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By Angela Selau Marques

A ferramenta CAE possibilita a avaliação do processo de forjamento virtualmente para otimização da produção industrial reduzindo o custo final do produto através do mínimo uso de matéria prima, juntamente com a previsão das variáveis que ocorrem durante a conformação do material no processo. Os procedimentos necessários para o forjamento de uma peça com geometria de média complexidade forjada em alumínio é apresentada. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar experimentalmente o forjamento desta e compara-la com a simulação computacional.

Aug 8, 2018

By G. J. de Korte

South Africa’s best-quality coal, located in the central Highveld basin, is becoming depleted and alternative sources of coal, such as the Waterberg coalfield, will have to be developed to supply the country with coal in the future. The quality of the coal being mined in the central basin is gradually becoming poorer. This necessitates that more of the coal be processed to improve the quality to meet customer requirements. The challenge to the coal processing industry is to process low-yielding coals to produce goodquality products and at the same time ensure that coal mining remains economically viable. This requires that more cost-effective coal processing technologies be investigated and implemented.

Jan 1, 2015

By A. Sariisik

This study analyses the results of a pilot trial of a newly developed armed-chained stone-cutting machine. The machine was developed in Turkey and trialed at the Kaklik/Kocaba travertine quarries in the Denizli District. An armed-chained cutting machine is an alternative to the diamond wire cutting method more frequently used in the production of natural stone quarry blocks, and increases production efficiency and quality. Since there is no need to collapse the blocks using the armed-chained cutting production process, there is no risk of the block developing cracks. This results in a considerable increase in the efficiency of natural stone block production. The armed-chained cutting machine is easier both to assemble and run when compared to other block cutting methods. This process resulted in the production of a larger number of blocks at a lower cost within the same time frame, particularly in travertine quarries and in all other natural stone quarries. The block efficiency in travertine quarries was calculated as 65?80%using the armed-chained cutting machine, compared with 7?14% using the normal diamond wire cutting method.

Jan 1, 2010

Discussion at the The Midland Counties Institution of Engineers' general meeting, held in Nottingham on 6th May 1916, included contributions by Bramall E., Bragge G.S. and Watkins W.G. regarding possible measures for reducing energy consumption in coal-winding and pumping by centralising engines, using exhaust steam, improving coal quality and size uniformity, or mechanical stoking

Dec 1, 1916

By Thomas M. Keevin, Gregory L. Hempen, David J. Schaeffer

In an attempt to reduce the potential for fish mortality during the explosive demolition of Locks and Dam 26, Mississippi River, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District explored the use of a bubble curtain to reduce the fish kill radius of underwater explosions. Bubble curtains are walls of bubbles rising from a bottom-resting bubbler manifold supplied with compressed air. Demolition engineers have long been aware of the attenuating properties of air bubbles in water. As such, air curtains have been routinely used to protect underwater structures from damage by underwater explosive shock waves. However, their use in protecting aquatic resources during full-scale explosive demolition projects was untested.

Jan 1, 1997

By Zhang Chuanfu

Keywords: modified coprecipitation method, Ni-Co alloy powders, solid-solution oxalate, growth mechanism Homogeneous solid-solution oxalates of Ni2+ and Co2+ ions were synthesized by modified coprecipitation method and the composition and morphology of the fibrous solid-solution oxalates precursor were characterized by XRD, IR, DTA/TG and SEM analysis. The effects of feeding methods, pH values, precipitation temperature, reactant concentration, addition surfactant, alcohol washing and drying process on the morphology and dispersion of the precursor were investigated in detail. The experimental results showed that the coprecipitated powders have characteristics that are different from those of the mechanical mixtures with the same stoichiometry. Based on the observations of precursors growth and SEM morphology of the precursor, the oriented attachment was proposed for the well-aligned growth of the fibrous Ni-Co alloy precursor particles.

Jan 1, 2005

By Jaeheon Lee, Junmo Ahn, Jiajia Wu

In this project, low grade copper ore samples were obtained from two mining sites in the US, and they were chalcopyrite-rich (sample A) and conichalcite-rich (sample B) ore. Copper grades were 0.6% and 0.4% for the two samples, A and B, respectively. Leaching experiments were conducted by bottle roll tests for 24 hours, and various lixiviant systems were applied. Methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and glycine were used as alternative lixiviants to sulfuric acid. Oxidants including ferric ion and hydrogen peroxide were tested. The results showed the copper extraction of sample A increased after adding 1 g/L ferric ion in sulfuric acid and MSA solution, from 20% to 36%, but further increase was not observed with higher ferric ion concentration. The copper recovery increased significantly with H2O2 concentration, and over 80% copper recovery was obtained with 10% H2O2. For sample B, the copper dissolution kinetics were relatively fast and reached the maximum value in five hours. Around 60% copper were extracted in sulfuric acid and MSA solution. Copper recovery slightly increased after adding ferric ion and H2O2. Glycine is a weaker lixiviant for both samples, the copper extractions were 36% and 4% respectively. INTRODUCTION Chalcopyrite is the most abundant copper sulfide mineral on earth, and it is one of the most refractory copper minerals regarding chemical processing. The declining copper grade and depletion of copper oxide deposits stimulate the development of hydrometallurgical process to extract copper from chalcopyrite. The dissolution of chalcopyrite by ferric ion is normally illustrated as Equation (1) and (2) (Dutrizac & MacDonald, 1974): CuFeS2 + 4Fe3+ → Cu2+ + 5Fe2+ + 2S0 (1) CuFeS2 + 4Fe3+ + 3O2 + 2H2O → Cu2+ + 5Fe2+ + 2H2SO4 (2) However, slow kinetics are usually observed from chalcopyrite leaching at ambient temperature and pressure. Researchers attribute the slow kinetics to passivation during chalcopyrite dissolution, and different passivation products are also proposed (Klauber, 2008). In recent years, many efforts have made to develop new methods to extract copper from chalcopyrite, such as utilizing bacteria or stronger oxidant (Zhao et al., 2015; Ruiz-Sánchez & Lapidus, 2017).

Jan 1, 2019

EASTERN VENEZUELA PETROLEUM Established December 15, 1954 Meets fourth Thursday each month at Chepa's Ice House in Anaco Glenn N Murchey, Chairman Jerome C Kearby, First Vice-Chairman J L Thompson, Second Vice-Chairman Thomas G Wall, Treasurer G J Clarke, Secretary Mene Grande Oil Co Apartado 3974 Caracas, Venezuela S K Wilkie, '58, Section Delegate

Jan 1, 1957

By A. Ghahremaninezhad, E. Jorjani, A. Riahi, Islamic Azad University, B. Nazari, H. Hani, Z. Manafi

The presence of a high iron concentration, 9.1 g/L, in the raffinate of the Sarcheshmeh copper heap bioleach process led to the formation of various types of jarosite, (K,Na,NH4,H3O)Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6, on the heap mineral surfaces. This study probes iron removal from the raffinate using a bio-oxidation process based on A. ferrooxidans bacteria in the presence and absence of jarosite seed. The jarosite seed was biologically synthesized using A. ferrooxidans bacteria. The effect of solution pH (1.5 to 2.5) and jarosite seed dosage (0 to 15 wt.%) on iron removal was examined. It was demonstrated that the concentration of iron ions present in the raffinate decreased from 9.1 g/L to 2.5 g/L with the addition of 10 wt.% jarosite seed at pH 2 and 130 rpm mixing rate at 32°C. Three different types of raffinate including (1) native raffinate containing 9.1, 3.4, 5.7 g/L of total, ferric and ferrous iron, respectively, (2) bio-oxidized raffinate in the absence of the jarosite seed containing 8.5 g/L total iron (mainly ferric with negligible ferrous), (3) bio-oxidized raffinate in the presence of jarosite seed containing 2.55 g/L total iron (mainly ferric with negligible ferrous) were used in mesophilic, moderate thermophilic and thermophilic bioleaching processes. The results of the flask tests showed that the highest copper bioleaching recoveries of 9.4, 49.4 and 90.8 % were achieved using raffinate (3) with mesophilic, moderate thermophilic and thermophilic bioleaching processes, respectively.

Jan 1, 2016

A. Sutherland Brown (ed.). Porphyry deposits of the Canadian Cordillera. The Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 17, 1976. C. G. Down and J. Stocks. Environmental impact of mining. G. B. Rothenberg. Refractory minerals. Park Ridge (V.S.A.), Noyes Data Corporation, 1976. Geology, mining and extractive processing of uranium. London, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 1977.

Jan 1, 1978

The Cowarra gold mine is at latitude 36°O'S. and longitude 149°19'E. which is roughly 20 miles north-north-east of Cooma.The deposit was· originally worked towards the end of the last century, but the presence of sulphides associated with the gold in the primary zone caused cessation of work when that zone was reached.GEOLOGY AND MINERALIZATIONThe principal country rocks are sandstones and shales of Silurian and Ordovician age, both very strongly folded with structural pitches ranging from a few degrees to almost vertical. The mine proper is within Silurian rocks and the main orebody (there are several minor parallel bodies) is developed within a shear striking approximately north, dipping approximately 70° east, and ranging in width from 2 ft to 15 ft but averaging about 4 ft.This shear is impregnated with quartz and sulphides with which the gold is associated. The predominant sulphide is pyrite though pyrrhotite is commonly present in quantity.Arsenopyrite and bornite are present in smaller amounts.Stillwell (1936, 1937a, 1937b, 1938, 1941) has published five mineragraphic reports on the ore.The various levels have been mapped in detail (Figs. 1-3) and the No. 2 level plan (Fig. 1) shows the general relationship of shearing, as now indicated by mineralization, and faulting. There is no apparent connection between the fold structures and mineralization.Fig. 3 is a longitudinal projection showing the distribution of gold expressed as inch-ounces. The estimation of...

Jan 1, 1965

By J. Allan Tice

In the past fifteen to twenty years, the use of drilled piers to support high capacities in coastal plain deposits has become more and more common. With improved construction techniques and better understanding of pier behavior, drilled shafts with capacities of 200 to 500 tons are not unusual. The purpose of this presentation is to review several drilled pier installations from North Carolina to north-east Florida as a means of illustrating the different types of design concepts and installation techniques which are presently being used. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The information in this presentation was obtained from work performed by many individuals and companies. The section on limestone socket caissons in South Carolina is an abridged version of a paper prepared by Rob Smith and Neil Gilbert of Law Engineering's Charlotte, North Carolina office, and is used with permission. The section on pier installation in northeast Florida is an abridged version of a paper prepared by Kirk Mcintosh, Tom McDaniel, and Randy Knott of Law Engineering's Jacksonville, Florida office, reprinted here with permission. Additional data discussed in this presentation has been obtained from Farr Foundation Company, McKinney Drilling Company, and Peterson Drilling Company.

Jan 1, 1988

By K. Mallikarjuna Rao

There are several methods available to estimate deflection and ultimate Capacity of laterally loaded piles. In this investigation an attempt has been made to verify the existing methods for prediction of ultimate lateral resistance and deflection with the laboratory and field test results reported in the literature. A 75 pile loading test data obtained from the literature was used to evaluate two methods designed to predict the ultimate lateral resistance of rigid piles and three methods designed to predict the lateral deflections of rigid piles and four methods designed to predict the lateral deflection of flexible piles subjected to lateral loads. The accuracy and precision of each method is quantified statistically. The statistical results of the overall analysis indicate that the mean values of the ratios of predicted to measured lateral capacities vary from 0.62 to 1.14 with an average of 0.88. However, the settlement predictions were much more widely scattered than the ultimate load predictions and in general all the methods have a tendency to under predict the deflections. A new method is proposed by modifying the Broms's method to estimate the lateral deflections of free headed rigid and flexible piles separately. The proposed modified methods were found to be reasonably good in comparison to existing methods and to overestimate deflections.

Jan 1, 1996

By J. R. Piper

“Old Borate,” located in the Calico Mountains east of Barstow, California, lead domestic colemanite production from 1884 through 1907. Mineral exploration at “Old Borate” in the early 1980's, examined borate mineralization in Tertiary lacustrine strata. Surface sample and drill hole locations, geology and structure, were hand-drafted on paper maps. To re-evaluate this data, the information was digitized using Geographic Information Systems software. Digital Elevation Model based terrain modeling integrated surficial samples with drill hole data to locate favorable drilling targets. Structural relationships were used to identify hypothetical resources formed by the leaching of boron from surface exposures, redeposited at depth.

Jan 1, 2001

Throughout history, many of the world's achievements, conflicts and problems can be traced to the demand for minerals. With the rapid expansion of our industrialised society in recent years the demand for minerals has grown to such an extent that uncertainties about availability and cost have arisen, especially in the case of energy minerals.Minerals have acquired a new dimension for governments as the availability of these resources is interwoven with the ability of governments to achieve their developmental goals on national and international levels. Accordingly, the supply of minerals will increasingly be affected by social and political factors.

Jan 1, 1986

By L. Beiza, L. Velásquez-Yévenes

Chalcopyrite is by far the most abundant copper sulphide on Earth, but it has proved to be problematic in its processing by leaching, mainly related to its refractory nature, slow kinetic rates of dissolution and the formation of an inhibiting product layer on its surface during leaching. This study is focussed on the electrochemistry of chalcopyrite dissolution in acidic chloride system, which has recently gained attention as a feasible alternative to conventional sulphate media for chalcopyrite leaching. It is well understood that chalcopyrite dissolution from mineral grains depends strongly on the solution redox potential at the mineral surface as well as the composition of the product layer that may form on its surface. The chloride ions in solution support the Cu(II)/Cu(I) couple as the primary oxidant, as they can form complexes with the cuprous ions formed, increasing the dissolution rate. Additionally, these ions increase the potential range where chalcopyrite can be oxidized. The chemical reaction that occurs on the surface of chalcopyrite in chloride solutions in the presence of cupric ions will be characterized and the coulometry of the reaction will be reported to understand what is happening on the surface of chalcopyrite. Electrochemical experiments have been carried out to investigate the behaviour of mixed potential by open circuit potential (OCP) measurement for 30 minutes using sulphuric acid at pH 1 under nitrogen at 25⁰ C. The effect of chloride was analysed at 0, 20, 50 and 100 g/L and cupric ions from 0 to 50 g/L. The potentials obtained were then used to carry out chronoamperometry tests for a period of 30 minutes in absence of cupric ions. The mixed potential did not show a significant difference with an increase in cupric concentrations in the absence of chloride. Increased mixed potentials and current densities were observed at higher chloride and cupric concentrations. Chronoamperometry tests at those potentials were used to construct a voltammogram trace which has the same trend as a normal cyclic voltammogram but with much lower current densities. INTRODUCTION As a result of the depletion of copper oxides, the leaching of copper sulphide minerals has become the focus of many studies. Chalcopyrite, (CuFeS2) which is the most abundant of copper minerals, has proved to be challenging to process via hydrometallurgy, mainly related to its refractory nature, slow kinetic rates of dissolution and the formation of an inhibiting product layer on its surface, during leaching.

Jan 1, 2019

By Marcus Digre

The autogenous grinding method has been progressively employed in mineral dressing plants during the last 15 years. The term has been used with somewhat different meanings (1), (2), (3). In this paper the author will use it in the most restricted way, for processes where run-of-mine ore (rock) in one step is reduced to a grind product by the action of the ore itself without any other grinding media present. The pebble grinding process where the major part of the ore enters the mill as finely crushed product which is ground further with selected coarse ore pieces acting as grinding media, is not considered autogenous grinding. Processes where a minor amount extraneous media as steel-balls is added to supplement an autogenous mill charge will be called semiautogenous. Other terms need also to be defined. "Mill charge" will be used about the active part of the mill content which performs the grinding, that is the steel balls in ball grinding and the coarse ore pieces in pebble and autogenous grinding. The interstitial nearly finished material is not included in the term "mill charge", and for the wet grinding operations is called the "mill pulp' The term "pebble" will be used for any rounded ore or rock piece in the mill charge whether it is an autogenous or a pebble grinding operation.

Jan 1, 1970

By Louis W. Cope

Many Americans have seen Greenland while flying over it on their way to or from Europe. Few have visited this largest island in the world. Portions of the 20 percent of the territory that are not ice-covered are highly mineralized. Greenland could become very productive if the present interest in exploration increases. The people and Greenland’s history The population of Greenland is 57,000. Twenty percent are Europeans, mainly of Danish decent, while 80percent are native Greenlandic or mixed Greenlandic-European. The native population is the same as the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic. They speak the same language.

Jan 1, 2004

"Research on the control of exposure to respirable contaminants in mine atmospheres is conducted in five areas; 1) control of dust generation, 2) dilution, dispersion and collection of dust in mine airways, 3) characterization of dust particles, 4) interaction of dust and lungs, 5) relationship of mine environment, geology, and seam characteristics to dust generation and mobility. The distribution of research findings to the mining industry, to government agencies, and to scientists at other universities is accomplished in several ways.A data bank of respirable dust samples displaying a wide range of characteristics (low volatile, medium volatile, high volatile, silica fireclay, rockdust) has been established by the Center. This data bank is being utilized by Center researchers in a suite of medical, scientific, and engineering tests (FIGURE 26).The Center has honored requests for educational and informational materials from several sources, including MSHA and CANMET who received information on Center generated software and used the Center's expertise in developing a computer program for particle distribution model (DISFIT).The Generic Mineral Technology Center for Respirable Dust has organized two dust conferences on respirable dust, the Coal Mine Dust Conference, held at West VirginiaUniversity, Morgantown, West Virginia from October 8-10, 1984 and Respirable Dust in the Mineral Industries: Health Effects, Characterization and Control, an international symposium on Respirable Dust in the Mineral Industries held at The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania from October 14-16. 1986. These conferences were co-sponsored by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, Mine Safety and Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). On August 23-26, 1988, the VIIth International Pnuemoconioses Conference was held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. While not a sponsor of this conference, researchers in the Generic Mineral Technology Center for Respirable Dust had significant participation with sixteen (16) papers presented (see Volume 8 of this series for abstracts and papers). These conferences provided a significant forum for the exchange of ideas on dust research and the interchange of research findings. The proceedings from these conferences are available from NTIS and ACGIH.In sum, significant benefits to mine worker health have resulted and should continue to result from the synergistic scientific, engineering, and medical research in respirable dust (FIGURE 27). As always, an important objective is the rapid dissemination of the results of this research to industry. Video tapes and the Bureau's Technology News series have been a very effective means of USBM technology transfer. Individual no-cost subscriptions to the Technology News series are available from the U. S. Bureau of Mines, Branch of Technology Transfer, 2401 E Street, N.W., Washington, DC, 20241."

Aug 31, 1989

By Lawrence M. Gochioco

One of the best kept technology secrets in U.S coalmining history involved a robust coal geophysics program used by a local coal company to detect and map various geologic anomalies and man-made structures ahead of mining for nearly 15 years. Several original mine plans were changed as a result of findings from two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) seismic data. They indicated the presence of geologic anomalies in reserve areas that could adversely impact future mine development and longwall production. By combining the surface seismic and exploratory drilling methods, the coal company learned how to properly leverage its risk by gathering a lot of useful subsurface information before making major commitments.

Jan 1, 2005