in the last Bulletin. In order that no misapprehension may exist, the statement is here made that the Institute and its officers have no connection whatever with Vaughan & Co.'s proposals and that any such tours will be strictly personal matters between said company and the members of the Institute who take them. Nevertheless, the Board of Directors calls to the attention of members the circumstance that tours such as these will afford an opportunity for members to travel together to the meeting.

Jan 6, 1913

By W. T. Ober

the hammering effect acts only to a point 3 in. back from the cutting edge, and the hardening heat extends back only 1 in. from the cutting edge. Then, as a steel is taken from the fire, the grain condition is as shown in Fig. I. After the forging operation has been performed the condition shown by Fig. 2 exists. The heating operation to harden the cutting edge produces the effect shown in Fig. 3. The questions that naturally arise are: Will the cost of the extra heat treatment necessary to change this condition (annealing) be more than the saving that may be effected in the drill steel or will the extra heating be an economical as well as a wise thing to do? Is this condition necessarily detrimental to the maximum service of the drill steel? Can this annealing action be obtained in the hardening heat by heating more of the bit, say at least 5 in., to the hardening temperature but quenching only the end of the bit by a shallow immersion? Short Rock-drill Steels Reclaimed by Welding By W. T. Ober, Lynn, Mass. Experimental tests by the Thompson Company have shown that short lengths of rock-drill steels may be reclaimed by electric butt welding. The drills used in the experiments were hollow drills l1/4-in. in diametcr containing 0.95 per cent. to 1.05 per cent. carbon. The ends to be joined must first be ground off fairly square and the greater part of the rust, scale, etc. removed for 3 or 4 in. back in order to insure good electrical contact with the dies of the welder and countersunk, with an 80° countersink, approximately 1/4 in. The steels are then clamped in the copper dies of the welder, so that a length projects from the inside edge of each pair of dies equivalent to from one-half to three-quarters the diameter of the drill. The drills should also be brought into accurate alignment. The first step is to bring the ends into close proximity and then close the primary circuit of the transformer, slowly bringing the steels together until their ends lightly touch, when they will "flash," that is, minute

Jan 1, 1922

By Sidney Powers

Discussion of the paper of SIDNEY POWERS and ALFRED C. LANE, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1916, and printed in Bulletin No. 110, February, 1916, pp. 535 to 548. N. L. BOWEN, Washington, D. C. (communication to the Secretary*). -This detailed study and. complete demonstration of differentiation as a result of the sinking of crystals has a great general significance in petrogenesis. If this action can be demonstrated in an effusive body, even though a very thick one, how can one doubt its possibility in large intrusive bodies? The authors speak of the sinking of augite and the rising of plagioclase but I should consider that they should depend entirely on the former action to obtain their results. It is true that in my experiments, to which the authors refer, a floating of crystals was in one case obtained, viz., in the case of tridymite crystals, but it must be remembered that tridymite has an exceptionally low density. Plagioclase crystals, on the other hand, are of nearly the same density as basaltic liquid. Under magmatic conditions they might be a little heavier than the liquid or a little lighter, we do not know which, but the margin would be exceedingly small and any motion resulting, whether upward or downward, would be correspondingly small in the usual case. For this reason I should think that the sinking of pyroxene should be considered probably the sole factor in producing the observed result, for which purpose it appears to be entirely adequate. The measurements of grain have also a certain significance in this connection. In the experiments referred to a difference of grain was obtained in different parts of the charge, which was entirely independent of the rate of cooling but connected with the fact that a sinking crystal does not depend entirely upon diffusion for the collection of its material from the surrounding liquid. The crystals which sank a considerable distance were therefore exceptionally large. Now in the Cape Spencer flow the augite crystals are normally (top and bottom) somewhat smaller than the plagioclase crystals, but in the layer somewhat below the middle,

Jan 5, 1916

By Richard Divine

IN the Parkes process of extracting precious metals from lead, zinc is added to the molten lead containing gold, silver, copper, and, some antimony. These metals, with the exception of antimony, form an alloy with the zinc by reason of their greater affinity for it than for the lead, and this alloy, being lighter than lead, rises to the top, carrying the precious metals with it, whence it can be removed by skimming. These skimmings are further treated for the separation of the zinc therefrom, and the recovery of the precious metals, the zinc being driven off by heat and again used for another operation. In addition to the zinc that combines with the silver, etc., a certain amount is necessary to saturate the lead, and it is therefore necessary to treat the desilverized lead to free it from this residual zinc. To do this it is heated again in a reverberatory furnace and air or steam is blown through it. This oxidizes the zinc together with a small amount of lead and antimony, leaving the lead free from zinc and antimony, and forming oxides of these metals, which rise to the. top and are skimmed off. This process relates to the separation of the metals in these oxides or skimmings. The skimmings are cooled, crushed, and mixed with carbonate of soda and pulverized oil coke. The mixture is heated in a reverberatory furnace on a bath of lead, to about 1,000°C. The metals are reduced by the coke, the lead and antimony go into the lead bath, while the zinc is volatilized and burned to oxide. This impure oxide is at the present time treated at Omaha by the Hall process of electrical precipitation, making a very pure metallic zinc. It can also be very easily refined by the old Schnabel process of using ammonia and carbon dioxide as a solvent. It seen-is to be in an ideal form for this purpose, and very few changes from the original method are required to obtain the zinc oxide practically C. P., leaving the lead and antimony as residues.

Jan 8, 1914

The members of the Institute have probably seen in the daily papers notices of the plans of the Secretary of the Navy to. form an Advisory Board to assist the Government to make available the latest inventive genius of the country. Secretary Daniels has appointed Mr. Thomas A. Edison Chairman of this Advisory Board and has officially invited the Institute to secure the selection of two of its members to serve. on this Board. The Secretary in his letter states: "I feel that the work your Institute has done has been such as to give it the right to be in a way officially represented, and the Navy Department desires in this way to testify to its own appreciation of the splendid work for our country that your Institute has done. I have the emphatic approval of Mr. Edison, and he agrees entirely with me that your Institute should he represented in this way and that no better method of getting the kind of men we need could be devised." The invitation of the Secretary of the Navy has been officially accepted and steps have been taken to nominate the two members. Since the Constitution provides for no meeting of the Board of Directors until September, and as Secretary Daniels urged early action, the matter was discussed at a special meeting of the Executive Committee of the Institute, at which were present as many members of the Board of Directors as were in New York City at the time. Invitations were also extended to other members of the Institute who happened to be in the vicinity. At this meeting it was decided to submit the matter by a special letter-ballot to the Board of Directors and in doing so to suggest or nominate five members of the Institute, accompanying this nomination with the statement that the Directors might vote for two of the members so nominated or for any other members of the Institute not so nominated. It was voted at this meeting that it. was the sense of those present that in view of the fact that this committee was an advisory one the type of men to be chosen should be men of administrative or executive ability, cap-

Jan 9, 1915

By James Humes

THE active mines in the Park City district at the present time are the Silver King Coalition, Daly-Judge, Daly West, and Silver King Consoli¬dated. Several other companies, such as the Daly, American Flag, Ontario, etc., are doing considerable development work. In the Silver King Coalition mines the ore is a replacement of a dark siliceous limestone bed, varying in thickness from 18 in. to several feet. In places the ore has reached a thickness of 25 ft. This limestone bed lies within 100 ft. of the underlying Weber quartzite. There are other lime beds, similar in appearance to this one, in the Park City formation, which is approximately 700 ft. thick; but not one of them has been found to contain any traces of ore. Directly under and in contact with the ore-bearing bed is another, composed of gray lime well studded with dark concretionary nodules; and this one is an unfailing indication of the proximity of the ore-bearing bed. These ore deposits make out from or have connection with some one of the ore-bearing fissures, which were undoubtedly the channels for the circulation of mineral-bearing solutions. It is therefore proper to run prospecting drifts in the fissures, although they seldom contain much ore. As a general rule, drifting in the fissures is not costly. Mining and mucking cost from $2.50 to $4 per foot, and very little timber is required. There are instances, as in the Daly fissure in the Daly-Judge mine, where the expense of keeping drifts open in the fissure is so great that it has proved economical to make the drifts in the foot-wall rock and run crosscuts into the fissure at short intervals. In the Park City mines it is not easy to determine beforehand the best method for extracting the ore from a newly discovered ore shoot in the bedded deposits. While we may get one dimension from the drift run in the fissure, that will not give us a correct idea as to the other dimensions of the orebody. The fissures here referred to have a N. 35° E.

Jan 2, 1915

By R. E. Collins, Paul B. Crawford

Mathematical equations have been derived to show the effect of the slippage phenomomenon (Klinkenberg effect) on unsteady-state gas flow through porous media. The assumption is made that the slippage may be represented by an equation of the type It is pointed out that most of the existing data on unsteady gas flow may be corrected for slippage by a simple change in definition of the dimen-sionless groups. INTRODUCTION Several solutions to the various problems associated with the unsteady-state flow of gas through porous media have been recently presented in the literature.','" The cited publications have resented solutions for flow under ideal conditjons. The principal assumptions involved include: (a) the density of the gas obeys the perfect gas law; (b) the viscosity of the gas is constant; and (c) the gas permeability is constant. Few, if any, actual gases under reservoir conditions are believed to conform with the above, but the ideal solutions do provide the basis for making improved estimates on the performance of gas reservoirs. The purpose of this paper is to show the performance characteristics when assumption (c) is corrected for the slippage phenomenon or the Klinkenberg effect. This is believed to be a step nearer to reality. MATHEMATICAL DEVELOPMENT Case 1. Gas Flow — Ideal Conditions The equations describing the flow of gas under ideal conditions have been clearly presented in the cited literature; however, for completeness of this work they are repeated here. The basic differential equation describing the flow of gas is Equation (6). It may be derived as follows: The continuity equation, the perfect gas law and Darcy's law are combined to give: Manuscript received in the Petroleum Branch office Aug. 3, 1963 or If — is constant, Equation (5) is rewritten to form the basic Equation (6). or for the linear case A dimensionless equation is obtained by dividing through by (pl)z and making the substitutions shown below: The resulting equation is A similar procedure for the radial case leads to the following equations: where and Equations (11), (12), and (13) are those used by Bruce, et al., and Jenkins and Aronofsky for their computational work.

Jan 1, 1953

By E. D. Gardner

WHEN the National Forests Were created, all lands embraced in their boundaries were exempted from all forms of entry, except mineral claims. Later, by Act of June 11, 1906, and as amended by Act of Aug. 10, 1912, provision was made allowing homesteads on areas chiefly valuable for agriculture and not necessary for the public use. Patents to mining claim in the Forests are granted the same as on land not in the Forests, irrespective of timber or other values. It is the policy to encourage the highest use of the Forests. As a business proposition, it is a good policy to have mines developed in the Forests. Their development in remote or inaccessible regions causes the country to be opened up and, in addition to the local market which the mines create, means of transportation are afforded to outside markets. No examination of mining claims is made until patent has been applied for, unless they are actively interfering with the administration of the Forest. In this case, an examination is made, and if there is evidence that the claims are being held in good faith they are in no way interfered with. Timber is never sold from a mining claim except with the consent of the claimant, or unless it is clearly shown, after an examination, that the claim is abandoned. In the case of fire-killed timber, which rapidly deteriorates by standing, a contract bond arrangement can be made for the sale of the timber which protects the interests of both the mining claimant and the government. The promiscuous locating of mining claims has in the past caused considerable trouble. It has been, and still is, the custom in some parts of the West to locate a mining claim when the surface rights of any particular area are desired, irrespective of the mineral character of the ground. This has been done to hold power sites, town sites, summer residences, springs, etc. When the, ground is desired for any of these purposes, what is known as a Special Use Permit will be issued at a nominal sum, to legalize the occupancy. In most instances, it is far cheaper to take out one of these permits than to do the annual assessment

Jan 7, 1914

By C. L. Rabe

The Muddy and Dakota sands, more commonly known as the "D" and "J" sands, respectively, of the Denver-Julesburg Basin are correlative over a large area. It is reasonable to believe, therefore, that depositional environment throughout the Basin was comparable. Local variations in sand development do occur, however, and productivity is often governed by permeability as well as structural position. Experience indicates permeability is commonly a function of cementing material. While cases of siliceous or calcareous cementing have been observed, the bonding material is, for the most part, clay. Under the latter circumstance, clay should bear some relation to permeability. Similarly, gamma radiation should bear some relation to the amount of clay. This study was undertaken to determine if a cross relation exists between gamma radiation and permeability. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION A qualitative relation does exist between gamma radiation and permeability for clay-bonded Muddy and Dakota sands of the Denver-Julesburg Basin. This is illustrated graphically by Fig. 1, which shows corrected gamma ray deflection vs permeability for five wells over an area approximately 50 miles long and 8 miles wide. The "corrected" gamma ray deflection cannot be read directly from the gamma ray survey in all cases. It became apparent early in the investigation that methods would have to be developed for converting all gamma ray surveys to a common deflection scale and to correct for thin bed effects. COMMON SCALE DEFLECTION Because all logs are not recorded in the same calibration units or at the same sensitivity, it was felt they could be most readily converted to a common scale by measurement of deflection in inches from zero. Initially, four wells in the Jacinto field of Nebraska were carefully correlated, and selected intervals were planimetered to obtain average deflections. Average deflections of planimetered intervals from three of the wells were plotted vs those of the fourth well which was to be used as a common reference. The plots are shown in Fig. 2. While results obtained by this method in the Jacinto field were relatively good, the planimetered intervals were not easily correlated with logs from other fields. Furthermore, the planimetric method is laborious and not readily adapted to routine operations. Deflection of the "Bentonite marker" was found to

Jan 1, 1958