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By J. B. Tyrrell

A short time ago I paid a visit to the alluvial gold fields on the tributaries of the Chaudiere River in Beauce County, Quebec, in company with A. 0. Dufresne, late manager of the Champs d'or Rigaud-Veaudreuil, and now assistant to the Superintendent of Mines of the Province of Quebec. As the conditions under which the gold occurs in this district are not very generally known, and present some interesting features, a brief description of these conditions, and a consideration of the causes which gave rise to them, may be of interest to other mining engineers. During the latter half of last century the country was visited by many mining engineers and geologists, and many references to it may be found in the reports of the Geological Survey of Canada between 1848 and 1911. The most important of these are by J. A. Dresser and J. Keele and the late Robert Chalmers. The Department of Colonization and Mines of the Province of Quebec also published a report with map on the district by J. Obalski. From the earliest times the valley of the Chaudiere River formed one of the main avenues of approach to the St. Lawrence in the vicinity of Quebec from the country to the south as far as the seaboard of the States of Maine and Massachusetts. The Indians had a well-known trail along the banks of the stream, and armed troops and foraging parties constantly moved backward and forward along it between Quebec and New England in those insecure times before the ceding of Canada to Great Britain. Even yet the natural advantages of this old military route are recognized, and the government of the Province of Quebec has now under construction along it a magnificent highway from Quebec to the International Boundary Line, which is to form part of a through highway from that city to Boston. The land along the valley is naturally well suited for agriculture, and about the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries farmers began to go back from the St. Lawrence, and to occupy the higher lands along the upper portions of the Chaudiere Valley. This settlement has gone on until now the country is peopled with a prosperous agricultural population.

Jan 1, 1915

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Jan 1, 1938

By Robert Glass Cleland

THE BEGINNING of a large enterprise is often as in- significant as a lump of leaven hidden in a bowl of meal or a handful of mustard seed that the wind blows across a field. In 1950 the company known today as the Phelps Dodge Corporation had nearly thirty-two thousand stockholders, paid salaries and wages of about fifty million dollars to some thirteen thousand persons, produced nearly four hundred and ninety million pounds of copper, and possessed net current assets of approximately one hundred and six million dollars. For the origin of this great business, one must go back approximately a hundred and fifty years to an obscure saddle-making shop in the small town of Hart- ford, Connecticut. Anson Greene Phelps, proprietor of the shop and master saddler in his own right, was born in 1781-the year of the Battle of Yorktown, the surrender of Cornwallis, and the close of the Revolutionary War Anson's forebears had come to America in the great Puritan migration that left fields, shops, pulpits, and hearthstones in the reign of Charles the First to transplant the strong, tough roots of their race, culture, and institutions in the New World.

Jan 1, 1952

By J. E. Norton

Production statistics show that during the period of emergence from the depression the coal industry was becoming increasingly cognizant of the economic and competitive necessity for mechanizing. About 1935 many of its leaders were becoming aware also of the alarming scarcity of men properly trained to cope with the new problems of mechanization. In order to get a factual statement of this problem, a special AIME Coal Division Committee was requested to survey the condition. Its investigation disclosed that graduates of mining schools going into coal mining numbered 16 in 1937 and 15 in 1938. With this as a background, Pittsburgh Coal Co. foresaw that a comprehensive program was necessary if it was to enlist the services of trained technical men, who were an indispensable part of a mechanization program. The purpose of this paper is to review the program set up, to comment on the successes and failures and to outline the future course of action. Summer Work An inescapable conclusion from the mechanization statistics was that the opportunities in coal mining were good. Not only was there a void in technical skill to fill from past years, but the accelerating rate of mechanization indicated an increasing demand for technically trained men for the future. The remedy lay primarily in presenting facts con cerning the coal industry to the undergraduate engineers before they made their professional occupational choice. Based on this idea, one of the key points in the program was summer vacation work for the undergraduate, which, through the inducement of summer earnings, brought men into the mines to take a look at the prospects. This was more successful than statistics indicate because the war scrambled badly the orderly working of the program, but it could not obscure the value of a summer work program. A decided advantage was that it gave the company a preview of the graduate. An observation on this part of the program is that it is extremely hard to gauge lower classmen, and we found it wise to give them the benefit of the doubt, as the last two years in college bring about surprisingly rapid development in some men. We could readily single out the men at the opposite ends of the scale of competence. Comprehensive Training Program Having adopted summer work as a means of interesting undergraduates, the Location Weeks Introduction............................... I Underground mining operations............... 27 Coal preparation............................ 24 Inspection—safety, mech., prep............... 31 Mine engineering and survey................. 16 Industrial relations.......................... 12 Operating staff—costs, time study............. 8 Miscellaneous............................... I Total.................................... 120 problem of attracting graduates was met by establishing a training program that covered approximately 120 weeks and

Jan 1, 1949

By P. J. G. duToit

The continually growing shortage of skilled underground miners, the escalating costs of labor, supplies and equipment, and the indisputable example of "what can be done" by our friends in the space-travel field, seem to be catalysts that are accelerating improvements in underground mining technology. The search for an economic, automated continuous excavation method that would produce rock at the mining face in sizes suitable for automated transportation directly into the rod-, ball-, or autogenous grinding mills is continuing. New mining methods and techniques were devised and many improvements on old methods and techniques came forth at an increasing pace that reflected a widely spreading policy among mining men to shun the shackles of conservatism and to forge ahead and venture into newer ideas.

Jan 2, 1967

By Howard A. Smith

OF late considerable experimental and theoretical interest has been shown in the rates of transformation from a single phase, usually a supercooled solid solution, into one or more phases. Such reactions may involve both diffusion and transformation of the major constituent, as in iron alloys, or it may simply involve diffusion, as in superstructure formation and in age-hardening systems. Most of the work has been confined to ferrous alloys1-9† although two investigations have been made on copper alloys 10-11. That such work may be of considerable practical importance has been demonstrated by Bain12, by the workers at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut für Eisenforschung13, 14, and by the everyday use of precipitation and age-hardening principles15. Experiments in this country have generally followed Davenport and Bain's technique of rapid supercooling followed by isothermal treatment. In Germany16, 17 the work has been extended to the study of the influence of accurately controlled and measured rates of cooling. The work on steel indicates that there are two subcritical temperature ranges where reaction starts sooner after quenching and proceeds at a more rapid rate than at other temperatures. At subcritical temperatures above Ar" where reaction is dependent upon atomic migration there is a period of time of which the length depends upon the alloy content and the temperature, before which no reaction has been detected. Davenport and Bain1 find that different sorts of atoms in solid solution in gamma iron affect the length of this "prereaction" period differently, manganese

Jan 1, 1935

By C. Willard Hayes

Introduction.—The recent developments in the metallurgy of aluminum and its consequent rapidly growing use in the arts are at present attracting considerable attention to its ores. The success of the Hall electrolytic process, by which the metal is obtained directly from the oxide, has removed bauxite from the position of a rather uninteresting mineral to that of an important ore. Its production on a commercial scale is so recent, particularly in this country, that little attention has yet been paid to its mode of occurrence and origin.. Any investigation, therefore, which throws light upon these points should be of interest to mining engineers- at the present time, especially if the conclusions afford a basis for estimating the probable extent and value of deposits already known and a mane of directing search for others. Two localities in the United States have so far yielded bauxite in commercial quantities. These are in Arkansas and in the Coosa valley of Georgia and Alabama. According to descriptions of the Arkansas deposits by Branner, they bear little resemblance to those in the Southern Appalachians and their geological relations appear to be entirely different. Only the latter deposits are considered in the following paper. These have been briefly described by McCalley† and Spencer.† They were visited by the writer during the past summer and somewhat carefully examined, in connection with the study of the areal geology of the region. Location of the Deposits.—The ore is found irregularly distributed within. a narrow belt of country extending from' Adairsville, Ga.,

Jan 1, 1895

By E. A. Holbrook

Research, primarily, is finding out the truth. Research applied to enigeering opens the door to new principies and processes, the application of which benefits mankind in a material way. The engineer believes that investigation instituted with the primary view of making the results directly applicable to the industries is the highest type of research. Coal is essentially the basis of modern industrial civilization; therefore, any considerable research pertaining to coal must link itself to the industry by practical application of the results of the research. In other words, all investigational work connected in any way with coal leads to conclusions that permit a better understanding of the origin, nature of occurrence, composition, better and safer mining, more careful preparation, or greater efficiency in utilization of coal. Modern engineering research has been fostered essentially by universities and in the laboratories of institutions of learning. Coal problems that lend themselves to solution in the laboratories have been first attacked and are perhaps the farthest toward solution. For example, a great amount of research work has been carried out with the various phases of chemistry connected with coal. On the other hand, the equally important problems connected with methods of mining have received but little attention, primarily because their solution involves the continued use of a great and expensive laboratory, which is none other than the mine itself. As many of the problems already solved have had chemistry as their background, so many of the problems unsolved have physics as their background; there are also unsolved problems that deal in coal economics. Even psychology must be called upon in future coal-mining research as a basis for solving those great problems that deal with human relationships. 'In general, considerable advance has been made in coal research dealing with chemistry, not so much progress has been made with problems having physics and engineering as a background, while there is a tremendous range of untouched problems that deal essentially with business and psychology. Research in coal mining is not a new development. In the chronicles of the northern coal trade as published in the Transactions of the North

Jan 1, 1920

By Charles Colcock Jones

In any discussion of this very large subject we are confronted at the outset with so many obstacles that at best only a fragmentary and rather disconnected presentation can be made of it, and my hope is that building from the few facts I have to offer a more complete knowledge may be secured. In the whole intermountain and Pacific Coast region, west of Pueblo, Col., and from Canada to Mexico, there is no production of pig iron, and steel production is confined to the manufacture of a small amount of open-hearth steel from scrap. When we consider the area, the resources, and the several centers of population, this condition seems anomalous, even in the face of every counter argument as to cheap water transportation, or other means of transport from the Atlantic Seaboard or from the iron and steel centers of the Middle West. This comatose condition, if such a term may be applied, is certainly not due to a lack of all the essential materials and factors for success in iron and steel smelting, but is rather, I think, due largely to the general fact that it is only within a comparatively few years that the centers of population on the Pacific Coast have attained a size that would entitle them to the position of distributing or freight centers, or that the "back country" has been enough built up to make it sufficiently interesting to the railroads to foster trade from the local centers to the interior points rather than seek to supply such local centers and the interior by a transcontinental haul. "Ore Supply Edwin C. Eckel, in his monumental work on Iron Ores, has but little to say concerning the Pacific Coast deposits. He mentions (p. 269) those of Minaret, Madera County, and the Eagle Mountains, Riverside County, Cal., "perhaps 50 to 100 million tons each;" the deposits in Shasta County, worked for the electric furnace on Pitt River; and

Jan 1, 1916

By A. A. Steel

DUring the summer of 1905 I was employed by the U. S. Geological Survey to investigate the geology, mining, and preparation of barite in most of the fields of the United States. The Eastern districts have been more or less completely described; the Virginia field in detail by Thomas L. Watson, in his paper, Geology of the Virginia Barite-Deposits,' and other fields in abstract, including statistics of production and references to current literature, by various authors.2 There have also been published a few details of the occurrence of barite in the lead-mines of Washington county, Mo.³ The other accounts of this district are erroneous and meager, and since this field is the most important one in the United States at the present time, a detailed description of the local geology seems doubly desirable. Barite-deposits are scattered over nearly the whole of Washington and adjoining counties, but the product is all mined from the areas indicated upon the sketch-map, Fig. 1, and is shipped from the stations of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern railway, between Blackwell and Potosi, from 45 to 60 miles SW. of St. Louis. The topography is for the most part gently rolling, with slightly graded streams, usually less than 200 ft. below the higher hill-tops. Along Mineral fork and Indian creek are some steep bluffs and cliffs, affording good exposures of the

Jan 1, 1910

By S. Yukawa, M. J. Sinnott

A high resolution autoradiographic study of the diffusion of a nickel isotope (NP3) into copper in the temperature range of 650° to 925°C, with particular emphasis on grain boundary diffusion, has been made. The extent of grain boundary diffusion is a function of the grain boundary angle and the diffusion temperature. The ratios of the grain boundary diffusion coefficient to the lattice diffusion coefficient ranges from 104 to 105. The activation energy for grain boundary diffusion decreases with increasing grain boundary angle. STUDIES and reviews&apos;-8 of metallic diffusion have indicated that grain boundary diffusion is a common phenomenon but quantitative studies of the many variables involved are not numerous. The present work was concerned with determining the influence of the crystallographic orientation of the grain boundaries and the temperature on the extent of boundary diffusion of nickel into copper. The study involved essentially three steps: 1—the production of grain boundaries of known crystallographic orientation, 2—the determination of the extent of diffusion into the boundaries, and 3—the analysis of the resulting data in terms of the usual diffusion concepts. The grain boundaries investigated approximated the simple tilt variety having l° of freedom. They were produced by controlling the solidification from a melt of Cuprovac (a high purity vacuum-melted copper obtained from Vacuum Metals Corp.) of a pair of seed crystals so that the bicrystals of copper produced had a common <100> axis. By rotating one seed crystal relative to the other, a simple tilt boundary was produced. The angle of rotation between the two crystals is the grain boundary angle 8, or what is sometimes termed the misfit angle. In all, some 16 boundaries ranging from 2" to 72" in 5" to 10" steps were investigated. The crystallographic orientations were measured with the use of both X-ray and optical goniometric techniques. The <100> axes in the crystals were found to be parallel within 2" to 3" with the exception of one crystal (8 = 12") in which the axes were 6" from being parallel. All bicrystals showed evidences of sub-grain structures. Laue analyses showed that these subgrains differed in orientation up to a maximum of 2". Because of these variations, and some curvature in the boundaries, the grain boundary angles listed are actually average values and deviate from the 1 o of freedom boundaries. The stripping film technique of high resolution autoradiography was used to detect the diffusion of the nickel isotope into the grain boundaries of the bicrystals of copper. Kodak experimental permeable stripping film with an emulsion layer 5 u thick

Jan 1, 1956

By Zay Jeffries

The object of the present paper is to enlarge somewhat on the general principles advanced in my discussion1 of Mathewson and Phillips&apos; article on The Recrystallization of Cold-Worked Alpha Brass on Anneal-- ing.2 It will also serve as an acknowledgment of Prof. Howe&apos;s most important remarks on my contribution. In this paper the writer has adopted Prof. Howe&apos;s suggestion to substitute the term "germinative temperature&apos;&apos; for "critical temperature for grain growth." Instead of being an exact or certain temperature it should be considered that the germinative temperature phenomenon exists throughout a small temperature range. v Factors Influencing Fast Growth Phenomena The development of grains of macroscopic size at the germinative temperature should be considered the extreme condition of a general rule. When considered in this light it is not strange that the development of these large grains should be the exception and not the rule. The principal factors influencing the operation of the laws of fast growth temperature are as follows: . 1. Rate of heating. In the original paper,&apos; the germinative temperature was defined as "the minimum temperature at which two adjacent grains can coalesce to form one larger grain, provided that this larger grain will have sufficiently increased its power of attack, to enable it to absorb adjacent grains which cannot coalesce with each other. Time is always to be understood as a factor governing the first stage of grain growth." If the time of heating is short, the germinative temperature is raised. The formation of large grains in metals may occur at relatively high temperatures when the rate of heating is rapid. It is to be understood that in such cases, grain growth

Jan 1, 1917

By Adolph Knopf, L. G. Westgate

Pioche lies 240 miles southwest of Salt Lake City, in southeastern Nevada, 19 miles west of the Nevada-Utah line. It is at the end of a branch line (33 miles), which connects at Caliente with the Los Angeles and Salt Lake division of the Union Pacific System. Its commercial relations are with Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, chiefly with the former. The surrounding area is part of the Great Basin, an arid region of alternating mountain range and intermont plain, the latter floored with out-wash from the mountains. About Pioche the plain varies between 4700 and 6000 ft. above sea level. The town lies in a valley at the east base of a low northwest-southeast range (the Pioche Hills) 12 miles in length, which rises about 1000 ft. above the adjacent flat. West of the Pioche Hills is a higher north-south range consisting of two parts: to the south the Highland Range, between Bennett Pass and Stampede Gap; to the north the Bristol Range, from Stampede Gap to Bristol Pass. This double range reaches altitudes of 8000 to 9000 ft., or more (the highest point, Highland Peak, is 9395 ft.), and rises some 2500 ft. above the surrounding plain It is continued in lower hills to north and south. Smaller ranges rise from the flat west of the Highland and Bristol ranges. The area studied and shown on the map (Fig. 1) is covered by three inch-to-the-mile topographic sheets: the Highland Range, the Bristol Range, and the Panaca, the latter mapped in part only. The sedimentary rocks of the district include Paleozoic limestones, sandstones and shales, Pliocene tuffs, and modern wash. Igneous rocks are represented by intrusive dikes and stocks and by extensive lava flows of mid-Tertiary time.

Jan 1, 1927

By Stanley Herold

Considerable interest has been shown, during recent years, in the possibilities of developing oil fields in the South American Republics, now that the exhaustion of our present fields can be seen in the not very distant future. The demand for fuel oil and its products has been increasing far more rapidly than our increment of production during the last few years. Increase of consumption has been largely curtailed by the lack of sufficient supply. The main factors that have contributed to our previous neglect of the southern fields have been as follows:, (a) Lack of sufficient demand for the product. (b) Competition with producing fields, having large production, low cost, and better geographical position, such as Tampico, Mexico. (c) Greater interest in home fields with ready market at hand. (d) Our ignorance of southern economic and geologic conditions, clue to the distance between those areas and our financial centers. (e) Economic conditions in the southern countries, necessitating high costs of exploration and exploitation of the fields.

Jan 9, 1918

By Emby Kaye

IT is the purpose of this paper to outline briefly some of the considerations that enter into the economics of so-called recycling, the generic designation of the relatively recently developed process by which a condensate† is separated from gas-distillate gas at high pressure and the residual gas returned to the reservoir. This subject necessarily embraces not only a discussion of factors that should be considered in projecting a recycling operation, such as estimating reserves, investment and operating costs, but also a comparison of condensate with other types of petroleum. The place of condensate in its relation to the total supply of crude oil is pointed out as well as certain logical methods of product disposal. The cost of drilling wells and lease maintenance is not pertinent to this discussion because income and revenue are in this paper confined to that retained by the plant or plant operator for supplying processing facilities for the gas. Before the development of recycling a great many gas-distillate gas fields in Louisiana and. Texas provided no income to their owners. When gas was sold from these reservoirs it was accompanied by irretrievable losses of condensate in the formation. The understanding of the function of retrograde condensation resulted in the introduction of a new commercial petroleum recovery process for these hitherto unexploited fields and now permits the conditioning of this type of wet gas field for the sale of dry gas therefrom without waste. SOME ECONOMIC FACTORS The study of a gas-distillate field for possible exploitation necessarily involves the critical appraisal of a number of elements, chief of which will be discussed here: (I) estimate of distillate in place, (2) estimate of distillate that can be brought to the surface, (3) available market, (4) costs. The considerations affecting the estimating of distillate reserves. in place are in the main subject to the same errors as are involved in determining dry gas reserves. Determinable data including acreage, sand thickness, reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature, porosity and connate water provide the basis for calculating the volume of gas in place. Ample allowance must be made for connate water, which may occupy from 20 to 35 per cent of the pore space of the sand. The factor of supercompressibility is to a considerable extent nullified by the reservoir temperature. It has been considered well advised to allow this factor to serve as a cushion. With the gas reserves calculated, it remains only to assay the distillate content of the gas. Those familiar with the handling of "wet" gas at high pressure readily appreciate the variables in sampling gas from

Jan 1, 1941

By George J. Bancroft

Western Australia (often popularly called Westralia) comprises all of the Australian continent west of the 129th meridian. The latest census, that of 1895, gives it a population of 101,235 persons. It includes within its bouiidaries 975,920 square miles. About half the colony lies within the tropics. The climate varies but slightly, considering the vastuess of&apos; the area. The interior is dry and hot, and subject to very sudden changes. The coasts are warm, and the rainfall abundant, varying from 20 to 40 inches per annum. Perth is the capital and principal town, having a population of 20,000. Fremantle (pop. 9000), distant 12 miles, is the port of Perth, but because it is out of the track of the mail steamers, the mail and passengers are landed at Albany (pop. 3000) on St. George&apos;s Sound. A railroad, 338 miles long, connects Pert11 with Albany, and the running time of trains is about fifteen hours. Kalgoorlie is only about 200 miles from the coast at the little village of Esperance; but to reach Kalgoorlie one must land at Albany, travel to Northam, within 66 miles of Perth, and then east at an acute angle 325 miles to Kalgoorlie; in all about 600 miles. From Perth a railroad also runs to the Murchison gold-fields by way of Mingenew, Mnllewa and Yalgoo, to Cue. A branch goes down to the port of Geraldton. The government operates all the railroads and telegraph lines, and has been very energetic, all things considered, in extending them into the gold-fields. As to the accommodations afforded by the railroads, the less said the better. The comforts of travel are conspicuous by their absence. Of the 975,920 square miles of Westralia, the government, in its magnificent way, cleclares 256,060 to be gold-bearing. There are the Kimberley fields in the north, of 47,000 square miles; the Pilbarra on the northwest coast, of 45,600 square

Jan 1, 1899

By L. P. Teas

Although 1930 has been a year of stagnation, proration and curtailment, the Gulf Coast has measured up to its tradition in the matter of interesting and significant discoveries. Only 2 domes and 7 new structural areas were brought into the producing column in 1930, whereas, in 1929, 13 domes and one structure were added to this list, yet a total of 14 new producing horizons were proved on various domes and structures. On 5 domes new flanks were successfully tested for commercial production. The year 1930 has shown at Barber&apos;s Hill that oil in commercial quantities may exist below salt or cap. Numerous wells have been drilled through cap, or even salt itself, into good producing sands. The past year has been particularly notable in the interest and in the number of deep holes drilled. Two wells have gone below 8000 ft. in each of the states of Texas and Louisiana, and in the two states together 14 wells have gone below 7000 ft At the beginning of the year only one well was producing below 6000 ft. in coastal Texas, while at its end, 19 wells were producing or had produced. Geophysical discoveries and activity on the Coast have waned and this type of work has moved further inland. The peaks of production at Pettus, Barber&apos;s Hill, Raccoon Bend, Refugio, Orchard and at Humble, in Texas; and at Lake Barre, Port Barre, Black Bayou, White Castle and Vinton in Louisiana, were seen this year. These were new peaks for Humble and Vinton, of course, these fields having previously gone through periods of peak flank production. In Table 1 the completions listed are for the entire month of December in both years. It is remarkable that in 1930, a year of overproduction and proration, there were actually more wildcat operations at its end than at the end of 1929; but it is gratifying that the operations in the proven fields were exactly one-half what they had been at the end of 1929. The price of A grade coastal crude, or oil below 25" Bé., has been cut from $1.30 at the beginning of the year to $1.00 at its close; and B grade, or oil above 25o Bé., has been reduced from a price range of $1.15 to $1.63 down to a range of from $0.75 to $1.22. In spite of these reductions there has been no proration program on the Coast. Systematic

Jan 1, 1931

By Keith G. Wallace

Small scale open pit mining of the Lucky Mc property in the Gas Hills district of central Wyoming was started in the spring of 1954 and the first uranium ore went to Vitro&apos;s mill in Salt Lake City that July. Shortly after mining started it became apparent that accurate ore control for mining purposes would be an absolute requirement. A systematic drilling program was initiated in the spring of 1955, and has been continued up to the present time. Two main mining areas have been developed. Mine 1, at the site of the original ore discovery in the Gas Hills, covers a mineralized zone roughly 600 x 2800 ft. This orebody was outlined and developed by drill holes on 50-ft centers. Approximately 1300 holes were drilled in the area before preliminary mining plans were made and mineable reserves calculated. Reserve estimates were based almost entirely on chemical assays of drill hole samples.

Jan 10, 1958

By C. G. Dunn

NUCLEI that are formed during the recrystallization of a grain following plastic deformation generally have orientations that differ from the original. This aspect of recrystallization may be described in terms of orientation changes. It was shown previously, in an investigation on recrystallization in silicon ferrite,1 that the observed orientation changes were highly improbable on a chance basis, and that some mechanism must be involved. Analysis showed that the data could be satisfactorily classified into the smaller of two subclassesf of the 36 third- order twin transformations. No attempt was made at that time to classify the data within the special class of 12 third-order twin transformations, although results did indicate a greater probability for some of them to occur. A classification of this type would be more valuable, of course, with more data on orientation changes per old deformed grain. The present work fulfills this condition to some degree and also extends the scope of the investigation to include the effects of original orientation and the amount of plastic deformation. The effect of original orientation is of considerable interest because of the known effects of orientation on plastic deformation, particularly with regard to degree of fragmentation and the formation of de- formation bands, and because the orientations produced by deformation should influence the orientations obtained through recrystallization. Barrett and Levenson2 reported that single crystals of iron deformed in the range 82 to 97 per cent could be put into three general classes; namely, crystals in class I maintained a reasonably sharp single orientation, those in class 2 transformed into two distinct orientations, and those in class 3 changed into a large number of major and minor orientations. Something similar would be expected for silicon ferrite crystals, and verification of this for a few cases of types class I and class 2 deformation has been reported elsewhere3 for single crystals of silicon ferrite cold-rolled in the range 10 to 20 per cent. As an example of class 2 deformation, it was shown that a crystal of silicon ferrite cold-rolled in a {110} plane in a < 100> direction developed two layers, or deformation bands differing in orientation. When this happens it is possible to etch away one band and leave a single structure for use in studying the orientation changes that occur during recrystallization. when preferred crystal orientations are obtained in recrystallization, it is notparticularly necessary to evaluate groups of common orientation, as was done previously (ref. I, Table 6); but an

Jan 1, 1946

By P More

US 4,132,621-In the electrowinning of aluminum, the cells are aligned in a lengthwise direction so as to lessen the harmful influence of the induced magnetic fields Each cell is supplied with current from the preceding cell both via the head arid at least one side riser The output of the cathode bars is divided into two separate groups, the upstream group supplying the head of the subsequent cell arid the downstream group supplying the side risers of the subsequent cell This produces a substantial improvement in cell efficiency arid a greater regularity P Morel, J P Dugois, arid B Langon, assigned to Aluminium Pechiney. Jan 2, 1979 12 pp. (204¬243M) Filed 1-12-78 (868,861) Priority: France, 1-19-77 (77/2,213) US 4,134,806-Cells, anodes, arid methods for use in the electrowinning of nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, or other metals from an acid ore leach solution or the like The cell is provided with vertically immersed stationary cathodes and stationary rod anodes which are noncorrodible by the electrolyte arid are electrocatalytic to the anode reaction. The spaced parallel anode rods are connected to electric current supply bars The anode rods have an electroconductive core made of a metal alloy arid a surface coating of an oxide of platinum or a platinum group metal The ratio of active cathode surface area to active anode surface area is preferably at least 3 0. De Nora arid C Traini, assigned to Diamond Shamrock Tech¬nologies, SA Jan 16, 1979 13 pp. (204-105R) Filed 9-15-77 (833,661) Priority Italy, 1-29-73 (19738 A/73). Same British 1,434,334-5, dated May 5, 1976 US 4,135,994-In the electrowinning of aluminum at a high current efficiency, the electrolytic bath is a mixed molten salt consisting of 2-15% by weight of aluminum trichloride, 15-83% of sodium chloride, 15-70% of combined calcium chloride arid magnesium chloride but riot more than 40% of calcium chloride, arid optionally up to 10% of barium chloride Preferably, plate-shaped graphite electrodes used for both cathodes and anodes are arranged in parallel inclined relation so that the axis in the lengthwise direction makes an angle of from 10° to 45° to the horizontal. T Ishikawa arid H Ichikawa, assigned to Nippon Light Metal Co Ltd Jan 23, 1979 4 pp (204-67) Filed 11-15-77(851,632) Same British 1,550,502, dated Aug 15, 1979

Jan 1, 1980