Search Documents

By Leonardo Matsumota

Este trabalho aborda um estudo de caso sobre a transferência do conhecimento siderúrgico de colaboradores da empresa para o sistema que realiza o controle de produção da Usina de Cubatão. Este processo de transferência foi realizado em etapas até a implantação do sistema que registra os principais eventos realizados pelas máquinas operacionais. Estes registros são armazenados em banco de dados e com o uso de ferramentas, podem ser apresentados em relatórios e gráficos. Com isso, a empresa possui um sistema de produção muito confiável, por ter condição de analisar e diagnosticar cada etapa do processo de produção e acompanhar com precisão as falhas e acertos operacionais. Quando há estabilidade no processo e todos os eventos acontecem de acordo com a condição normal de operação, o sistema possibilita um controle aprimorado no consumo de gás e da produtividade. O método utilizado é baseado em um projeto de experimentos que examina a influência dos principais parâmetros de controle no processo de produção industrial.

Jul 30, 2018

By Fábio de Oliveira Braga

Atualmente, tecidos de fibras sintéticas como a aramida (Kevlar®) e o polietileno (Dyneema®) têm sido os preferidos para proteção balística contra munições leves, e para integrar sistemas de proteção contra calibres superiores, como o 7,62 mm. Porém, por apelos econômicos, ambientais e da disponibilidade limitada destes produtos, materiais alternativos têm sido testados. Neste cenário, destacam-se os compósitos reforçados com fibras naturais, que têm demonstrado bom desempenho balístico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o desempenho individual de compósitos reforçados com fibras naturais de curauá, quando submetidos ao impacto balístico com munição 7,62 mm. Foram executados ensaios balísticos, medindo-se a energia do projétil absorvida pelos materais, e os resultados tratados estatisticamente por Anova e teste de Tukey. Mostrou-se que estes compósitos têm potencial para substituir as fibras sintéticas em sistemas de blindagem para proteção pessoal, com a vantagem de serem materiais leves, de baixo custo, nacionais, de ampla disponibilidade e ambientalmente corretos.

Aug 17, 2017

By Orlando Guerreiro Meira

A utilização de revestimentos com aços inoxidáveis superausteníticos em substituição às ligas a base de níquel na indústria de óleo e gás pode ser uma alternativa interessante, uma vez que é possível a manutenção de bom desempenho e corrosão com um menor custo. O presente trabalha avalia as propriedades mecânicas e microestruturais de revestimentos depositados com a liga AISI 904L sobre o aço carbono ASTM A 516 pelo processo eletroescória, tanto na condição de como soldado quanto após tratamento térmico de alívio de tensões. Após a soldagem, foram realizados ensaios mecânicos e metalográficos para verificar o efeito do ciclo térmico de soldagem nas propriedades do revestimento. O ensaio de dobramento não mostrou indicação de defeitos, sendo considerado aprovado. Os ensaios de microdureza apresentaram valores inferiores a 300HV0.5, em decorrência da microestrutura austenítica com baixo percentual de fases secundárias no metal de solda e de bainita na ZTA. O tratamento térmico de alívio de tensões não provocou mudanças significativas nas propriedades do revestimento

Aug 17, 2017

By Steve Kral

Conference themes are usually chosen by organizers to reflect the current state of the industry. The Colorado Section MPD came up with what may be the most appropriate theme of a mining conference during the last few years. The local SME MPD section’s theme of its 56th annual conference was “The Wild, Wild World of Mining.” The current boom can be felt in all aspects of the industry, including exploration, mining, processing, sustainability, and economic and political issues. Each of the 25 speakers at the conference, held in Colorado Springs, CO, touched on how the boom has impacted each of those aspects. The meeting attracted about 110 people from around the world.

Jan 1, 2006

By Ycaro Jorge Maia da Costa

O desenvolvimento de estruturas com dimensionamento confiável requer o monitoramento de seus materiais, entretanto alguns processos de fabricação muitas vezes induzem modificações em seu comportamento mecânico. Isso faz com que as estruturas sejam menos confiáveis podendo causar redução da vida útil. Um dos processos onde isso acontece é a soldagem. Seu aporte térmico, modifica a microestrutura do material de tal forma a gerar três regiões mecanicamente distintas na junta soldada: Metal de Solda (MS), Zona Afetada pelo Calor (ZAC) e Metal de Base (MB), fazendo com que haja concentração de tensão na região afetada. Este trabalho se deteve em analisar o comportamento mecânico de uma junta soldada de aço inoxidável AISI 304 em comparação com o mesmo material não-soldado através da identificação dos gradientes de deformação, utilizando da Correlação Digital de Imagens (CDI) aplicada ao ensaio de tração. Os resultados provaram a capacidade da técnica de CDI em identificar campos de deformação mesmo em materiais anisotrópicos, como uma junta soldada.

Aug 17, 2017

By Márcio Nascimento Cunha

Titânio é adicionado aos aços inoxidáveis ferríticos para melhorar a resistência à corrosão e estabilizar a estrutura ferrítica. Devido à afinidade com oxigênio no aço líquido, perdas de titânio por oxidação são comuns, sendo as adições realizadas após etapas de desoxidação. Inclusões de titânio podem causar obstruções na válvula submersa durante o Lingotamento e também defeitos superficiais no produto final. Técnicas para obter inclusões menos prejudiciais às propriedades dos aços têm sido empregadas e a obtenção de inclusões com ponto de fusão mais baixo após tratamento com cálcio tem se mostrado efetivo. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a composição química das inclusões no aço inoxidável 409 após adições de titânio no Forno Panela e o efeito da adição de cálcio no comportamento das inclusões. Amostras do aço líquido foram retiradas no Forno Panela em corridas com e sem adição de Ca-Si. A composição química das inclusões foi analisada no MEV-EDS.

Aug 17, 2017

By M. Kuchta, A. Newman

LKAB’s Kiruna Mine, located in northern Sweden, produces about 24 Mton of iron ore yearly using sublevel caving. For efficiency, the mine must deliver planned quantities of three ore products. We use mixed integer programming to schedule Kiruna’s operations, specifically, which production blocks should be mined, and when they should be mined to minimize deviations from planned production quantities while adhering to mining restrictions (e.g., sequencing). A new production block database and a well-formulated mixed integer programming model dramatically reduce the size of the original problem; in less than ten minutes we generate five-year schedules with time fidelity of months.

Jan 1, 2002

By A Weston

Northparkes Mines is a joint venture between Rio Tinto and the Sumitomo group and is operated by Rio Tinto to produce copper concentrate from ore sourced from open cut and underground. Underground ore is mined with an owner operator workforce using the block cave method from the E26 deposit, with the first lift of the cave now completed. Development of the Lift 2 block cave commenced in March 2001 using a contract workforce. The Lift 2 Project required the mining of 14 700 m of decline and lateral development to establish a new mining horizon at the 9450 level and to develop two new conveyor declines. Also included in the scope was the excavation of a Crusher chamber to house the jaw-gyratory crusher. This paper describes the excavation of the hydroset chamber and orepass that sit immediately underneath the Lift 2 Crusher chamber. It includes risk assessment, planning, development of method statements and standard operating procedures, through to the excavation of the orepass and the installation of ground support in seismically active ground. There was a major ground failure in the backs of the conveyor feeder chamber during its excavation, which affected the excavation of the orepass due to its proximity to the breakthrough site.

Jan 1, 2005

By Basem Sh. Hazzan

In the last four decades significant effort has been devoted to designing piles in expansive clay soils. Nevertheless, only a scant effort has been devoted to the elimination of heave forces acting on the upper part of lightly loaded piles. For this purpose, an investigation site was established in Karmiel in Northern Israel. On this site sixteen unloaded cast-in-situ piles, both uncoated and coated, were installed in a moderately expansive clay soil in the end of summer 1996. The piles were executed to different depths ranging between 2m and 7m and were observed over a period of 27 months. Another nine unloaded cast-in-situ bored piles were installed at the end of summer 1998 for carrying out pullout tests. These piles were embedded two meters from the ground surface. Results obtained from observations and from full-scale static pull out tests showed that separating the piles from the surrounding clay in the active zone by a twin walled sleeve eliminated the heave forces significantly. The scope of the work is, determining of the elimination degree of the heave forces due to the provision of the above sleeve.

Jan 1, 1999

The Sandvik DE710 diamond core drill has become one of the most popular exploration drills available. It is operated on exploration and mining projects in locations around the world. The compact nature of the DE710 allows a small footprint on site. This has proven to be a great benefit in difficult access areas where site preparation can be limited. The DE710 drill is available in a range of con-figurations to suit global operational and environ-mental demands. It can be truck-mounted for greater maneuverability and ease of relocating the drill between sites. The drill can also be fitted to crawler tracks, powered from the rig hydraulic system, making it a small, self-propelled unit for areas with difficult site access. And the DE710 is available in a shack-mounted configuration for cold weather applications, ensuring a protected working environment for the drill crew. The DE710 is powered by a 6.7-liter engine that produces 141 kW (190 hp) at 2,200 rpm to power the rig hydraulic system. The engine complies with the Tier 3 emissions standards that are being introduced in many countries. The hydraulic system design for the Sandvik DE710 is based on the company?s philosophy of selecting the best available products to suit the application. The main hydraulic pumps and motors are the variable displacement design. This allows for greater fl exibility and precise control of critical drilling functions. The cooling system has also been designed for operation in ambient temperatures up to 50° C (122° F) to cope with varying global operational demands.

Jan 1, 2009

By J .. R. Dalton

"Blasting in high sulphide content ores presents at least two major safety considerations: (1) compatibility of the explosives with the ore while resident in the borehole; and (2) introduction of a flame and shock producing explosive into this environment, while minimizing the risk of reactive ignition in the chemical reaction products/sulphide dust cloud resulting from the detonation. This paper will discuss only the second consideration, i.e. post detonation reactivity.The ETI (Explosives Technologies International) Technical organization, in consultation with the U.S. Bureau of Mines, reasoned that the most relevant considerations in the development of an explosive for this application are:• minimization of reactive gaseous detonation reaction products;• flame duration reduction;• flame temperature reduction;• increased explosive sensitivity;• reduced probability of ""low order"" detonation; and• maintenance of energy level as high as possible.Obviously, not all of these are totally independent properties, i.e. increased sensitivity will reduce the probability oj low order detonation as will higher energy levels. However, these considerations were examined separately as if they were independent."

Jan 1, 1994

The reconstruction of the world after the present war must inevitably be profoundly influenced by the rise and progress of New China.The principle of Chinese mathrity has been admitted by Great Britain and the United States by their abjuration of extra-territorial tights, and by the withdrawal of the Maritime Customs Administration. The United States admits equality by her declaration that Chinese are eligible for American citizenship, and the reaction to this will be swift enmity to such peoples as may impose humiliating restrictions upon Chinese citizens.Finally, the decisions of the Moscow Conference and the recent meeting of National leaders in Cairo give partnership rights to this new State in post-war reconstruction, and open the way for a rapid realization of her destiny.It seems certain that China, if so she wills, can become, within a generation or so, one of the considerable forces of the world. The toad she wiII follow will be lighted by her own inherent and intrinsic genius. Her speed of progress can no longer be forcibly influenced by other nations and the attitude towards her of somewhat contemptuous patronage hitherto adopted by the European communities bordering the Pacific Ocean must be radically modified.It is doubtful whether the European will ever reach full understanding of Chinese mentality. The Chinese "way of life" since the dawn of her civilization has been totally divergent from that of the European, but the enormous potential strength, due to the simplicity of their requirements and their steadfast industry, is a function of that "way of life." On the other hand the trend of reorganization must obviously be towards Western standards; and a wide knowledge of the potential strength of the Chinese is possible and will be essential in our post-war world. The following, necessarily inadequate, notes are therefore offered, as an indication of the obstacles to be overcome and the capacity of the Chinese executives and operatives to overcome them.For 'thirteen centuries the political and social structure of China proper (ie, excluding Mongolia, Manchuria and Tibet) has been rigidly shaped by the philosophy of Lao Tze and the ethics' of Confucius. This Taoism, which is described as the "way of harmony" with its three jewels of character, gentleness, economy and humility, advocates the minimum of social, economic and political organization and still gives the key to the Chinese character.The Mongol and Manchu conquests of the 12th and 17th centuries, respectively, could hardly be dignified with the name of war, but the superior intelligence and harder mentality of the unwarlike Chinese finally absorbed...

Jan 1, 1944

By Sergio Neves Monteiro

In the present work, a ceramic foam elaborated with illitic clays was characterized. Properties related to density and compression strength were determined in samples fired at 1300oC, a temperature that permits the clay structure to generate and retain gases that will produce the foamy structure. The microstructure of the ceramic foam was studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and mercury porosimetry. The results showed that the ceramic foam presents a bulk density of 0.38 g/cm3. The microstructure is formed by large open pores, quartz particles and vitreous phase.

Jan 1, 2006

By G. R. Speich

The interlarnmelm spacing, growth rate, and degree of segregation that accompany cellular precipitation in four Fe-Zn alloys containing 9.7, 15.2, 23.5, and 30.5 at. pct Zn have been determined in the temperature range 400" to 600°C. The chemical free-energy change for the reaction was calculated from the available thermodynamic data and the known compositions of the phases. The fraction of the chemical free-energy change for equilibrium segregation that is converted into interfacial free energy decreases from 0.43 to 0.08 as the magnitude of this free-energy change increases from 35 to 270 cal per mole. At constant temperature the cellular growth rate is proportional to the cube of the dissipated free energy. At 600°C newly 100 pct of the equilibrium segregation is achieved during cellulm precipitation whereas at 400°C only 85 pct of the equilibrium segregation is attained. During cellular growth, mass transport of zinc occurs by grain boundary diffusion; excess zinc remaining in the a! phase after the completion of growth is removed slowly by volume diffusion. A modified Cahn theory of cellular precipitation predicts the observed interlamellar spacing within a factor of two. In cellular precipitation reactions such as pearlite formation or discontinuous precipitation, the basic problem is to predict the variation of growth rate G, interlamellar spacing S, and degree of segregation P with composition and temperature. To accomplish this we need three independent equations relating these quantities. One of these equations comes from the diffusion solution. To obtain two additional independent equations, some assumptions must be made. cahnl has suggested recently that two plausible assumptions are 1) that growth rate is proportional to the dissipated free energy and 2) that the spacing which occurs is that which maximizes the dissipated free energy. According to the first assumption, this spacing also maximizes the growth rate and the rate of decrease of free energy per unit area of cell boundary. The present work was undertaken to test these assumptions. To test the first assumption it is necessary to study a cellular reaction over a wide range of supersatura-tions to establish a relationship between G and the dissipated free energy at constant temperature. This is possible only in discontinuous precipitation reactions since in pearlite reactions constituents other than pearlite form if the composition of the parent phase deviates even slightly from the eutectoid composition. The Fe-Zn system was chosen for study because 1) discontinuous precipitation proceeds to completion over a wide temperature and concentration range, 2) the degree of segregation within the cell can be measured by lattice parameter measurements,2 and 3) the thermodynamics of this system have recently been determined by Wriedt.3 In this system the cells consisting d alternate lamellae of a and r phases form from supercooled iron-rich a phase. The a phase within the cells is bcc as is the original a phase, cia, but has a different orientation and a slightly lower zinc content than the original a phase. The r phase has a zinc content of about 70 at. pct and a crystal structure isomor-phous with T brass. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Four Fe-Zn alloys with 9.7, 15.2, 23.5, and 30.5 at. pct Zn were prepared from carbonyl-iron powder (400 mesh, 99.8 wt pct Fe) and zinc powder (200 mesh, 99.99 wt pct Zn). The powders were ball-milled together and cold-pressed under 60,000 psi to discs $ in. thick by $ in. diam. The cold-pressed discs of the alloys with 9.7 and 15.2 at. pct Zn were sealed in evacuated silica capsules and heated slowly to 1100°C over a period of 1 week (3 days at 600°C, then 3 days at 80O°C, then 1 day at 1100°C). The alloys with 23.5 and 30.5 at. pct Zn were treated similarly except that the final homogenization temperatures were 1000" and 85O°C, respectively, to prevent melting. The alloys were quenched in iced brine from the final homogenization temperature. Specimens of each alloy were subsequently aged in salt pots at temperatures of 400°, 450°, 500°, 550°, 600°, and 650°C for times that varied from a few minutes to several hundred hours. At a late stage of this work, an alloy containing 11.2 at. pct Zn was prepared by vapor-impregnation of iron foil with zinc vapor at 890°C. This alloy proved useful for electron microscope studies because it was free of porosity. The homogenization and aging conditions were based on the recent Fe-Zn phase diagram of Stadelmaier and Bridgers4 rather than the earlier diagram of ansen.5 They consist of a homogenization heat treatment in the homogeneous a field followed by an aging treatment in the two-phase a + r field. The aged specimens were metallographically polished and etched in 2 pct nital and the radius of the largest cell in the microstructure determined. This radius plotted vs time gave a straight line whose slope is the boundary migration rate or growth rate G of the cell. To determine the interlamellar spacing, specimens were examined by surface-replica and thin-section electron microscope techniques. Because of the irregular nature of the lamellae within the cell, the average interlamellar spacing S .of the cell was measured by the method of Cahn and Hagel,6 where S is defined by:

Jan 1, 1969

The treatment plant at Martha Mine was upgraded from a nominal throughput of 110tph (O.93mtpa) to 150tph (1.25mtpa) late 1999. Post-upgrade performance did not meet expectations when treating either the competent primary ore or the clay-rich oxide ore.   ò Plant throughput is constrained by milling capacity when treating the competent primary ore. This is not an issue at present as current plant feed is oxide ore from the top of the open-pit, but will become so in future years as the pit deepens. To counter this future threat, ball mill power has been restored to 1100kW through modifications to the drive train. The addition of a crushing circuit may also be necessary.   ò Plant throughput was originally constrained by thickener and leach/adsorption tank issues when treating the oxide are. Changes to plant equipment and operations has seen the removal of these constraints and throughput on this material is no longer a problem.   The most significant issue facing plant staff at present is the high silver grade and its impact on gold recovery. These high grades impact upon recovery through losses caused by insufficient leach and adsorption capacity. To counter this, the geology, mining, and milling teams are working together to blend the high grade silver zones with lower grade ores - this is seen to be the quickest and most cost effective way to deal with the issue. The plant design has also been evaluated with a view to modifying it to cope with the higher silver grades. The viability of these modifications will depend on cost and time (that is, the length of time to implement any modifications versus the length of time to mine out the high silver zones).

Jan 1, 2001

By Gregory R. Wagner

The Program of Mine Safety and Health Research described in this document reflects the continuing commitment of the Spokane and Pittsburgh Research Laboratories to focus on the most important areas where research can make a difference in reducing risk and improving safety and health for miners. It is the first program of work conducted since Congress mandated closure of the former U. S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) in the Department of the Interior and supported integration of the health and safety research function of the former USBM into the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Organizational changes made FY97 a challenging year of transition. Ongoing research was reviewed and revised to reflect the new, more limited, health and safety mandate of the research laboratories. The mining industry, mine worker representatives, and interested government agencies provided broad input to assure that the research performed would focus on the most critical safety and health problems confronting mining today and which are expected to be faced in the future. The two laboratories worked to evolve coordinated programs of safety and health research, each with a special focus. The work of the Spokane Research Laboratory is directed toward issues of special importance to the Western mining industry, particularly those safety hazards found in metal/nonmetal mining and surface mining. The work of the Pittsburgh Research Laboratory will continue to focus on Eastern mining, particularly underground coal mining. Traditional areas of expertise for understanding and preventing fires and explosions and for controlling the hazards of dust and noise will continue to reside in Pittsburgh. Each laboratory is developing new capabilities in the analysis of relevant safety and health information to assure that program priority-setting decisions are informed by the best available data. Recognizing the continuing importance of communicating the results of research to all who are capable of improving safety and health conditions in mining, each laboratory has developed an activity for information dissemination and coordination with stakeholders. In the midst of organizational self-examination and change, the research staff in Pittsburgh and Spokane have never wavered from their continuing commitment to conduct the highest quality scientific research-solution-oriented scientific work meant to reduce the risk of injury, disease, and death from occupational hazards in mining. The pages that follow give insight into some of the program activities and accomplishments from FY97. I hope you share my pride in the many accomplishments of the NIOSH mine safety and health research program during this year. This report comes at a time of increasing stability for the mine health and safety research program. The organizational changes in Spokane and Pittsburgh have been concluded, and NIOSH has succeeded in recruiting a new, permanent associate director for mining to lead this critically important national program. Congress has contributed to an optimistic future by providing expanded funding for NIOSH mining-related research for the next fiscal year. On a personal note, I greatly appreciate the opportunity I have had to serve as the NIOSH Acting Associate Director for Mining during this transitional year. The commitment and intelligence with which the mining research staff pursued their mission was matched by their patience and understanding in moving into a new organizational environment. All of us committed to improved safety and health for this Nation's miners owe them our respect and appreciation.

By Giles C. N, Loughnan F. C

Bentonites and active earths from N.S.W., previously analysed with respect to occurrence, mineralogy and physical properties have been evaluated for use as bonding agents in quartzose moulding sands in terms of green properties and behaviour both with and without coal dust for iron castings poured at 1400°C.INTRODUCTIONIn the paper by Loughnan .and See (Part I) the occurrence, mineralogy and physical properties of the fuller's earth and bentonites of New South Wales were discussed and it was shown that some of the materials approached the quality of Wyoming bentonite. In the present paper the same samples from Marulan (Bl), Boggabri (B2), Wingen (B3), Muswellbrook (B6), Swansea (B8), Dubbo (89) and Trida (Bll) have been investigated with respect to their potential value as bonding agents in compounded moulding sands. Inaddition, the -20 micron fractions of the Boggabri (B2t) and Swansea (B8t,> were recovered and the former converted to a sodium clay, in order to assesE; the beneficiation possibilities. A sample of Wyoming bentonite (S2) also has been included for comparison.GREEN PROPERTIES OF THE ARTIFICIAL MOULDING SANDSA quartzose base sand (Botany Dune) previously oven pried and screened to 1·65 mm., was subjected to a sieve ana]ysis in accordance with standard A.F.A. practice to yield a calculated' fineness number of 45. All tests were carried out on mixtures of this sand with2t per cent clay, since such mixtures were found most suit...

Jan 1, 1959

By E. Mongilardi

The construction of large underground openings through cohesionless or weak cohesive soils and under the water table in particular, often requires a ground improvement to be done from the surface or ahead of the excavation face in tunnelling problems. To this purpose various injection procedures have been used in the past and new outstanding techniques have been developed recently, such as "jet-grouting", extending the feasibility range. The paper presents a review of basic principles and practical design criteria with particular reference to the newest trends of development. Case histories have been selected within the experience of specialist contractor Rodio Co. showing the variety of problems solved by manifold grouting procedures and layouts, in widely different soils ranging from the sandy-gravelly alluvia of Milan to the soft marine clays of Singapore.

Jan 1, 2010

By Kidd, Robert L.

INASMUCH as galena and sphalerite flotation concentrates are being produced that contain over 95 per cent galena or sphalerite, it is not unreasonable to believe that a flotation concentrate assaying at least 80 per cent of native gold can he secured provided the gold is free. As yet, little if any fundamental information has been published concerning the flotation of free gold either alone or in the presence of sulfides. So far, we are unable to make as complete a separation of gold from sulfide minerals by flotation as is possible in, the separation of one sulfide from another by this method. An introductory study of the flotation of several free gold ores has been made in our Utah laboratories. For this study three general types of gold ores were chosen, namely: (1) Quartzite containing 0.26 oz. gold per ton in which no base metals are present; (2) sulfide ore (2.04 oz. Au; 1.31 oz. AO containing pyrite as the only sulfide present and the gold free; and (3) oxidized ore (1.10 oz. Au; 0.70 oz. Ag) from an oxidized zone of the vein from which sulfide ore (No. 2) was taken; little sulfide iron was present.

Jan 1, 1932

By D. S. Dihalu

A generalization of Gy?s model for the fundamental sampling error introduced the new ?parameter for the dependent selection of particles?, denoted as Cij. This allows for modeling deviations from the ideal situation where the selection of a pair of particles is composed of two independent selections. The generalized model potentially leads to more accurate variance estimates in the case of clustering of particles, differences in densities or sizes of the particles or repulsive inter-particle forces. A straightforward and practically applicable method is needed for the determination of this parameter for miscellaneous mixtures in industrial settings. In this contribution, the feasibility of using digital image analysis to determine this parameter Cij, will be demonstrated. Line transect sampling of a digital image was used to construct a transition probability matrix. A new algorithm to derive quantitative estimates for Cij will be presented and discussed. The applicability was verified by a photograph of zirconium silicate particles of sizes typical for industries dealing with pharmaceutical, food/feed, and environmental applications. Conditions affecting the practical applicability are identified and potential pitfalls will be discussed, including e.g. how a potential unrepresentative surface can affect the quality of the estimate of Cij.

Jan 1, 2010