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By Hans Lundberg

AFTER the war years, great activity has been shown in geophysical exploration for ore. The appreciation by mining and government geologists of geophysical techniques and results is largely responsible for the popularity of these methods. In Canada, plans are being made to study, by geophysical methods, the structure of a portion of the Pre-Cambrian shield in the hope that such studies will not only give a clearer picture of the geology, but will be of direct aid to the mining companies when selecting areas for detailed prospecting. Although geophysics thus has become more popular, some engineers are still reluctant to employ the methods to their full extent. Allotted funds are often rather low, so that the least expensive

Jan 1, 1947

By George Otis Smith

WHAT American can enter this Western empire without his imagination being stirred by the stories of its past-yes, and even more by visions of its future! Whether we travel by rail or by auto, our pathway has its traditions of exploration and its records of early settlement. The mountain passes and the routes used by today's commerce are lasting memorials of the pathfinders whose unconquerable purpose was to search out a way-Lewis and Clark, Bonneville, Pike, Long, FrBmont, their names still live in your rivers and lakes and peaks. It was the glory of these adventurers that they spied out the land so that others might follow that long pro- cession of pioneers who occupied the new country- fur traders, gold miners, cattlemen, and homesteaders. Each of these pioneers attacked the problem of transportation in his own way, and each sought by his own method to win the resources whose richness had been reported by the pen of the Government explorer or by the swift rumor of the unnamed and unfamed adventurer. Trails were worn deep by these home or fortune seekers as they passed through the mountain barriers in successive waves-and these were waves that did not ebb, for this was an army of occupation. Along these main pathways of the West, as one historian has pointed out, the figure of chief interest was the sad- faced woman sitting on the front of the covered wagon.

Jan 1, 1926

By Augustus Locke

I WISH to urge on this Committee the task of evaluating mining geology. -My motive is as follows: It, is a. duty of the Institute from time to5 time, to establish the social perspective of the professions grouped within it, not simply to promote their use, but to determine with engineering definiteness their true powers and functions. This becomes the delegated duty, therefore, of this committee in respect to geology. Be- cause my own subject is mining, I shall confine my remarks to mining geology. But I believe that the evaluation should be made to include all of that geology termed economic. The perspective for such evaluation is shown in the nature of the public support given to geology. The federal Geological Survey, the leading organization on the economic side, is actuated by the zeal of a small group of devoted professionals who consider its work valuable, ' It proceeds, however, on a starvation ration of appropriations, and that implies that neither the corporations, the voters nor the vote getters consider it important. Altogether, in' the public consciousness, geology is negligible. That, at the same moment, .the profession should act with full confidence, while everyone else should act' with opposite motives, is not fitting. For us, as a committee, to remain incurious regarding such a disparity of beliefs is quite impossible.

Jan 1, 1931

By J. J. Jakosky

The strategic importance of the metallic minerals in our industrial economy, and the declining rates of discovery have focused attention on means of exploration for new mineral deposits. A consideration of exploration techniques leads to an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of geo- physics as a tool for mining exploration. One means of evaluation will be to compare the use of geophysics in petroleum exploration with its possible uses in mining.

Jan 1, 1949

By F. W. Jessen, G. F. Sears

Cavities in massive salt for the purpose of storage of liquid hydrocarbons have assumed a prominent position in recent years. This paper describes a program to facilitate leaching operations for the formation of specifically shaped storage cavities. Various forms and sizes of cavities may be possible through use of the techniques developed. INTRODUCTION The creation of large under ground storage facilities for natural gas and liquified petroleum gases has been practiced for many years. Use of cavities obtained through solution of salt for this purpose is a fairly new and novel approach, but has gained increasing importance due mainly to the economics of this type of mining operation opposed to hard rock mining or surface and pit storage.1 The idea of controlling the shape of any cavity dissolved from massive salt has not been a prime consideration of companies engaged in the formation of storage space. This has been due mainly to an insufficient knowledge of the mechanics of the leaching process and a dearth of published information dealing with both the desirability and ease of control possible for this type of operation. Two distinct advantages are readily ascertainable. From a stability standpoint (i.e., the ability of the completed cavity to withstand stress imposed by overburden pressure and lateral tectonic stresses) a controlled cavity may be generated which will yield the most favorable attitude to these external forces and remain in operable use for longer periods of time.2 A second advantage is that for a given volume, a sphere (which is one controlIed shape possible) represents the minimum surface area exposed. This may become more important in the future when dealing with refrigeration and product losses in underground cavities. The basic solution mining process, without regard for controlling the final shape, is quite simple in that the equipment and materials required to dissolve a cavity in a salt dome or layered salt section are a source of fresh water, a circulating pump, several strings of tubing and a means of disposal of the return brine. To add control measures involves the use of an inert blanket material above the position at which solution proceeds. Initially the annulus of the largest wash pipe is filled with this blanket down to the top of the proposed cavity. The bottom of the proposed cavity is determined by the depth of the original drilled hole or a blanking plug. The blanket material is added incrementally in stages and displaces the water in the enlarging cavity downward. Where the blanket material has displaced the water, no further solution takes place. The rate at which to add this controlling blanket material so as to be able to form specifically shaped cavities of any particular size is of considerable importance. THE PROBLEM It is desirable to have as much information as possible as to the behavior of the mining operation since visual observation obviously is impossible. It would be advantageous, for example, to have a step-by-step program showing how much salt is to be removed, at what rate and the time required. This type of program would facilitate procurement of surface equipment and provide for proper management of manpower requirements, as well as yield a host of intangible benefits. As mentioned earlier, only rule-of-thumb estimates were available until recently and made this type of pre-planned operation haphazardous at best. Recent work3-' has done much to clear up the ambiguities and inaccuracies attendant to solution mining of salt and has helped to place the operation on a more scientific basis. This study attempts to correlate much of the information thus far developed into a complete mining program; to extend the idea of controlled solution mining to include not only spheres, but solid conic sections of the ellipsoidal variety; and to refine the computation of the rate of removal of salt during the various stages of mining. Dommers3 and IIemson4 made extensive laboratory

Jan 1, 1967

By J. H. Jackson, P. D. Frost, C. H. Lorig, L. W. Eastwood, A. C. Loonam

It is well known that for equal weights of material, thin sections of the lighter structural alloys are more resistant to buckling under a compressive stress than thin sections of more dense material. Therefore, structural parts having the same resistance to buckling stresses are generally lightest when they are made of magnesium alloys. Consequently, there is considerable interest in the development of strong alloys having densities equal to or lower than that of magnesium and strength-weight ratios equivalent to those of the strongest aluminum alloys. The development of commercial magnesium-base alloys has been very successful, and their importance among materials in the structural field has been amply demonstrated. However, an even wider structural application of magnesium alloys might be effected if improvements could be made in the cold rollability and cold-forming characteristics. Such improvements, along with production of less directionality in properties. could be effected if the hexagonal close-packed lattice of present alloys could be replaced with a cubic lattice. In 1942, a project, having as its objective the improvement of some of the characteristics of commercial magnesium-base alloys, was initiated at Battelle Memorial Institute under the sponsorship of the Mathieson Chemical Corporation. At that time, one of the authors,* then Chief Metallurgist for the Mathieson Chemical Corporation, postulated that the addition of lithium to magnesium in sufficient quantities to change the crystal structure of the resultant alloy from a hexagonal to a body-centered cubic lattice should produce a magnesium-rich alloy which would have the desired improvements in cold-working characteristics with less directionality in properties. To test this view, a series of alloys was made and was found to have many of the attributes that were predicted. The view that magnesium-lithium alloys were of structural interest was also held by others. In 1943 and 1945, Dean and Andersonl,² obtained patents on magnesium-base alloys containing from about 1 to 10 pct lithium, from about 2 to about 10 pct manganese, and the balance substantially all magnesium; and on magnesium-base alloys containing from about 1 pct to about 10 pct lithium, from about 2 to about 10 pct manganese, from about 0.5 to 2 pct silver, and the balance substantially all magnesium. They noted that an alloy containing 83 pct magnesium, 10 pct manganese, 5 pct lithium, and 2 pct silver could be cold rolled by any of the usual methods and that this alloy was considerably harder and stronger than most other magnesium-base alloys heretofore available. In 1945, Hume-Rothery, et al.,3 predicted that magnesium-lithium base alloys should be soft and ductile and that such compositions, to which was added a third element for the purpose of producing a precipitation-hardening type of alloy, should be ductile, strong, and lighter than magnesium itself. Hume-Rothery investigated the binary magnesium-lithium and ternary magnesium-lithium-silver equilibrium relations and criticized the existing equilibrium diagrams. The binary magnesium-lithium equilibrium diagram has also been investigated by Grube, Von Zeppelin, and Bumm, Henry and Cordiano, Sal'dau and Shamrai, Hof-mann,' and Shamrai.8 The work of most investigators agreed with that of Grube, whose constitution diagram is shown in Fig 1. From the standpoint of development of structural alloys, the room-temperature equilibrium relations are of great interest. An examination of Fig 1 reveals that, from 0 to 5.7 pct lithium, the existing phase is alpha, which is a solution of lithium in hexagonal magnesium. The boundary between the alpha, and alpha plus beta regions, occurs at a Mg/Li of 16.5, corresponding to 5.7 pct lithium by weight. Between 5.7 pct and 10.3 pct lithium, there exists a mixture of the alpha phase (lithium dissolved in hexagonal magnesium) and the beta phase (magnesium dissolved in body-centered-cubic lithium). The boundary of the alpha plus beta and beta regions occurs at a Mg/Li of 8.7, corresponding to a lithium composition of 10.3 pct. Much of the work described here was directed toward obtaining an alloy made up of a large proportion, or entirely, of the body-centered-cubic beta structure. In his early work, Loonam found that specimens of lithium-bearing alloys were very malleable. Ingots of alloys prepared at that time were extruded to 3/8-in. diam bars, and the mechanical properties and the effects of heat treatment were then determined. These data are given in Table 1. The outstanding ductility of the alloys, combined with their moderately high strength, evoked considerable interest.

Jan 1, 1950

By I. R. Kramer

A delay time for yielding in cold-worked face-centered-cubic metals was found. Slip on (123) planes was observed. Glide on these planes occurred during the delay-time period before slip starts on the (111) planes. AN important approach to the study of the anchoring and blocking of dislocations is available through the delayed-yield phenomenon which has been observed in body-centered and hexagonal close-packed metal by several investigators. Clark and his associate1-5 showed that a delay time for yielding is present in mild steels and fine-grain molybdenum. Type 302 stainless, SAE 4130 normalized, SAE 4130 quenched and tempered, and 24s-T aluminum aid not have a delay time. Kramer and Maddin6 studied the delay-yield effect. in metal single crystals. While they found a delay time in body-centered-cubic metals none could be found in the face-centered-cubic metals. Later7 a delay time was found in hexagonal close-packed metals. cottrell8 has proposed an explanation for the difference in the yield phenomena of b.c.c. and f.c.c. metals based upon the anchoring of edge dislocations by the proper types of impurity atoms (C and N). In the body-centered-cubic lattice the interstitial atoms are near a cube edge and can interact with an edge dislocation, while in a face-centered-cubic lattice the distortion around an interstitial atom is of spherical symmetry and cannot anchor a screw dislocation which has practically no hydrostatic component. Cottrell's theory seems to account rather well for the behavior of body-centered-cubic . metals. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The apparatus used in these experiments is essentially of the same design as described previously.' Single crystals 1 in. long and having a diameter of % in. were placed in a pendulum which consisted of a bar 8 ft long designed with a crystal holder to accommodate the specimen at low temperatures. This portion of the apparatus was supported on fine molybdenum wires. A bar of the same diameter and length comprised the other portion of the apparatus. This bar was supported on a set of roller bearings arranged around the periphery of the bar to allow accurate alignment. This bar was propelled by means of a spring-loaded gun and allowed to strike the lead bar in front of the single-crystal specimen. SR-4 type A-8 resistance strain gages were cemented to the specimen and the strain measurements were obtained by amplifying the strain-gage output by means of a high-gain preamplifier. A tektronix 545 oscilloscope was used together with a polaroid camera to record the strain and time sweep. An Ellis Associate Bridge was used to calibrate the strain gages and calibration readings were obtained before each test. The sweep of the time signal was initiated by means of a miniature thyraton which was fired when the two bars came into contact. The single-crystal specimens were cut from single-crystal bars about 12 in. long, grown by a modified Bridgman technique. The aluminum crystals were made with material of 99.99 pct purity while the purity of the copper was 99.999 pct. A cut-off wheel was used to prepare the specimens which were then machined to the desired length. The two opposite faces of the specimen were parallel to each other and perpendicular to the axis of the specimen. The specimens were compressed 1 pct. No machining followed thereafter. In some cases prestraining was carried out in liquid nitrogen by impacting the specimens directly in the apparatus so that subsequent observations could be made without allowing the specimen to warm up to room temperature. The single crystals were compressed 1 pct at room temperature in a hand press without much control of the rate of deformation. In some cases specimens were recompressed to obtain the desired length change. As far as could be determined in these experiments this factor did not seem to influence the results. The SR-4 strain gages were glued with a cellulose type cement onto the specimen surface and baked at 45°C for 12 hr. As a check on the baking treatment gages were allowed to dry at room temperature. All delay time tests in this paper were conducted in a liquid nitrogen bath at -195°C. A schematic delay time oscilloscope trace is shown in Fig. 1. At point B the elastic stress wave caused by the impact reaches the strain gage on the specimen. The portion BC is the elastic strain. In this investigation the strain at point C was used to calculate the critical resolved shear stress by multiplying by the proper modulus depending upon the orientation of the single-crystal specimen. The time between C and D is the delay time portion of the curve. This portion of the curve is fairly flat but does have a definite microstrain associated with it. After the point D is reached the specimen deforms rapidly and the strain reaches a maximum at E. Following this, depending upon the length of the bar behind the specimen, the strain remains constant for a period and then decreases when the reflected elastic wave returns from the end of the pendulum bar. A permanent plastic strain is recorded on the oscilloscope trace and also measured by a strain-measuring bridge. The strain, E p,

Jan 1, 1960

By Albert Sauveur

IT WAS in June, 1889, that I was first admitted to the society of educated men. The admission ticket had been signed, on the recommendation of my old and beloved teacher, Bobby Richards, by General Francis A. Walker at the time President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an institution familiarly known as M. I. T. I immediately proceeded to take advantage of that privilege by departing for Steelton, Pennsylvania, where I understood I was eagerly awaited by the educated officials of the Pennsylvania Steel Company. I was some. what disappointed at the casualness of my reception and at being tucked away in that preserve closet of steel works known as the chemical laboratory. At Steelton I met Major Bent who was president of the company. When I say "met," that is a figure of speech as my acquaintance with him was confined to my being shown

Jan 1, 1937

By A. M. Gaudin

The study that is presented here was undertaken in order to condense information concerning comminution, and covering a great variety of conditions, into one or several rules which would be of use in the development of a systematic theory as well as in many directly practical ways. As the result of this work, the following conclusions appear justified: 1. Rocks may be classified, from the point of view of comminution, into two general classes which are (a) structurally homogeneous, and (b) structurally heterogenous. Structurally homogeneous rocks are those in which fracture takes place through grains and grain boundaries alike; heterogeneous rocks are those in which fracture passes in preference through grain boundaries. 2. If a sized product composed of structurally homogeneous rock grains is crushed, a product results in which the relation between the percentage weight of grains of various sizes and these sizes themselves follows a definite law. This is not true of structurally heterogeneous rocks. 3. Ball milling with structurally homogeneous rocks, and under certain conditions, presents exceptions to this rule. 4. In ball milling with structurally homogeneous rocks, there exists a critical ratio of size of feed to size of balls, above which the machine operates essentially by surface wear, and below which it operates essentially by breaking across the body of the particle. 5. In ball milling, with structurally homogeneous rocks, and when the size of feed grains exceeds the critical size, the particles worn off are of a substantially definite size which depends upon the ball size. 6. In the case of a typical heterogeneous rock, such as Manhattan schist, particles are crushed in such a way that there is a greater proportion of grains of the size that is the average grain-size of the rock than there would be in that range of size with a structurally homogeneous rock. This has been found to be true with all the crushers tested. 7. Different methods of crushing produce grains of different shapes. 8. The importance of sizing the — 200-mesh portion of a crushed product, in crushing-efficiency investigations, has been greatly under-

Jan 1, 1926

By S. A. Mersol, C. T. Lynch, F. W. Vahldiek

The room-temperature microhardness of as-grown and annealed MoaC single crystals was measured on the (0001), {2110), and1012) planes using Knoop and Vickevs indenters at loads ranging front 25 to 1000 g. The orientatimz dependence of hardness with respect to crystal axes was also studied. The average random hardness of as-grown crystals was determined to be 1520 kg per sq nm. Annealing to 2000°C decreased. the average hardness by 150 units. An increase in hardness after annealing at 2200 ;C was noted. Optical and electron microscopy revealed slip and twin traces on all planes studied, as produced by mi-cvohavdness indentations. Basal (0001)(2i10) slip was determined to be the primary slip system and was substantiated by electron transmission microscopy. A secondary {1010)(2110) slip was produced by mi-crohardness indentations. The lattev also produced twinning- of the {10i2)[0001] type, as proven by electron diffraction. Electrical resistivity and elastic-modulus anisotropy were found and correlated with hardness anisotropy and Mo2C crystal structure. Elastic-modulus values were obtained by microhard-uess and ullrasonic methods. Bonding mechanism of Mo2C is discussed. ROOM-TEMPERATURE microhardness indentations are useful for studying hardness anisotropy, slip, and twinning in brittle materials. Slip has previously been produced in this manner in and WS~~.~ Recently, the authors5 reported slip of the {10i0)(11~0) type produced by high pressure and microhardness indentations on hexagonal TiBz (c/a = 1.066) single and polycrystals. This slip system was also reported by French and ~homas' and Taka-hashi and ~reise~ for hexagonal WC (c/a = 0.976) crystals. These results suggest that prismatic rather than basal slip is favored in hexagonal nonmetallic materials having a c/a ratio considerably less than the ideal (1.633). Buerger precession and cylindrical X-ray rotation patterns were previously' taken on cleaved sections of the Mo2C single crystals studied in this work. Th~y were found to be hexagonal MoaC with a. = 3.0233A, co = 4.7344A, and C/O = 1.5660. The latter ratio is close to that of the beryllium metal (c/a = 1.57), which slips primarily on the (0001) plane: but also slips on the (1010) planes.'0 ~irconium" (c/u = 1.59) and titanium12 (c/o = 1.59) deform mainly by slip on nonbasal planes which contain a close-packed direction. This is due to the fact that for these two metals the initial resolved shear stress for slip on the (10i0) prismatic planes is lower than that on the (0001) plane. The prominence of basal rather than prismatic slip in metals of high c/o ratios is shown by cadmium (c/a = 1.89), zinc (c/a = 1.86), and magnesium (c/a = 1.62) which deform mainly by basal slip. However, in case of the latter, by stressing magnesium crystals in tension or compression parallel to the basal plane, slip on (10i0) planes can also be produced.13 Several hardness values for polycrystalline Mo2C are reported in the literature: Biickle ' and Samsonov'~ give a value of 1800 and 1479 kg per sq mm, respectively, at a 100-g load; and Kieffer and Benesovsk~'~ report a value of 1950 kg per sq mm at a 50-g load. ~ott'~ reports a Vickers hardness value of 2000 kg per sq mm, with the load unspecified. A Rockwell A hardness value of RA = 88 has also been reported.'' In the present work, for comparison with single-crystal Mo2C hardness values, a Khnloo value of 1600 It 150 kg per sq mm was found on 99.6 pct pure and 99 pct dense hot-pressed Mo2C. This work was undertaken partly to explain the considerable differences in hardness values reported for polycrystalline Mo2C. EXPERIMENTAL The Mo2C single crystals investigated were prepared by a Verneuil-type process using an electric arc by the Linde Co. of the Union Carbide Corp.lg The largest specimens grown were boules 7 mm in diam by 40 mm in length. The crystals had an average density of 9.04 g per cu cm, with a Mo + C content of 99.8 wt pct. The major impurities were: 100 ppm each Na, Zr, and Ca; 85 ppm 0, 55 ppm Fe, and 10 ppm each Cr and Ta. The crystals were found to be carbon-poor, the average carbon content being 5.73 wt pct (stoichiometric value is 5.89 pct). The molybdenum content was found to be 94.08 pct, which is nearly stoichiometric. Electron-microprobe traverses of selected specimens were done with a Phillips-AMR microanalyzer. Thin-film and carbon replicas were used to prepare electron micrographs. This work was done with a JEM-6A electron microscope. Prior to optical and electron-optical studies, specimens were mounted in Lucite and polished on a vibratory polisher using diamond-paste grades ranging from 9-1 p and Linde A powder for up to 48 hr. Dilute nitric acid was used for thin-section polishing and chemical etching for 1-15 min. Electrical-resistivity measurements at room temperature were taken with a Rubicon bridge, using gold contacts. For hardness measurements, a Tukon Microhardness Tester Type FB with Knoop and Vickers indenters was used. Measurements were taken at loads ranging from 25 to 1000 g; however, the 100-g load was chosen as the standard load. All measurements were taken at room temperature. Indentations of cracking classes 1 and 2 only were considered for hardness determinations.20)21 (There are six cracking classes, ranging from "class 1" for a perfect inden-

Jan 1, 1967

By D. J. Schmatz, H. I. Aaronson, H. A. Domian

Diffusion kinetics in disordered hcp Cd-Mg alloys have been investigated by means of the Kirkendall effect and concentration-penetration curves determined with an electron-microprobe analyzer. Self-diffusion coefficients of both species were determined at the three marker compositions obtained, averaging 27.6, 46. 7, and 78.1 at. pct Mg, by means of the Darken analysis. These coefficients were then corrected for the unequal and concentration-dependent partial molar volumes of the two elements with the Balluffi analysis, and for the vacancy flux effect by the Manning analysis. The latter correction reduced the Balluffi correction produced larger changes in the self-diffusiv-ities; neither, however, produced statistically significant changes in the Do's or the H'S. The most striking result of this investigation is that at all three compositions and at all temperatures studied both the uncorrected and corrected self-difjusivities of magnesium are higher than those of cadmium. The Cd-Mg system is the first one found in which the higher melting, lower vapor pressure element diffuses more rapidly. Both an empirical correlation due to Toth and Searcy and considerations of the atomic mechanism of diffusion indicate that this anomaly is probably due to a comparatively low value of the activation energy required for a magnesium atom and a vacancy to exchange sites, perhaps occasioned by the higher compressibility of magnesium atoms. KIRKENDALL effect studies have been previously reported for only two hcp solid solutions: the E phase of the Zn-Cu system1 and the a phase of the Cd-Hg system.' In neither investigation were the marker-movement studies supplemented with the concentration-penetration curve determinations necessary to evaluate self-diffusivities by means of the atano and the Darken analyses. The present program was undertaken to obtain both types of data on a hexagonal solid solution in order to provide more detailed information relevant to the mechanism of diffusion in this type of lattice. The Cd-Mg system was chosen for this study because the disordered solid solution extends across the entire phase diagram at temperatures above 253"c5 and the substantial difference in the melting points of the component pure metals promised that marker movements would occur at reasonably rapid rates should the diffusivities of the two species be as unequal as might be anticipated. The experimental convenience of the relatively low melting points of cad-miun and magnesium and the availability of extensive and accurate activity data6 (required for application of the Darken analysis) were additional reasons for selecting this alloy system. Since the anisotropy of diffusion is not large in either pure cadmium7 or pure magnesium,' the diffusion couples were prepared from polycrystalline components. The presence of a well-defined texture in the couples—the c axis of individual crystals tended to be normal to the diffusion direction— however, provides a fair degree of crystallographic definition to the data obtained. The principal (and entirely unexpected) finding of this investigation, that magnesium, the high-melting low-vapor pressure element, diffuses more rapidly than cadmium, in contradiction to a broad range of results in fcc and bcc alloys, as well as in the previously studied hcp alloys,172 makes the self-diffusivity determinations of immediate interest in understanding the origin of this anomalous result. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The cadmium (Belmont Smelting and Refining Co.) and magnesium (Dow Chemical Co.) used in this study were both of 99.99 pct purity. Alloys containing 51.0 and 65.6 at. pct Mg were prepared from these materials by melting under a MgC12-base flux in a high-purity graphite crucible. These alloys were subsequently hot-worked and then homogenized in a helium atmosphere at temperatures close to their solidus points. Sandwich-type diffusion couples of the type g/d/g were prepared from the pure metals by solid-state diffusion. Two-piece alloy couples of Mg/65.5 at. pct Mg (Mg/gCd) and Cd/51.0 at. pct Mg (Cd/CdMg) were welded by a liquation technique. The individual components of both types of couple were initially cylinders 1.27 cm in diam and in length; the ends of these cylinders were machined accurately flat and parallel. For both welding techniques, the pure cadmium cylinders and the alloys were chemically polished in a mixture of 40 pct ethyl alcohol, 40 pct hydrogen peroxide (30 pct conc), and 20 pct nitric acid,g while those of pure magnesium were polished in a solution of 10 pct nitric acid in ethyl alcohol.' Immediately afterwards, both metals were rinsed in freshly distilled acetone, and then in similarly purified methanol.' The Mg/Cd/g couples were assembled in a carefully cleaned stainless-steel welding fixture, in which a screw operating through a self-centering arrangement permitted a controlled pressure to be exerted upon a couple prior to welding.'' Tungsten marker wires 0.005 cm in diam were placed at the d:g interfaces of some of these couples, and imbedded in the couples during the application of pressure. As soon as a couple had been assembled, the welding fixture was inserted into a Pyrex capsule containing a packet of zirconium chips at each end. The capsule

Jan 1, 1967

Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Ida. John W. Finch, Director. A list of publications will be sent upon application. A series of Bulletins and Pamphlets have been issued by the Bureau to date since 1920 Of the Bulletins, six are out of print, and a charge is made for eight. Each of the Bulletins, in the main, treats of the geology and resources of a particular district in Idaho, as follows (only available Bulletins listed): Bulletin 1, South central Idaho (1920), 15 cents, 7, North central Idaho (1924), 50 cents, 8, Bonneville, Bingham and Caribou counties (1924), 50 cents, 9, Boise Basin (1924), 50 cents; 10, Boundary County (1926), 50 cents; 11, Region about Silver City (1926), 50 cents; 12, Clark Fork district (1930), 50 cents, 14, Eastern Cassia County (1931), 50 cents, Press Bulletin 15, Teton County (1927), Bulletin 16, Melon Valley near Buhl (1927); 17, Concerning land slips near Whitebird, Idaho (1928) The 37 Pamphlets are issued free of cost, and each treats, also, in the main of the geology and resources of a particular district in Idaho Nos 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 26, 30 and 35 are out of print Of those available, attention may be called to Pamphlet 6, Reported platinum occurrences near Coeur d' Alene (1925), 11, Bruneau River Basin, 12, Power and Oneida

Jan 1, 1933

By J. C. Bradley

THE relation of annealing temperature to conductivity of copper wire has been determined.1 Conductivity hard was 98.26 per cent. After a 10-min. heating at 200° C. it was 98.69. By annealing 10 min. at 300° C. a large increase, to 100.93, occurred. Maximum conductivity, 101.15, was attained after a 500° C. anneal; thereafter it decreased to 100.53 after a 950° C. anneal. If copper is gassed the decrease is much more than this. MATERIAL AND METHOD The work was done on high grade electrolytic copper, 99.942 per cent. copper-plus silver, silver 0.0008 per cent. It was hot-rolled to 3 in., then cold drawn to 0.080 in. The wire was cut into 25 5-ft. lengths and numbered 1 to 25 as cut. Four samples were tested hard. The others were wound into 5-in. diameter coils. For the 100° C. heating a coil was put into water, the water brought to boiling, and the wire kept at this temperature for 10 min. For the higher temperatures the coils were placed in envelopes of sheet copper, a little water added, and the envelopes sealed by folding over the edges twice, and hammering them together. This kept the air out very well. The envelope and wire were brought to the desired temperature; this was maintained for 10 min., then the whole was water-quenched.

Jan 1, 1927

LIST OF THE MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALITIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION Transactions Number Place Date Vol Page 1 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?71 1 3 2 Bethlehem, Pa August, ?71 1 10 3 Troy, N Y November, ?71 1 13 4 Philadelphia, Pa February, ?72 1 17 5 New York, N Y May, ?72 1 20 6 Pittsburg, Pa October, ?72 1 25 7 Boston, Mass February, ?73 1 28 8 Philadelphia, Pa May, ?73 2 3 9 Easton, Pa October, ?73 2 7 10 New York, N Y February, ?74 211 11 St Louis, Mo May, ?74 3 3 12 Hazleton, Pa October, ?74 3 8 13 New Haven, Conn February, ?75 3 15 14 Dover, N J May, ?75 4 3 15 Cleveland, 0 October, ?75 4 9 16 Washington, D C February, ?76 4 18 17 Philadelphia, Pat June, ?76, 5 3 18 Philadelphia, Pa October, ?76 5 9 19 New York, N Y February, ?77 5 27 20 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?77 6 3 21 Amenia, N Y October, ?77 6 10 22 Philadelphia, Pa. May, ?78 6 18 23 Chattanooga, Tenn May ?78 7 3 24 Lake George, N.Y. Oct. ?78 7 25 Baltimore, Md. Feb. ?79 7 26 Pittsburgh Pa, May ?79 8 27 Montreal, Canada Sept, ?79 8 28 New York, N.Y. Feb, ?80 9 29 Lake Superior, Mich Aug, ?80 9 30 Philadelphia, Pa. Feb, 81 9

Jan 1, 1923

Thomas H. Beddall, so we are informed by Major J. B. Carlock, has been promoted and is now Adjutant of the 1st Battalion, 1st Gas Regi¬ ment. He was awarded, last summer, the Croix de Guerre. R. A. Bull. See letter in Proceedings of Milwaukee Meeting. Captain Stanley C. Bullock's record since entering the service is given as follows in a letter recently received from Mrs. Bullock: Resigned position of mine manager in Chile in November, 1915, to return to England to obtain commission in Royal Engineers. Joined Officers' Training Corps, Dec. 20, 1915. Commission gazetted, Jan. 27, 1916, 2d Lieut., R. E. Landed in France, Feb. 6, 1916. Posted to 179th Tunnelling Co., R. E. Took part in following battles: Somme, 1916; Ypres;1917; Arras, 1917; Somme, March and July, 1917; Messines, 1917. Gazetted: Acting Captain, July 11, 1916; Temp.-Lieutenant, Oct. 26, 1916; Captain, Sept. 29, 1918. Awarded Military Cross, Jan. 1, 1918, for conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty under a heavy enemy gas bombardment, when, by his example and perseverance in spite of every difficulty and obstacle, mining work was successfully completed which was vital for the success of the operations. The Cross was presented to Capt. Bullock by the King, on Sept. 25, 1918. First Lieut. J. J. Cadot, in a letter sent to Mr. H. `V. Hardinge from France, says he has been at the "Front." He also mentions that the Boche "is a good sprinter."

Jan 12, 1918

LIST OF THE MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALITIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION Transactions Number Place Date Vol Page 1 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?71 1 3 2 Bethlehem, Pa August, ?71 1 10 3 Troy, N Y November, ?71 1 13 4 Philadelphia, Pa February, ?72 1 17 5 New York, N Y May, ?72 1 20 6 Pittsburg, Pa October, ?72 1 25 7 Boston, Mass February, ?73 1 28 8 Philadelphia, Pa May, ?73 2 3 9 Easton, Pa October, ?73 2 7 10 New York, N Y February, ?74 211 11 St Louis, Mo May, ?74 3 3 12 Hazleton, Pa October, ?74 3 8 13 New Haven, Conn February, ?75 3 15 14 Dover, N J May, ?75 4 3 15 Cleveland, 0 October, ?75 4 9 16 Washington, D C February, ?76 4 18 17 Philadelphia, Pat June, ?76, 5 3 18 Philadelphia, Pa October, ?76 5 9 19 New York, N Y February, ?77 5 27 20 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?77 6 3 21 Amenia, N Y October, ?77 6 10 22 Philadelphia, Pa. May, ?78 6 18 23 Chattanooga, Tenn May ?78 7 3 24 Lake George, N.Y. Oct. ?78 7 25 Baltimore, Md. Feb. ?79 7 26 Pittsburgh Pa, May ?79 8 27 Montreal, Canada Sept, ?79 8 28 New York, N.Y. Feb, ?80 9 29 Lake Superior, Mich Aug, ?80

Jan 1, 1923

By J. M. Sands

THE state of Kansas had a daily average crude-oil production of about 87,000 bbl. at the beginning of the year. This showed a steady but consistent decline during the 12 months, so that the daily average production at the end of the year was slightly over 68,000 barrels. GREENWOOD COUNTY THE most active development in Kansas during the year was in Greenwood County, in a line from near Sallyards in T 25-R 9 to east of Madison in T 22-R 11. The main part of this development has been in a succession of pools beginning at the south with the Polhamus pool in 34-24-9 and 3 and 4-25-9; Thrall pool in 28, 29, 32 and 33-23-10; Burkett pool in 13, 23, 24 and 26-23-10; Seeley and Wick pool in 22, 27, 28,. 32 and 33-22-11 and 5, 6, 7, and 8-23-11; Frohm pool in 11, 14 and 15-22-11; Madison pool in 31 and 32-21-12 and 6, 22, 12 and 1-22-11. Some of these pools have two or more sands, locally called Bartlesville and Burgess Sands. They range in depth from 1850 ft. near Madison to 2450 ft. near Sallyards, the general dip being to' the west. The thickness of these sands run from 20 to 100 ft., the initial production of the wells being 50 to 1000 bbl of 40-gravity oil or better.

Jan 3, 1924

[Secretary's Note.—The following official tables, prepared by the government of the State of Nuevo Leon, and presented to the Institute at the fifth seseion of its Mexican meeting, held at Monterrey, November 26, 1901, present in compact form a general summary of the mineral and metallurgical industry of the State for the preceding calendar year, together with a statement of the railway-shipments of ores from January 1 to October 31, 1901, which, in the absence of direct official mining and metallurgical statistics (not yet available for that year), clearly indicates an increased activity and productiveness of these industries. In other words, the mines are reported to have yielded in 1900 a total product of 83,960,169 kilos of ore; whereas, the railway is reported to have carried, in 10 months of 1901, a total of 108,318,647 kilos of ore. At this rate, the railway-shipments for 1901 mould amount to nearly 130,000,000 kilos. It is, of course, possible that the railwaystatistics include other freight than ores, or that they include duplications, such as would be involved in the record, first of certain ores transported, and afterwards of the " base bullion " produced therefrom. An accurate comparison is therefore impossible ; yet, after making all reasonable allowances for such items as have been named, it seems safe to infer that the mining and metallurgical industry of this State accomplished in 1901 a substantial progress.]

Jan 1, 1902

By C. E. Shoenfelt

Operations ill Colorado oil fields in 1934 were not quite so extensive as in 1933, but much better results were obtained and one new oil field was discovered. In all, 26 wells were drilled, of which 9 were oil wells, 1 was a gas well, and 16 were dry holes. New oil production totaled 10,220 bbl. and new gas production totaled 33,714,000 cu. ft. This compares with new oil production in 1933 of 1238 bbl. and new gas production of 14,307,000 cu. ft. Dry holes in 1933 totaled 29 as conlpared with 16 in 1934. Oil was discovered in the Hiawatha gas field, Moffat County, in 1934 in the Mountain Fuel Supply Company's No. 4B Wilson, C. NE. NW. of sec. 23, 12N., 100W. This well was completed in a sand in the Wasatch (Tertiary) at 2304 to 2337 ft., after plugging back from 3797 ft. It made 20 bbl. of oil initially. No. 4B Wilson is the first well in the Rocky Mountain region to discover oil in commercial amounts in rocks younger than Cretaceous, and while it is not expected that Hiawatha will develop into an oil field of important proportions, eventually it may produce a considerable amount of oil as the gas pressure declines. The Hiawatha gas field was discovered in 1926, on one of six structures in what is known as the Vermillion Creek gas area. It is a northeast-

Jan 1, 1935

By R. H. Lynn, T. C. Craig

During the year 1933, in the Texas Panhandle, 113 oil wells were completed, adding 33,337 bbl. to the daily potential of the field. The field potential on Jan. 1, 1933, as determined by the Texas Railroad Commission, was 149,260 bbl., with a daily allowable production of 41,000 bbl. The potential was raised gradually, until on July 16, 1933, it reached 155,344 bbl. with a daily allowable of 55,000 bbl. This potential and allowable was maintained over a period from July 16, 1933, to Sept. 8, 1933, when the potential was reduced to 136,893, with a daily allowable of 43,727 bbl. Since Sept. 8, 1933, there has been a gradual increase, until on Jan. 1, 1934, the field potential reached 159,740 bbl. with a daily allowable of 42,000 bbl. Of this amount 26,429 bbl. arc "marginal oil" and 2682 bbl. are exempt on account of water. Deepening of Wells During the year 64 wells were deepened, increasing their total oil production 9631 bbl. per day. Of this amount the Gray County granite wash contributed 9256 bbl. from 57 wells. It has been found in many places that the granite wash carries an additional oil pay from 50 to 75 ft. below sea level. The majority of the wells that were .drilled during the early development in Gray County encountered their oil above sea level. When the wells producing from the upper horizon have become unprofit-

Jan 1, 1934