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By Lucas Tedesco Bolzan

Blindagens contra armas de fogo são de grande importância para proteção do homem, no contexto atual de violência urbana e conflitos armados. Destacam-se os sistemas de blindagem multicamada (SBMs), constituídos por materiais diferentes, pelo seu bom desempenho e menor peso. Um SBM típico é constituído de uma camada cerâmica frontal, uma segunda camada de compósito e uma camada posterior de metal dúctil. Apesar de serem tipicamente fabricados em materiais sintéticos, uma alternativa é a utilização de compósitos reforçados com fibras naturais como segunda camada. Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a eficiência de SBMs que utilizam compósitos de poliéster com 30%vol. de fibras ou tecido de sisal. Foram realizados ensaios balísticos com munição 7,62 mm, e verificou-se que os SBMs com fibras e tecido de sisal se enquadram no critério da norma internacional (NIJ 0101.06), de resistir ao impacto balístico e imprimir deformação menor que 44 mm no material de referência (plastilina), além de manterem sua integridade após o impacto.

Aug 17, 2017

By Manoel Farias Martins

A utilização de antracito na produção de pelotas de minério de ferro é uma prática utilizada pelas mineradoras para reduzir custos com combustíveis e melhorar a qualidade física do produto. Objetivando uma melhor compreensão dos efeitos ocasionados pela adição de carvão na mistura (pellet feed moído e aditivos) sobre a resistência a compressão das pelotas queimadas, foram confrontados os resultados dos ensaios de resistência à compressão obtidos através da rotina de ensaios da mineradora VALE SA, com as seguintes variáveis: percentual em massa de carbono (%C fixo), porosidade e granulometria do antracito. Com a elevação de carbono, observou-se a redução nos valores da resistência à compressão, sobretudo, nas pelotas de redução direta. No que diz respeito à porosidade, a resistência à compressão das pelotas aumentou com a diminuição dos poros no interior das mesmas. Analisou-se também a granulometria do carvão, todavia, constatou-se que a mesma não teve influência significativa sobre os resultados da resistência à compressão.

Oct 30, 2017

By S. Langea, H. Lieberwirth

Impact crushers are common machines in comminution plants. Their high size-reduction ratio and relatively simple design, make them a preferred tool even when subjected to harsh wear, and producing a large quantity of fines in some applications. Until now the alignment of the operational parameters was an operator’s responsibility. Due to the random process characteristic this is mostly done based on empirical values and sensor data, such as power consumption. This paper describes a new approach for online process monitoring of the horizontal-shaft-impact crusher. The application of robust, low-cost acceleration sensors enables the permanent observation of the process characteristics. The operational and evaluation methods are determined on the basis of experiments. Subsequently the recorded measurements are analysed in regards of throughput, rotational speed and product particle size distribution. Occurring signal characteristics are described based on physical and technical principles. The measured data of the acceleration sensors at varying operation conditions provide insight in the course of process. The accurate utilisation yields the determination of the preferential process conditions providing the best balance between the pros and cons of an impact crusher. Both the experimental method and the data processing is discussed from a scientific perspective, displaying a completely new approach for the operation of impact crushers. Keywords: Impact crusher, acceleration sensors, data processing, particle size

Jan 1, 2020

By Adrián Del Carpio

Desde 1995 la planta de Lixiviación de Toquepala desarrolló un sistema de control automático para los procesos de extracción por solventes y electrodepositación. Sin embargo, con el desarrollo de la tecnología y las nuevas versiones de control, dicha plataforma se tornó arcaica. En ese sentido, el presente texto señala la modernización de los sistemas relacionados con el control y supervisión de las áreas de extracción por solventes, depositación electrolítica y áreas auxiliares. Como consecuencia de ello, se incrementó la operatividad, disponibilidad y fiabilidad con cero paradas por perturbaciones eléctricas, así como redujo el tiempo utilizado para el diagnóstico y solución de problemas.

Sep 12, 2011

INTRODUCTION ò World coal production, Exporters and Importers òNew Zealand Exports, Markets and Products ò Types of Markets and Price Setting ò Bench Mark Prices and Exchange Rate ò Transport ò International Marketing - Key Factors ò Coal New Zealand , the Challenges

Jan 1, 1996

By Alessandro Francelino Nogueira

A utilização de lasers de pulsos ultracurtos é uma alternativa para a realização de microusinagem em superfícies de metais, com aplicações diversas em inúmeros segmentos industriais, além das áreas aeronáutica, aeroespacial e naval, onde há crescente preocupação com a eletrônica embarcada. Neste trabalho foram realizadas microusinagens em superfícies de titânio utilizando laser de pulsos ultracurtos de femtossegundos. Tal processo resultou em mínima transferência de calor para o material, evitando assim e deformação superficial da chapa de titânio e a formação de material ressolidificado na região ablacionada, que são inconvenientes presentes na utilização do laser chaveado de pulsos longos da ordem de nanossegundos. Foram executados três tipos de microusinagens, com variações nas distâncias entre as linhas usinadas. Foi verificado ainda que a molhabilidade aumenta quando há o aumento da distância entre linhas usinadas. Finalmente, para a alteração da superfície com uma ínfima remoção de material, constatou-se que a utilização de lasers de pulsos ultracurtos proporcionam grandes benefícios para a integridade do material ablacionado.

Oct 30, 2017

By J. B. Clark, A. S. Yue

PfANN1 has shown that when a cylinder of molten binary alloy freezes directionally, the solute distribution can be described analytically by cg=k(l-g)k-1 [1] in which Cg is the solute concentration in the solid at the point where a fraction g of the original liquid has frozen and Co is the initial solute concentration. The term k is the effective distribution coefficient of the solute and is defined as the ratio Cx/CL where Cl is the solute concentration in the main body of the liquid. Both the slope and the intercept at -log (1 - g) = 0 of a logarithmic plot of Eq. [I.] provide a measure of k. Under conditions of freezing where diffusion in the solid is negligible and the solute concentration in the liquid is uniform, the effective distribution coefficient k, derived as above, is equal to the equilibrium distribution coefficient taken from the phase diagram. However, under ordinary freezing conditions, even though solid-state diffusion is negligible, the solute rejected from the freezing solid does not have sufficient time to diffuse uniformly throughout the main body of the liquid. A concentration gradient is formed in a boundary layer in front of the advancing solid-liquid interface as pointed out by Rutter and Chalmers.' Thus, under these conditions, the concentration of the freezing liquid in the boundary layer is higher than that predicted from the equilibrium phase diagram and consequently the effective distribution coefficient k, obtained from directional freezing experiments, is larger than the equilibrium distribution coefficient. The symbol k will designate the effective distribution coefficient in the discussion which follows. In this paper, the determination of the effective distribution coefficient is demonstrated for several dilute binary alloys and a polynary magnesium alloy. The effect of freezing rate on the value of the derived k is presented in detail. An example for the calculation of the solidus in a dilute binary solution using the experimentally determined effective distribution coefficient is given. MATERIALS STUDIED Binary magnesium alloys of copper, nickel, and zinc containing approximately 0.10 wt pct solute and a polynary alloy containing approximately 0.10 wt pct each of several elements were selected for study. The spectrographic analyses of these alloys are given in Table I. The analyses are believed accurate to within +5 pct of the stated value. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Extruded rods of the alloys, 3/8 in. in diam and 11 in. long were used for directional freezing studies. The alloy rods were melted horizontally in a high-purity graphite boat by a Nichrome-wound tube furnace which moved parallel to the length of the rod. The boat was supported inside a Vycor tube suitably connected to provide a protective atmosphere of dry SO2. For an experimental run, the following procedure was used. The alloy rod was cleaned in dilute HNO, and dried. The graphite boat containing the alloy rod was placed within the Vycor tube and the tube connected to the gas train' The 'ystem was purged for 20 min with dry argon and then a flow of dried SO, was maintained for the duration of the run. The movable furnace was positioned and either all or a desired portion of the alloy rod was melted. After attainment of steady-state temperature gradients the molten bar was solidified from one end to the other at a controlled rate by pulling the furnace along the length of the bar at the desired speed. At the conclusion of the run, the directionally frozen alloy rod was analyzed spectrographically at 1 1/4-in. intervals.

Jan 1, 1961

By G. A. Bezuidenhout, S. Bradshaw, W. Malan

"The purpose of the study was to investigate the feasibility of SiC reduction of low-grade concentrates from Lonmin’s Rowland and Easterns operations with respect to metal fall and PGM recovery. These concentrates are rich in SiO2 and MgO with low concentrations of chalcopyrite and Cr2O3. Pd is the most abundant of the PGMs. SiC reduction of samples was conducted at 1600? with 2.5-3.5 kg SiC per 100 kg concentrate.PGM recoveries for Easterns concentrate were better than for Rowland. More than 85% of the Ir and Pd and almost 60% of the Pt were recovered with 3.5 kg SiC per 100 kg concentrate. SEM of slag samples showed little entrainment of metallic prills compared to Rowland samples. This was attributed to the relatively higher melt viscosities of the Rowland concentrate. In order to decrease slag viscosity and to enhance PGM recovery, the FeO content of the Easterns concentrate was increased with the addition of 10 kg converter slag per 100 kg concentrate. Ir and Pd recoveries were increased to about 95%, while Pt recovery was around 70%. On the basis of these results an optimum feed ratio between Easterns and Rowland concentrates and converter slag is proposed. Carbothermic reduction of the optimum charge was also compared to SiC reduction. Carbothermic reduction yielded a marginally higher metal fall; however, the calculated gas emissions and energy requirements were higher than for SiC reduction."

Jan 1, 2015

By X Hu, C-C Yang, J Pan

In this work, preheating and roasting tests of pellets made from blends of Western Australia ultra-fine (WAU) magnetite concentrate and Chinese domestic magnetite concentrate or Brazilian hematite concentrate were carried out. The results showed that pellets made from 100 per cent WAU magnetite concentrate possesses inferior preheating and roasting performance when preheating at 1050°C for 20 minutes and roasting at 1300°C for 40 minutes, the compressive strength of preheated and fired pellets is 502 N/pellet and 2313 N/pellet, respectively. When 40 per cent Chinese domestic magnetite concentrate or 20 per cent Brazilian hematite concentrate was blended with 60 per cent or 80 per cent WAU magnetite concentrate, the appropriate preheating temperature of the pellets are reduced from 1050°C to 950°C and 975°C, and also the firing temperature of two types pellets are decreased from 1300°C to 1250°C and 1280°C respectively. Moreover, the compressive strength of fired pellets is obviously improved up to 2746 N/pellet and 2630 N/pellet respectively. Microstructure analysis of the fired pellets made from 100 per cent WAU shows its poor growth of Fe2O3 grains, low interlinkage degree of hematite grains, small size of crystallised grains and high porosity of pellet; however, the fired pellets that blended with domestic magnetite concentrate or with Brazilian hematite concentrate have fully growth of Fe2O3 grains, closer interlinkage of hematite grains, lower porosity and stronger consolidation. The preheating and roasting performance of WAU magnetite concentrate pellets can be improved by optimising ore matching.CITATION:Pan, J, Hu, X, Zhu, D-Q and Yang, C-C, 2017. Pelletising performance of Western Australian ultra-fine magnetite concentrate and strengthening technique by optimising ore matching, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2017, pp 97–104 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 24, 2017

By A. V. Roschin, V. E. Roschin

Composite ores are more often used for production of iron in connection with reserve depletion of traditional ore crude in the regions with developed metallurgy. In particular, the majority of perspective ferrum-ore deposits of the Urals are presented by titanferous magnetite ores which contain a significant amount of titanium and vanadium alongside with ferrum. Thus, the deposits of titanferous magnetites of the Southern Urals on the average contain about 20 % of Fe, 8,7 % TiO2 and 0,24 % V2O5. Due to a high content of titanium oxides it is impossible or it is inexpedient to process such ores in blast furnaces. During work just on titanferous magnetite ore refractory titanium-containing slags are formed in a blast furnace, and in case of its dilution by ores of different types the titanium due to the small content in slag is thrown out. It is often impossible to separate such ores into ferriferous and titanferous concentrates because ferrum and titanium are present in the same minerals. This work attempts to selectively reduce ferrum in solid oxide and to separate metallic iron from titanferousslag with fast fusion. Solid-phase reduction of ferrum has been carried out with carbon at temperature of 1000? 1300°?. In products of solid-phase reduction the extremely disperse mix of metal iron and only partially reduced titanium oxides have been achieved. It is impossible to separate such a mix mechanically. However, the fast fusion of the mix allowed separating it into cast iron and slag with the high content of titanium. Thus the cast iron contained less than 0,1 % of titanium, and the slag did not contain practically any ferrum.

Jan 1, 2007

By Robin Shepherdson

Security concerns have prompted the Department of Homeland Security to investigate the use of recording systems on all vessels holding materials used for blasting; a new regulation is expected in the near future. By measuring the strain developed in the legs of vessels with bolt-on sensors, it is possible to monitor the weight of vessel contents. Several companies make this type of sensor and recent versions give the required accuracy. This paper describes two generations of sensor, the second generation having a simpler method of installation that uses standard power and hand tools. Three types of indicator are available to monitor the material weight. 1) A simple electronic bar-graph indicator with a digital weight display. 2) A touch-screen display showing bar-graphs of multiple silos with digital weight displays plus their associated trend graphs, recent readings and an alarm log. 3) A data acquisition unit which acquires the weight digitally from up to 32 vessels and stores the raw and filtered date and time stamped data in a local computer database. This local computer then transmits the data via an Internet connection to a secure central database which allows the weights of all the storage vessels for a company to be viewed anytime and anywhere via the Internet. Historical trend graphs can be viewed and the data can be uploaded into an Excel file for further processing; for example to determine filling or discharge amounts. In addition, E-mail and SMS (Short Message Service) text alerts can be sent automatically when selected alarm levels are reached. Current research and development includes connection of vessels to the central database by a cellular wireless modem when a local computer or Internet connection is not available, as well as connection of remotely located vessels to a central point via “Wi-Fi bridge" radio data links. Future versions will include digital I/O (Inputs and Outputs) to record, for example, activation of filling and discharge devices as well as opening and closing of doors.

Jan 1, 2015

By D. B. Swanepoel

Hulamin Rolled Products (Ltd) developed a high Mn and Si containing alloy, EN 4017 as a scrap consuming alloy from the waste generated in producing their range of clad products for brazing of inter alia automotive heat exchangers. The multifaceted composition of this alloy (Al -1.2 wt% Si -1.1 wt% Mn -0.2 wt% Mg-0.26 wt% Cu) suggested that it might display some degree of strengthening via precipitate formation of the Mg2 Si-types. The aging isotherms constructed showed that EN 4017 with 0.19% Mg reached a lower peak strength (YS~210 MPa and UTS~260 MPa)compared to the EN 4017 material with 0.43% Mg (YS~270 MPa and UTS~325 MPa). The higher Mg variant of EN 4017 was comparable with the age-hardenable reference alloy EN 6061. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) studies proved that the microstructure of age hardened EN 4017 contained a combination of ß', ß" and U2 phase after being aged at 175ºC for 65 h. The general microstructure contained precipitate free zones as well as grain boundary Si films, although these did not lead to significant embrittlement. The role of Mn dispersoids in the fracture mechanism of 4017 is also discussed. The article will compare the behaviour of EN 4017 with that EN6061. Keywords: Age-hardening, dispersoids, magnesium silicide, precipitate free zones

Jan 1, 2009

By B. Schoevaerts

The ever-increasing depth of mineral extraction presents a challenging environment for hard-rock underground mines. High in situ stresses and associated seismicity with potential rockburst hazards are the major decisive factors contributing to the choice of a ground support regime. Conventional ground support systems, designed primarily for static loads, are not always capable of providing safe working conditions for underground personnel in seismically active mines. Systems specifically developed to resist dynamic loading and allowing for larger deformations are therefore preferred alternatives. High-tensile chain-link mesh has a proven record of successful use in open cut operations in various rockfall barrier installations due to its high energy absorption capacity. It has also been used in underground operations in various parts of the world. Its application in South African underground mining, however, is limited due to the high labour intensity. This paper describes a method of mechanized installation of a chain-link mesh as evaluation at Gold Fields' South Deep Gold mine situated some 45 km south-west of Johannesburg. A purpose-built mechanized roll mesh handler, developed in Australia, was used in this trial. The handler is compatible with all standard multi-boom underground drill rigs and is operated utilizing the hydraulic circuit normally used for the feed arrangement. A number of key performance indicators have been specified as success criteria by Gold Fields: ? A 30% faster installation compared to the conventional methodology ? The mesh should sustain any blast damage when applied to the blasting face ? No unravelling of the mesh when cut ? No failure of mesh under normal conditions ? Reliability of the MESHA® installation handler (availability >90% ? Compatibility of the MESHA® installation handler with AC 282 boomers. Although the energy-absorbing mesh combined with yielding rockbolts is a ground support system of choice for rockburst-prone conditions, the operational upsides recognized during the trial imply that this product can also be competitively used in less demanding ground conditions where weld mesh or shotcrete are customarily used as a primary surface support.

Jan 1, 2012

By Bianca Harue Ueharar

Os métodos de pré-concentração, dentre os quais podemos destacar o gravimétrico, magnético, peneiramento e ore sorting, eliminam grande parte da massa a ser alimentada na usina, o que consequentemente impacta nas características do material que irá alimentar a moagem. Assim, este trabalho busca fazer uma comparação no desgaste de circuitos de moagem com e sem a pré-concentração em minérios de baixo teor. Através de ensaios laboratoriais de AI de Bond, foi obtido o valor da abrasividade e com isso é possível estimar o consumo de material de desgaste e revestimento dos circuitos. O estudo indica que o resultado é benéfico pois, eliminando-se mais da metade da massa, o desgaste dos equipamentos decai de forma proporcional, com um ganho maior no caso do ensaio em que a abrasividade do material pré-concentrado é menor. Portanto, do ponto de vista econômico, além da pré-concentração ter baixo custo operacional, a redução nos gastos com revestimento e bolas na moagem diminui de forma muito significativa.

Oct 30, 2017

Quartz, adularia and clay minerals from low-sulfidation epithermal veins at Hishikari were analyzed for their oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope compositions to establish the source of paleohydrothermal waters. Positive correlation between Au-Ag and adularia: quartz ratio, the presence of quartz pseudomorphs of bladed calcite, and Au-bearing smectite and vermiculite is indicative, but not definitive, evidence for the control of boiling on ore mineralization. Oxygen isotope equilibrium temperatures between quartz and adularia are about 220¦C and average homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions vary between 190 to 210¦C. The calculated d18OH2O and dDH2O values (from quartz, adularia and early smectite) are consistent with paleohydrothermal fluids that were a mixture of magmatic and meteoric waters, or alternatively, the values could derive from heated meteoric water which had undergone isotope exchange during circulation through basement rock. Overall, d18Oqtz values in veins increase toward the north, most likely reflecting palaeo-fluid flow (source).

Jan 1, 2001

By N. A. McPherson, P. C. Stevens, A. J. Rigby

"There has been a consistent move in recent years to continuously cast small billets while utilizing ceramic stream protection between tundish and mould. The need to have ceramic stream protection has developed from a need to improve billet surface quality by submerged pouring. The need to protect the ladle to tundish stream in conjunction with tundish to mould protection is explained.The continuous casting of thin slabs is at the development state and will require a great deal of ceramic development to ensure the economic viability of the project. An insight is given to the main problems.IntroductionDuring the early development period o f the continuous casting of steel in the late 1940s and 1950s, much of the work was carried out on small cross section products. For example, the continuous casting of 50 mm square billets was carried out on a production scale in the United Kingdom at Barrow. Slab casting was initiated on a production basis on 100 mm thick stainless steel slabs at Atlas Steel, Weiland, Ontario. In the case of slab casting the thickness increased gradually until it was similar to Slabbing Mill feedstock , i.e. in the range 200 mm to 250 mm , although stainless steel continued to be lower at around 185 mm thick.For billets , a significant proportion of steel is now cast at around 100 mm square which creates specific difficulties when casting with a submerged pour - mould powder practice. The move back to smaller cross sections is further emphasized by the current interest in "" Near Net Shape Casting"" . If this move continues, then significant development will be required to create the refractories used between tundish and mould in the continuous casting process.Two specific areas which will receive attention are; (I) the casting of small cross section billet s; and (2) the casting of thin slab."

Jan 1, 1990

By Phillip Crowson

The annual surveys of corporate exploration expenditures carried out by Metals Economics Group (MEG) show that estimated total spending rose to a record $13.2 billion in 2008 ($14.4 billion including expenditure on uranium exploration). This compares with the previous peak of $5.2 billion in 1997. MEG does not adjust its figures for the effects of inflation but recognizes that the substantial increase in budgets of recent years has not been reflected in a proportionate rise in actual activity on the ground (MEG, 2009). In recent years, costs were boosted by rising prices of fuel and other inputs, and acute shortages of qualified staff and drilling rigs. The inflation rate for exploration substantially exceeded increases in general price levels as measured by national indices. Just how much exploration costs in-creased, however, is probably not widely appreciated. Figure 1 compares the MEG estimates of total annual dollar spending in Australia, Canada and the United States combined with their drilling activity, measured in meters drilled, as reported by national agencies. These three countries accounted for 39 percent of MEG?s estimate of total spending on minerals exploration in 2007 and 40 percent in 2008. Expenditure is shown both in money terms, as reported by MEG, and adjusted to real terms, with the U.S. implicit gross domestic product (GDP) price deflator. The comparison is of index numbers based on 2000 as 100. Comparisons for the individual countries are shown in Fig. 2 to 4. National figures for drilling activity and expenditures cover some minerals like iron ore, coal and industrial minerals (29 percent of Australian spending in 2007 to 2008 and 10 percent of Canadian in 2008) that are not included in the MEG estimates of spending. Such exploration has risen more than the total since 1997 so that the index of drilling activity in the figure may be overstated for recent years on a like for like basis with the MEG data. MEG only includes spending on uranium exploration in recent years whereas the national agencies include it throughout. Figures 5 and 6 com-pare national and MEG estimates for Australia and Canada. No comparable figures are available for the United States. The national estimates have been converted to U.S. dollars at the appropriate annual average exchange rates, and the Australian annual totals have been summed from the published quarterly data. Not only is spending cyclical, but so are unit costs. Australian and Canadian data show that total exploration spending per meter drilled rose by 2.5 to 3 times between 2001 and 2008. These rises may partly reflect increasingly complex drilling methods, and an increased share of assaying and testing in total exploration costs. In Canada, however, diamond drilling accounted for a lower footage of the total in 2005-2007 than in the preceding few years, and spending on exploration, as opposed to deposit appraisal, made up a higher proportion of the total. Figure 7 compares index numbers of exploration spending per meter drilled in U.S. dollars for Australia and Canada. These figures raise a number of questions. First, is the relationship between total expenditure and meters drilled in the three countries for which data are available typical of the global experience? Secondly, has there been a significant change in the make-up of exploration spending in recent years? The Canadian data do not suggest that there has been, but is Canada typical? Has drilling become less important relative to other exploration techniques, or is it just as important as ever in confirming the existence of viable ore deposits?

Jan 1, 2009

By Q. M. Huang

In 1979 our company undertook the project of infra-structural work of White Swan Lake Hotel, (International class ) Guangzhou. Visit to the site showed that it was situated at the riverside, covering an area of 54,000 M2 with 30,000 M2 of which reclaimed from Pearl River. The material used for reclamation was black sand which was dredged from the nearby riverbed. The sand had the properties of high permeability and very low internal friction. The basement of the building was 6.2 m below ground level and 3 m lower than the riverbed. Apart from the pile foundation, a diaphragm wall was to be constructed prior to the commencement of excavation work for basement. A feasibility study was carried out to determine the method of construction which would maximize utilization of the plants and equipment that were available in the execution of the aforesaid foundation works. This report concerns only the construction of the diaphragm wall and the performance of the plants employed. A detailed delineation of the construction method is herein discussed

Jan 1, 2010

By Camier R. J, Perry G. J

Extensive deposits of brown coal exist in the Gippsland Basin, primarily in the Latrobe Valley. The total quantities of economically winnable coal in this region of Victoria and in other smaller fields are large enough to adequately assure Victoria's future electricity needs and to also provide large quantities for alternative applications, including liquefaction. As a result of the recent conflict in the Middle East attention has again been focussed on the production of synthetic fuels from coal. There have been many investigations over the years into the production of oil from Victorian brown coal. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the scope, objectives and major findings of these studies, with the emphasis on the direct hydrogenation route for converting brown coal to oil. The principal alternative processes are carboniastion and hydrotreatment of the product tar, or gasification and Fischer Tropsch synthesis of liquids from the product gas. The attractions of Victorian brown coal which have encouraged these studies include: ò the vast reserves of Victorian brown coal and the favourable conditions for low cost mining, ò the high quality of the coal (low ash, sulphur and nitrogen contents), ò the high reactivity of the coal giving high yields of product in hydrogenation to liquid fuels, ò the extensive data base available on the resource and its characteristics, and ò the availability of a skilled workforce and extensive infrastructure in the Latrobe Region to support a major resource development project. These advantages have been partially offset by: ò the high moisture content of the brown coal and the cost of drying, and ò the priority previously given to electricity generation in the allocation of the brown coal resource.

Jan 1, 1992

By Morgans DJ

The aim of this paper is to highlight the social aspects involved in the preparation of environmental impact studies (E.I.S.'s) for mining developments. In particular, the paper will reveal that the social information provided in such E.I.S.'s can achieve much more than simply satisfying government requirements. Such information can form the basis of a strategy to deal with the settlement of a mine workforce in either an existing or newly developed community. A strategy of this type can go a long way towards avoiding many of the social problems and related industrial disputes often created in such circumstances. It will also be of significant benefit to the mining company in negotiating its infrastructure package with the local authority.

Jan 1, 1987