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By E. Wm. Heinrich

Glass sands fall into that extremely select category of mineral deposits that requires a fantastic degree of natural concentration (95% +) of a single component before they can even be considered as ores suitable for further refinement. The combination of geological factors that has produced such an environment of "mineralogical single-mindedness" has appeared only rarely. Factors that require consideration in the economic evaluation of a potential glass-sand deposit can be grouped into three categories: 1) geological (e.g., size, shape, structure); 2) petrographic (e.g., grain size, accessory minerals, nature of iron contaminants); 3) geographic - political (e.g., proximity to consumer, size of market, zoning restrictions). Of particular con ern is the nature of the iron contamination. Iron-bearing species appear as 1) accessory mineral grains, either detrital or authigenic, 2) cements, 3) grain coatings, and 4) quartz-grain inclusions. Selection of the cheapest form of beneficiation requires precise information on the mineralogy of the iron species and their detailed petrography. Because of the antipathetic relationships, in many parts of the United States and Canada between the geographical locations of glass plants and the geological distribution of glass sands, the selection of ac suitable source for a particular glass plant may be dichotomous. One may seek either an exceedingly pure "classic" type glass sand that is relatively distant and whose cost includes a major transportation charge or a relatively proximate and somewhat "impure" source whose cost includes a substantial fee for beneficiation.

Jan 1, 1974

By Francis Church Lincoln

"INTRODUCTION During the period from September 18 to November 27, 1944, the Bureau of Mines conducted an investigation and exploratory churn-drilling program in an area immediately north of the Crow Branch Diggings, a district lying approximately 2 1/2 miles southwest of the town of Livingston in Grant County, Wisconsin.The work was undertaken as part of a general Bureau of Mines investigation of the zinc-producing area of southwestern Wisconsin at a time when all effort was being made to increase the production of metals important to the Nation's war prrgram.Although no mining has been done in the district in recent years the Crow Branch Diggings were an important source of galena and may be found today in the dumps remaining from old surface-mining operations.The Bureau of Mines undertook an exploratory churn-drilling program on the northwestern projection of the general strike of the digging in a zone where subsurface,lead and zinc mineralization had been reported from drilling done in the early 1900's."

Feb 1, 1947

By Marden Valente de Souza

Com o início da utilização do EPC, modelo matemático de previsibilidade de propriedade mecânica, no laminador de tiras a quentes da ArcelorMittal Tubarão em 2012 como ferramenta de acompanhamento da qualidade, pode-se verificar o comportamento das propriedades mecânicas ao longo do comprimento das bobinas logo após sua laminação. Baseado nestes resultados verificou-se que, principalmente, para material com espessura superior a 9,50 mm ocorria uma queda de propriedade mecânica do topo, região indicada para amostragem conforme norma, para o centro de aproximadamente 30 MPa, apresentando todos os valores aprovados conforme especificação da norma. Após verificação por ensaio físico na região central e comprovação da indicação do modelo, modificou-se o processo para garantir um produto com propriedade mais uniforme mantendo a garantia de atendimento às normas ao longo de todo comprimento.

Aug 8, 2018

By Manqiu Xu, Peter Wells, Gord Bacon

"A methodology is proposed for milling flowsheet design using flotation rate, selectivity and residence time distribution data. The flotation rate data and the difference in flotation rates between the main minerals to be separated are determined from laboratory batch tests. The residence time distribution (RTD) data is calculated using the tanks-in-series model assuming each flotation cell is a perfect reactor. The rate, selectivity and RTD data can be used to calculate the optimum flotation cell number in a bank for rougher/scavenger in a commercial plant.This methodology is demonstrated in a case study of a nickel sulfide ore. It is shown that miniplant rougher/scavenger data can be closely predicted from a batch test using the proposed methodology.INTRODUCTIONIt has been the trend in the past several decades that large flotation cells are increasingly used. This is largely driven by the economics as ore grades are getting lower and the rate of ore processing must be increased in order to keep mining operations economically viable. The development and evaluation of 250 to 500 m3 WEMCO SmartCell and Outokumpu TankCell flotation machines are well in progress. There are many advantages in using large cells: fewer cells, less floor space, lower power cost (although this is now being questioned for fine particle flotation), simpler circuit, simpler control, and lower auxiliary equipment cost (Arbiter, 1999). As flotation cells are getting larger, the importance of cell hydrodynamics, namely, air/slurry dispersion, power intensity, froth transfer, residence time distribution (RTD) and short-circuiting are being fully recognized (Jonaitis, 1999; Weber, et al., 1999; Gomez and Finch, 2002). It is not the intention of this paper to discuss flotation cell scale-up. The intention is to answer what is the optimum number and size of cells in a flotation bank for a given throughput. Figure 1 illustrates this problem facing design engineers. The same mean residence time required for a given throughput can be achieved in a single large cell, or many smaller cells in a row. A few cells of large size may be more cost-effective but they may not be as effective as more cells of smaller size in achieving the optimum metallurgy."

Jan 1, 2005

By Jr. Holmes

The Bureau of Mines drilled and sampled the more important magnesite deposits in the Currant Creek Mining District, White Pine County, Nev. The properties of the Ala-Mar Magnesium Co., Inc., and the Nevada Magnesite Co. were examined in August 1942 by D. W. Butner, engineer of the Bureau of Mines, to determine the advisability of investigating the deposits under the strategic minerals program. Development involving diamond drilling, trenching, and sampling was started September 1, 1942, and was completed in the latter part of November 1942. The deposits are on unsurveyed public land in T. 12N., B. 59 E., M.D.B.&M., in an area of high relief ranging from 7,300 to 8,100 feet in altitude. Both properties are situated northwest of the Tonopah-Ely Highway, U.S. Highway 6, from which a dirt road extends about 4.6 miles northwesterly, about 35 miles southwest of Ely, to the Ala-Mar property, and another dirt road extends about 10 miles westerly, about 26 miles southwest of Ely, to the Nevada Magnesite property. The magnesite occurs as irregular nodules, veins, and lenses in a bedded calcareous tuff formation, which overlies a group of volcanic rocks, and which is capped by remnants of rhyolite flows.

Jan 1, 1950

By H. D. Kline

This paper is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on methods, practices, and costs in various mining districts in the United States. The paper describes mining and ore recovery methods common to the Batesville manganese district, Independence County, Ark., and gives the costs of producing merchantable ore by three operators whose methods were more or less typical of those of many other local manganese producers. The operating costs reported were those of Leonard Baxter at mines on Brooks Hill for the calendar year 1958 and Arkansas Mining and Exploration Corp. at Section 16 mine and the Searcy group of mines and Miller-McGee Corp. at the Diener mine during the first 6 months of 1959. Manganese are was mined in the district as early as 1849 and almost continuously thereafter until August 1959, when termination of the Government's domestic manganese purchase program resulted in complete cessation of mining activity. During those years, production came from more than 189 mines and properties, of which only a few produced as much as 30,000 tons of merchantable ore.

Jan 1, 1962

By Josué Mesquita de Souza Junior

A concentração gravítica corresponde a uma das mais antigas e importantes formas de processamento mineral, sendo utilizada para beneficiar uma grande variedade de minérios. Neste contexto, a melhor maneira de investigar e prever resultados de processos gravíticos é a chamada “curva de lavabilidade”. Estas curvas apresentam a distribuição das partículas de um dado um material segundo as suas densidades e são construídas a partir de dados experimentais obtidos nos denominados testes de flutua-afunda. Para a realização destes testes são utilizados líquidos com diferentes densidades, os quais correspondem a substâncias muito tóxicas, voláteis, de difícil manuseio e, na maioria dos casos, muito caras. Além disto, por não existirem líquidos com densidades muito elevadas, os mesmos não podem ser usados no fracionamento de sulfetos ou óxidos metálicos, o que restringe o uso das curvas de lavabilidade a materiais leves. Pensando nisto, procedeu-se ao desenvolvimento do presente trabalho, cujo objetivo é apresentar uma nova metodologia para a construção das curvas de lavabilidade a partir da análise de imagens digitais. Com esta metodologia será possível construir curvas de lavabilidade de uma maneira mais rápida e segura, além de tornar possível a aplicação desta ferramenta para minérios que possuam partículas com densidades mais elevadas.

Aug 17, 2017

By C. W. Schultz, R. B. Tippin

Statistical screening is so named because a particulate feed is separated into "size" intervals on the basis of the probabalistic behavior of the individual particles (i.e., their probability of passing the screen) rather than by physical restraint. To illustrate this statement, consider a conventional screening operation. A particle which is larger than the openings in the screen cloth is physically restrained from passing through and is repeatedly reflected from the surface until it is discharged as oversize. Of those particles smaller than the screen openings, the very smallest tend to pass the screen near the feed end while those nearer in size to the screen opening tend to pass at a greater distance from the feed end. Alternatively, we could say that the particles with high probability of passing through the screen are concentrated near the feed end while particles of low probability of passing are dispersed from the feed end. This tendency to segregate is the basis for size separation by statistical screening. The purpose of this note is to: 1) Show that the distribution of material passing an array of screens can be described by a modified binomial distribution. 2) Demonstrate that an efficient size separation can be made by this technique. 3) Relate some of the more important screening parameters to the efficiency of the size separation. The Distribution Function The distribution of undersize products along the length of a screen can be derived with the help of a few simple definitions and assumptions. 1) First, we must assume that each particle has some probability of passing a screen on a single presentation. Further, we must assume that this probability is constant and is not affected by the position of the particle on the screen. It must also be acknowledged that several factors enter into this probability. Among them are the "action" of the screen, the slope of the deck, the shape of the openings, etc. The relationship between these factors, however. is not the subject of this paper. 2) To simplify calculations, all particles falling within a size range on the Tyler scale, e.g., —x + x/ mm, are assumed to have the same probability. 3) It is assumed that particles which do not pass the screen on a presentation are reflected a unit distance forward, i.e., the direction of material travel. A unit distance is defined as the distance between the centers of consecutive wires in the screen cloth.

Jan 1, 1971

By Felipe da Silva Siqueira, Weslley Luiz da Silva Assis, Camila dos Santos Pinto, André Luiz Moraes Alves, Guilherme Dias da Fonseca, Paulo Rangel Rios

Neste trabalho estudou-se o comportamento cinético das transformações de fases por nucleação e crescimento nas interfaces (faces, arestas e vértices), das matrizes poliedricas de Kelvin, Voronoi e de Monte Carlo, através da simulação computacional. Com o objetivo principal de comparar os resultados obtidos das simulações com os modelos analíticos de Johnson e Mehl, Kolmogorov e Avrami (JMAK), e de John W. Cahn. As matrizes foram geradas por modelos estocásticos e através do método de crescimento do Cone Causal. Em engenharia o entendimento do comportamento das transformações de fases por nucleação e crescimento são importantes para prever os possíveis locais de nucleação, assim como no entendimento do comportamento dos constituintes presentes do diagrama ferro carbono, na decomposição da austenita, no processo de recristalização, entre outros. Desta forma, o modelamento computacional foi utilizado para o estudo das transformações de fases por nucleação e crescimento, obtendo como resultados a fração volumétrica, o caminho microestrutural e a contiguidade, ambos resultados foram importantes para a caracterização microestrutural e para descrever a distribuição dos núcleos no espaço. Com os resultados obtidos observou-se que se os núcleos estão bem distribuídos nas interfaces o impingement será mais fraco, levando as simulações de Voronoi e de Kelvin a corroborarem com o modelo analítico de JMAK, já o Modelo de Monte Carlo, não apresentou o mesmo comportamento, ou seja, ficou evidenciado que nem sempre a aleatoriedade vai ser válida para todos os casos. Foi constatado também que se aumenta consideravelmente a quantidade de núcleos, a distribuição perde a característica de aleatoriedade e passa a se comportar como clusters, corroborando com o modelo analítico de Cahn.

Nov 10, 2019

By Oswaldo Carhuancho

El presente trabajo señala la filosofía de trabajo en equipo desarrollada en la mina Pierina, Lima. La política de trabajo se sustenta en el pensamiento de Barrick, donde las prácticas administrativas basadas en la seguridad, salud ocupacional y el medio ambiente repercuten en el beneficio de sus empleados, accionistas y las comunidades en las que opera. Por ello, la primera preocupación de la empresa debe ser el trabajador y no las máquinas, así como la labor de los jefes no se limita a una actitud paternalista, sino a una democrática, de forma que el empleado asume sus responsablidades con seguridad y eficiencia. Como consecuencia de ello, se redujeron la cantidad de hombres-accidentess, se elevó el costo de producción y se redujo, la cantidad de personas en la supervisión de operaciones mina.

Sep 13, 2001

By S. Mattlgod

Self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports (SAMMS) have been developed for the removal of heavy metals and some transition metals. The thiol functional groups were assembled on the internal and external surfaces of mesoporous silica with a uniform pore size of about 55 A. The mesoporous supports provide high surface area (>900 m2/g) needed for high metal loading in chemical separation. Self-assembled monolayers of organic molecules bond to the ceramic substrate with prescribed densities, and with terminal functional groups for excellent molecular selectivity. The unique characteristics include: (1) High metal absorption capacity, up to 3.2 mmol/g of SAMMS. (2) Fast Hg-binding kinetics (reducing mercury concentration from 0.5 ppm to 0.5 ppb in less than 5 minutes). (3) High selectivity in the presence of a range of cations, anions, and organic species. (4) Applicability in both aqueous and non-aqueous solvents. (5) Flexibility in surface chemistry. The materials can be designed to adsorb heavy metals, transitional metals, and radionuclides. (6) Chemical stability, and potential for regeneration or waste storage. This paper discusses the results on mercury adsorption.

Jan 1, 1999

By R. L. Bruening, L. Navarro, R. M. Izatt, N. E. Izatt, S. R. Izatt

Green chemistry principles will be discussed, and examples will be given of the use of Molecular Recognition Technology (MRT) to selectively separate valuable metals such as rhenium and palladium from various copper refinery feed streams. Recovery of these metals has numerous advantages including (i) conservation of valuable resources, (ii) prevention of environmental damage, and (iii) elimination of capital and operating expenses due to re-processing or disposal of metal-bearing streams. INTRODUCTION Refining of copper ores has a long and successful story. The history of copper, one of the first metals mined in human history, illustrates the global challenges faced as a result of increased demand for major metals and for by-product specialty metals found with them in trace amounts (Izatt et al., 2014). Copper has valuable properties, which have sustained its use over the centuries. It is an ideal material for creation of novel materials. Some desirable properties of copper that have proved valuable in our high-technology society include suitability for alloying with many other metals; ease of joining by soldering and brazing; good combination of mechanical qualities; high resistance to corrosion; suitability for many artistic purposes; and, of great importance in the modern era, efficient and economic use as a conductor of electricity. Copper mining in the U.S.A. began in the late nineteenth century in Montana (Izatt et al., 2014). The estimated total amount of copper mined globally before 1800 is about 5 million tons, four times less than is mined in a single year today (Flanagan, 2018). Production of copper in the U.S.A. has remained fairly constant at about 1,300,000 to 1,400,000 metric tons per annum from 2013 to 2017. Specialty metals such as bismuth, rhenium, molybdenum, and others that have become essential in our 21st century technology, and precious metals such as silver, gold, and the platinum group metals (PGMs) are concentrated by geochemical processes in trace amounts in copper ores. These specialty and precious metals were discarded into tailings in early mining operations, since limited extractive technologies existed and uses for most of them were limited. Thus, economic benefits for recovering them were limited, primarily, to silver and gold. Today, copper processing is the main, and often the only, commercial source for certain of these elements (Izatt et al., 2014). For example, molybdenite (MoS2) is the predominant ore mineral of molybdenum mining (Pohl, 2011). Cu-Mo-Au porphyry ore deposits supply ~75% of the world’s copper, 50% of the molybdenum, nearly all of the rhenium, and 20% of the gold. Typical ore grades are 0.5–1.5% copper, 0.01–0.04% molybdenum, and <1.5 g/ton gold. Molybdenite is the primary source for rhenium, among the rarest of metals, which is an essential component of super alloys, such as turbine blades in the aerospace industry (Pohl, 2011). Most rhenium is obtained as a by-product of molybdenite from copper mines in Chile. The case of rhenium raises an important issue. Continued availability of rhenium, selectively concentrated in copper ores, depends on continued mining and processing of copper. Since the mining company’s main interest is typically in copper production, continued recovery of rhenium and other specialty elements present in the ore body is at risk. Dependence of specialty metal supply on continued mining of major metals exists in several additional cases including indium, gallium, selenium, tellurium, germanium and bismuth (Pohl, 2011). PGMs, on the other hand, are typically mined for their own value, which far exceeds that of associated base metals. However, copper ores often contain marketable amounts of platinum and palladium, making their separation of interest, if this can be done economically.

Jan 1, 2019

The method of investigation was to study the distribution of ore in great detail, to make a thorough structural study of the lode and the mine area, and then to compare the results of the two studies. Such a comparison usually reveals a very close relationship between geological structure and ore distribution, and can often lead to important conclusions which would not be reached in the ordinary working of a mine.The Triton mine lies 30 miles E.N.E. of Cue, or 380 miles N.W. of Kalgoorlie, in typical pre-Cambrian rocks, consisting of gTeenstone lavas and tuft&apos;s, interbedded with slates and some sediments, and intruded by granite and porphyry. Fig. 1 (at end of paper) is a longitudinal section of the mine and shows that the workings consist of the main North Emu and the smaller South Emu, separated by a distance of about 1 of a mile. Both orebodies occur on the same lode, which strikes north and south and dips practically vertically. On the same line, and of 1/2 a mile and a mile respectively to the north of the North Emu, are the small Rand and North Rand workings, where a big width of lode material has proved to be very low grade. In the North Emu the lode width averages 12 to 15 feet; it is seldom less than 5 feet and in places reaches 30 feet. In the South Emu the lode is wide, but only portion of it is payable.The lode is a mineralised bed occurring between massive lava flows on the east and a mixed series of tuft&apos;s and thin lava flows on the west. The lode material is hard, fine grained, and dark coloured, and generally has a faint banding which is believed to indicate a tuft&apos;aceous origin of the original lode rock. Microscopic examination shows that the original lode rock has undergone considerable albitisation;&apos; there has also been considerable formation of biotite which gives the lode material a characteristic sheen. The mineralisation consists of abundant fine pyrite, which is auriferous, and a lesser development of pyrrhotite which is, however, barren of gold.THE OREBODIES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICSThe distribution of ore is best studied from gold contours, as these reveal features that cannot be detected in an ordinary assay section. Gold contours (see Fig. 3) are developed&apos; by plotting the width and grade of all development and stoping assays throughout the mine on a longitudinal projection, representing each sample by a coloured dot according to a suitably chosen range of assay values, and then outlining areas of similarly coloured dots (see H. J. C. Conolly, Econ. Geol., April, 1936). Both width and grade must be taken into account and the simplest method of gold contouring is to use dwt.lft. values, but difficulties arise here with big widths of low grade and small widths of high grade ore. To choose an extreme case, 30 ft. of 2 dwts. and 2 ft. of 30 dwts. both equal 60 dwts.lft., and would therefore be given the same value in dwt.lft. contouring...

Jan 1, 1943

By Don F. Macfarlane

This paper describes the field application of the NTH fracture classification to rock encountered in the construction of the 9.6 km long, 10m diameter, Second Manapouri Tailrace Tunnel. Excavation of the tunnel was undertaken by TBM between 1997 and 2002, in gneisses, granitic and diorite rocks. The paper outlines an adaptation of the NTH fracture classification used during the geological logging of this tunnel. The NTH fracture classification was primarily applied to assess discontinuity spacing for tunnel support requirement decision-making. The paper includes some general comparison of NTH classes with overall penetration rate.

Jan 1, 2008

By D. S. Choi

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the effect of shape and size on strength of geologic materials. The results indicate that the shape effect is caused by the development of confining pressure at the interfaces. The linearization of the obtained formula is of the same form determined by experiments. The size effect is attributed to the fact that the geologic materials contain discontinuities in the form of fractures, bedding planes, and cleats. The maximum reduction factor for the size effect is the one-sixth power of the volume of a cubic test specimen. The results of this work are particularly useful in determining the strength of coal pillars in underground mines.

Jan 1, 1989

By Pedro Forastieri de Almeida Prado

A fim de recuperar-se todos os materiais presentes em painéis fotovoltaicos, o emprego de solventes orgânicos para promover a dissolução da fração polimérica e liberação dos componentes é uma alternativa ao tratamento térmico tradicional. Com o objetivo de verificar-se o impacto dessa etapa na recuperação de prata, o metal de maior valor presente nos painéis de silício cristalino, comparou-se taxas de recuperação de prata para rotas distintas de separação de materiais e cominuição: uma rota por dissolução do encapsulante através de solventes e uma rota por tratamento térmico e destruição do encapsulante. Utilizando-se o isopropanol como solvente, ainda foi analisada a contribuição da cominuição para a liberação da prata. Os ensaios de lixiviação foram realizados com soluções de 5M HNO3, analisando-se as concentrações de prata por ICP-MS. O processo de calcinação foi realizado em forno a 480°C, a dissolução do encapsulante realizada com isopropanol e a cominuição realizada em moinho de facas. Foi concluído que a separação com isopropanol não afetou a quantidade de prata lixiviada na etapa de recuperação de metais. Além disso identificou-se que a cominuição não seria necessária sob as condições de lixiviação utilizadas, já que poderia potencialmente contribuir para perda de prata no processo.

Oct 30, 2017

By ALESSANDRA SAVAZZINI REIS

A crescente preocupação em relação à sustentabilidade ambiental no setor de cerâmica vermelha associada ao alto consumo de argila, leva à busca de alternativas de incorporação de resíduos na massa argilosa. Com isso, vê-se a necessidade de caracterizar resíduos usados em cerâmica vermelha. As olarias brasileiras consomem cerca de 10 milhões de toneladas de argila ao mês para produção de telhas e blocos. O resíduo da indústria de rocha ornamental e a lama de alto forno podem se tornar passivos ambientais caso não sejam reaproveitados. O objetivo deste trabalho visa caracterizar e avaliar as propriedades cerâmicas em massas argilosas contendo resíduo de rocha e lama de alto forno. Os resíduos foram caracterizados por meio de ensaios de FRX, DRX, limites de Atterberg e granulometria. Massas argilosas com resíduos em teores variando de 5% a 50% (massa) foram conformadas, queimadas em forno industrial na olaria à 850ºC para verificação de: absorção de água, porosidade, massa específica aparente, e resistência mecânica. Os resultados mostram que a massa argilosa com o resíduo de rocha no teor de 50% apresentou os melhores valores das propriedades cerâmicas analisadas e maior resistência mecânica, tais melhorias também foram verificadas na massa argilosa com lama de alto forno no teor de 5%.

Oct 30, 2017

By Darelle T. Janse van Rensburg

Some of the more recent developments in Paint Technology are solvent free materials. These coatings have mainly been formulated to overcome the negative attributes of solvent-based coatings, i.e. environmental, safety and health risks, potential for solvent entrapment and osmotic blistering, as well as the formation of micro-pores during the curing process. Two solvent free liquid epoxy coatings have been used extensively on power generation plant. However, very little is known regarding their long-term performance under different exposure conditions, as well as whether these coatings actually perform better than their solvent-borne counterparts. In addition, solvent free materials are generally used where outage periods are restricted and coatings need to be applied within a very short period. Though these materials have reportedly much shorter curing times than other conventional solvent-borne coatings, little is known regarding their limits with respect to maximum film thicknesses and being put into service while still being wet/partially uncured. The latter has become common practice at many power stations in the past two years or so. In addition, the application and curing methods of solvent free materials are different to that of solvent-borne materials, and may require equipment and application process changes. This paper covers the application and performance properties of solvent free coatings in comparison to solvent-borne materials primarily intended for immersion service. Numerous coatings were evaluated under immersed static and cyclic hydrostatic pressures. Other tests included short curing / early immersion tests, dry-to-touch and dry-through curing times, adhesion tests, surface tolerance tests, etc. The results show that the solvent free materials have clear benefits with respect to safety, health, environmental and long-term performance, but will be more difficult to apply compared to solvent-borne materials.

Jan 1, 2006

By Katsuyasu Sugawara, Takuo Sugawara, Shin-ji Abe, Tadakazu Kagami

"In order to clarify the mechanism and to obtain the fundamental data for heavy metal recovery from an incinerator ash by chlorination, pure chemical reagents, zinc oxide and lead oxide or the fly ash blended with calcium chloride and silicon dioxide were heated up to 1000°C in a nitrogen stream. Thermogravimetric curves of the samples with the chlorinating reagents indicated that solid-liquid reactions accelerated the chlorination and release of metals from the solid phase. The formation of liquid phase of calcium chloride played an important role on effective recovery of zinc and lead at lower temperatures below 800 °C. Although zinc and lead could be decreased in the incinerator ash without chlorinating reagents, addition of chlorinating· reagents enables the removal of metals in high extent· at lower temperature.IntroductionFly ash is discharged about 3,000 tons/day (about 110 million tons/year) from incinerators of municipal solid waste in Japan and mostly fly ash is disposed in landfills. Fly ash includes heavy metals e.g. zinc and lead. Since untreated fly ash caused hazardous leaching problems, Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning Law was revised in 1992, fly ash being designated 'specially controlled' general waste. Fly ash must be disposed by the following suitable, intermediate four methods: [I] Cement- Solidified Method, [2] Immobilized Chemicals Method, [3] Melting Solidified Method, [4] Acid Leaching Method, permitted by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan."

Jan 1, 2000

By Golubkov OL, Fedotov PB, Shkylar FR

One of the fundamental parameters of the race- way is its extent (a{ o), which has a significant effect on the distribution of gas and material flows in the lower region of the furnace. pp The known relationships for determination of aC o in most cases link the length of the raceway with the parameters of the blast, while the para- meters of the coke layer, in which the raceway is formed, are either ignored or else expressed in terms which are difficult to determine experimen- tally. Furthermore, the coke combustion propert- ies are not always taken into account in current blast furnace operating practice with combined blast. A complex dimensionless parameter, which re- flects the properties of the interacting media, is the ratio of the kinetic energy of the hot, com- bined gas stream to the potential energy of the coke flow, burning at the tuyere in a gas of known composition. Statistical processing of experimental data on the extent of the raceway zone, obtained from literature and our own work on operational furnac- es, has led to a working formula of the following Form:

Jan 1, 1981