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By Arthur M. Langer

Since the promulgation of the first Federal Asbestos Standard by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in 1972, other federal agencies have modified the standard to better carry on their own unique missions. The instruments used to identify and measure asbestos, the sampling protocol, and the criteria used to define asbestos, have been modified to some degree. The Mine Safety and Health Administration regulates and controls asbestos dust in the mining and mineral commodity industries. However, crushed stone and processed ores contain mineral fragments that are frequently difficult to distinguish from asbestos. Mineral nomenclature, instruments for particle analysis, and sampling strategy must be accommodated to some degree to make asbestos control workable and meaningful. Precedent in other agencies has made consideration of these changes possible. Newly identified amphibole asbestos minerals have further complicated the agency?s regulatory charge. Changes in its Asbestos Standard are now being considered. Crushed taconite ore in the Eastern Mesabi highlights many of these issues. ©2008 Published by Elsevier Inc. Keywords: Amosite; Grunerite asbestos; Crocidolite; Riebeckite asbestos; Tremolite asbestos; Actinolite asbestos; Winchite asbestos; Richterite asbestos; Arfvedsonite asbestos; Fluor-edenite asbestos; Asbestos defects; Cleavage fragment; Mineral habit; Mesabi amphiboles

Jan 1, 2008

By Robert Hopler

The literature of explosives and blasting consists of a great variety of printed materials. These materials include technical papers, books, and articles by individuals and organizations; manufacturer’s product catalogs and brochures; handbooks offering guidance for the field blaster; complete encyclopedias on the subjects, and short entries in general-interest encyclopedias; government publications; proceedings of organizations devoted to the subjects; magazines specific to the subjects; articles in general circulation magazines; and other miscellaneous sources. In short, there is a multitude of literature on the subject, some well indexed for retrieval, but most not. This presentation will be a broad-brush look at some of the most important or interesting literature on the subject, since in no way can all the various references be mentioned, much less covered in depth. To illustrate the presentation, interesting materials from the author’s collection will be shown.

Jan 1, 2000

By Tiago Nunes Lima

As propriedades mecânicas de ligas TiNbSn são dependentes do processamento termomecânico. O refinamento dos grãos das ligas é obtido através de processos de conformação a frio, atingindo valores de redução que podem estar acima de 80%. Esta deformação a frio permite o aumento das propriedades mecânicas, mas pode reduzir consequentemente a ductilidade e a tenacidade das ligas. Este estudo tem como objetivo observar o efeito da laminação e forjamento a frio nas propriedades mecânicas de ligas Ti35Nb2Sn com 80% de redução. Foram realizados ensaios de tração, dureza, metalografia e microscopia das fraturas. Ambas as ligas deformadas e envelhecidas apresentam as fases ß, a” e ? em suas microestruturas, porém, com algumas mudanças microestruturais. Foi notado que a liga forjada possui maior resistência máxima a tração e dureza que a liga laminada.

Aug 16, 2017

By JOHN R. SUMAN

IT SEEMS particularly appropriate that the Institute's Regional Meeting should be held in Minnesota this year. Whether we like it or not, we cannot help looking at things now in the light of the World War and the all-out effort we, as a nation, are making to defend our resources, our institutions, and our way of life. The ability to do this lies in large measure in the ability to forge weapons of defense-the machines of war. The basic ingredients of any defense system, or war machine, are the raw materials of industry-iron ore, providing steel for guns, shells, tanks, and warships; coal for stoking the nation's furnaces; oil to furnish power for war planes, ships, trucks, and mechanized weapons; and all the other materials that play a vital role in the operation of modern armies and navies. The tremendous requirements of full-scale defense programs are indicated by the large number of commodities that are now under priorities because the supply is not sufficient to meet both defense needs and all normal civilian consumption. But out of all these items two are of paramount importance-steel and petroleum. In this age no nation can hope to main¬tain a position as a first-class power in the world without a highly developed industry, particularly the heavy industries based on steel, and without access to the necessary resources for those industries. In 1918, 70 per cent of the iron and steel production of the United States was required for defense purposes. In 1940, 15 per cent of our iron and steel production was consumed for defense purposes, and with the acceleration of the defense program, it appears that the proportion of steel output required for defense purposes will reach 40

Jan 1, 1941

By F N. Baez

This paper supplements a keynote address prepared for the MassMin 2016 conference on mass underground mining methods, including block, panel, inclined and sublevel caving. It advocates for a new cave mining paradigm that takes advantage of a number of new and disruptive technologies or innovations that have evolved over the last 15 years, some of which were initiated by major mining companies such as Codelco. The paper will address the challenges that the industry will be facing in the future as well as possible solutions. As background, the paper summarises the challenges that the industry has faced in the past and how such challenges were addressed. The author acknowledges that given his more than 30 years of experience with Codelco Chile (operations and corporate), aspects of his intelligent mining concept have no doubt been influenced and have matured during his invaluable time with Codelco also as the Head of Technology and Innovation. In the paper, he uses some of the innovations developed within Codelco and by the Chilean Government to illustrate the concept of ‘intelligent mining’.CITATION:Baez, F N, 2016. ‘Intelligent mining’ – the way of the future, in Proceedings Seventh International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining (MassMin 2016), pp 3–8 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2016

By Carl Havemann

[PAPER PRESENTED AT THE 8thINTERNATIONAL CORROSION CONFERENCE HELD AT THE SA NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MILITARY HISTORY, SAXONWOLD JOHANNESBURG DURING 14-15 NOVEMBER, 2006.]

Jan 1, 2006

By J. F. Havard

The enterprises based upon the industrial minerals are diversified in geologic habit, mining systems, processing techniques and marketing methods. Nevertheless, in 1972 these enterprises faced many of the same frustrations and hopes and knotty problems and crucial decisions. Volume and profits were generally improved but were uneven in extent and effect. The U.S. cement industry, for example, was unable to meet demand in major markets. It was constricted by a frozen low-level price structure, faced expensive pollution control measures and watched heavy imports penetrating its markets from several European nations, Mexico and Canada.

Jan 1, 1973

Peñasquito is Mexico's largest gold producer, consisting of two open pits - Peñasco and Chile Colorado - containing gold, silver, lead and zinc. Over the next three years, mining activities in the pit are expected to be focused on lower grade ore in the upper parts of the Peñasco pit while stripping is emphasized to ensure an economically optimal pit shell design to maximize the net asset value of the operation. By 2019, Peñasquito’s gold production is expected to benefit from an improvement in mined grades as it recommences mining higher grades at the bottom of the Peñasco pit and significantly enhanced metallurgical recoveries with the planned completion of the Pyrite Leach Project ("PLP").

Jan 1, 2017

CONTENTSSummary.Introduction.Location and Geology.Historical and Exploitation.Part 1. Washability Characteristics of the Liddell.Seam.Foybrook Open Cut, Top Bench.Sampling.Size and Ash Distribution.Washability Data.Washery Separations.Part 2. Washability Characteristics of the LiddellSeam.Foybrook Open Cut, Bottom Bench.Sampling.Size and Ash Distribution.Washability Data.Washery Separations.Acknowledgments.References.INTRODUCTIONThe washability characteristics, size-range and chemical analyses of the screening from the Liddell Seam are matters of growing interest in view of the increased exploitation of this seam over the last few years, and also since the Newdell Coal preparation plant of the New South Wales Mining Company Proprietary Limited, utilizing magnetite heavy media separation, commenced...

Jan 1, 1954

By Kenneth N. Han

Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of nickel and cobalt leaching from metals. minerals and ores in various media have been reviewed and discussed in this paper. A kinetic model developed to delineate the leaching mechanisms for these metals has been discussed in view of experimental observations. The current review also includes the dissolution behavior of nickel and cobalt from various minerals such as oxides, sulrides. ocean floor manganese nodules, and laterites. A particular emphasis has been extended to similarities and differences of the dissolution behavior of these two metals in various media. The leaching of nickel as well as cobalt metal in acidic solutions and arnmoniacal solutions exhibits in most part mass transfer controlling. although at some pH's, chemical controlling or mixed controlling mechanisms seem to prevail. The leaching of nickel and cobalt from oxides in acids and ammoniacal solutions. on the other hand, can be described best by chemical controlling mechanisms.

Jan 1, 1993

By Mills R, Shannon W. T, Finch J

As an extension to investigations into methods of upgrading the Iitania content of ilmenite concentrate from beach sands using 100 g/day, a small pilot plant treating 23 kg/ day of ilmenite was used.In the pilot plant the iron oxide in the ilmenite was reduced to iron at 1200°C using carbon (coal/char) without melting the material, using a tunnel kiln heating cycle, the charges contained in saggars, The iron was then separated from the titania fraction by ball milling, wet magnetic separation, and screening. The resulting magnetic product was high in iron (about 80 per cent Fe) and the non-magnetic product high intitania (about 70 per cent TiO2).From this trial sufficient data were obtained to enable the preparation of a flow sheet for a plant producing 62,300 tonnes/year total products, and an estimate of costs to be made. This has shown that for an estimatedcapital expenditure of nearly $6,000,000 and annual production costs of about $4,000,000, the cost per tonne of high titania product (76 per cent TiO2) would be nearly $70.

Jan 1, 1977

By Luciano Lobo de Almeida Baracho

O presente trabalho teve como foco principal à análise do efeito da adição padrão da liga inoculante (FeSi T2) no tratamento do ferro fundido nodular fabricado pela BR Metals Fundições (Barra do Piraí / RJ, Brasil). Avaliando-se assim, com análises químicas, as pastilhas retiradas associadas aos corpos de prova em formato de cunha, e análise metalográfica destes últimos, o efeito do processo de inoculação padrão através da correlação de amostras inicialmente não inoculadas e após o tratamento de inoculação e nodularização. Foi possível observar efeitos da inoculação em função do tempo de fading, que diminui a quantidade de nódulos (nódulos/mm²). Tendo como base os dados na literatura de produção de ferro fundido, onde indica que o tempo de fading faz com que ocorra a diminuição nas partículas ativas para nucleação de grafita livre.

Aug 16, 2017

By A. J. Thompson

The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) East Side Access project (ESA) will, when it is complete, provide a new link to the east side of Manhattan from Long Island, NY that, linked with the Second Ave. Subway currently under construction, will assist in relieving overcrowding at Penn Station as well as the Lexington Ave. subway. ESA will bring Long Island Railroad (LIRR) directly from Long Island into a new station located 37 m (120 ft) beneath the existing Grand Central Terminal (GCT) located in the heart of Manhattan. It will connect the LIRR?s mainline tracks in Queens, via the existing 63rd Street Tunnel under the East River, to a new terminal constructed within, and beneath, the historic Grand Central Terminal.

Jan 1, 2012

By Fernando de Souza Costa

Nos últimos anos a indústria automotiva vem conseguindo avançar de forma contínua em relação ao controle da emissão de CO2 e no tocante à segurança veicular. O aumento da utilização de aços de alta resistência mecânica se constitui num dos principais sustentáculos destas melhorias. Além disso, na manufatura de certas peças, em especial as de geometria complexa, é fator crítico de sucesso a capacidade do material em absorver intensas deformações localizadas, tipicamente encontradas em operações de expansão de furo. O aço desenvolvido pela Usiminas é um produto laminado a frio, com revestimento eletrogalvanizado, da classe de 600 MPa de limite de resistência, com boas propriedades de flangeamento de bordas e de alongamento em tração. Neste trabalho, é apresentado o desenvolvimento deste aço. São descritas as suas principais características e os resultados de sua aplicação em uma peça de geometria complexa.

Aug 17, 2017

By Z. Tshentu, M. Ngayek, P. Moleko-Boyce

This paper is focused on the development of iridium(IV)-specific quaternary diammonium cations containing electron-donating substituents in the benzyl group of methyl and electron-withdrawing substituents such as triflouromethyl and nitro groups. Quaternary diammonium cations used were tetra- 4-methylbenzyl-1,10-diammonium decane chloride (QuatDMDAMeBnz), tetrabenzyl-1,10- diammoniumdecane chloride (QuatDMDABnz), tetra-3-trifluoromethylbenzyl-1,10- diammoniumdecane chloride (QuatDMDACF3Bnz) and tetra-4-nitrobenzyl-1,10-diammoniumdecane chloride (QuatDMDANO2Bnz). Polyvinylbenzylchloride (PVBC) nanofibres were used as support material, and the functionalised nanofibres were used for separation of Ir(IV) from Rh(III). The sorbent materials were characterised by FTIR and elemental analysis. The efficiency of the quaternary diammonium cations was investigated in a column study under dynamic flow adsorption conditions. Column sorption of [IrCl6]2- and [RhCl5(H2O)]2- on nanofibres functionalised with diammonium cations showed [RhCl5(H2O)]2- was not adsorbed by the sorbent materials while [IrCl6]2- was loaded onto the column. The loading capacities of [IrCl6]2- on the quaternary diammonium sorbent materials increased in the order of F-QuatDMDAMeBnz (3.08 mg/g) < F-QuatDMDABnz (3.39 mg/g) < FQuatDMDACF3Bnz (5.46 mg/g) < F-QuatDMDANO2Bnz (7.10 mg/g). The loading capacity for Ir(IV) with quaternary diammonium cationic nanofibres increased with an increase in the electron-withdrawing nature of the substituent on the quaternising group. The charge delocalising ability of the 4-nitrobenzyl group resulted in the best interaction of the decamethylene diammonium cation with [IrCl6]2-. Keywords: Iridium(IV), rhodium(III), quaternary diammonium, polymer nanofibres, separation

Jan 1, 2020

By Paris V. Brough

This paper, which describes the practice of milling custom ore, in addition to that produced under company and lease operations in the Tom Reed mines, is one of a series &apos;being prepared by the Bureau of Mines. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Acknowledgment is made to W. B. Phelps, managing director, and Jack Zwinge, superintendent, far permission to publish, a-ad to G. E. Jarpe, the present mill superintendent, for his assistance in preparing the paper. LOCATION The mill is in Oatman, adjacent to the Benjamin Harrison shaft of the Tom Reed Gold Mines Co., in the foothills on the western slope of the Black Mountains, western Mohave County. The railroad shipping point is Kingman, Ariz., 25 miles northeast of Oatman. Paved highway U. S. 66 passes by the mill. The altitude is approximately 2,700 feet.

Jan 1, 1937

By Wenjun Duan, Kun Wang, Qingbo Yu, Qin Qin

"A novel oxygen production technology noted chemical looping air separation (CLAS) was introduced and properties of Cu-based oxygen carriers used were investigated. The oxygen carriers were prepared by mechanical mixing. Al2O3, Fe2O3, ZrO2, TiO2 and SiO2 were used as binders during the preparation. XRD patterns show that spine! oxides are formed using Al2O3 and Fe2O3 as binders. Phases of CuO and binders keep stable using ZrO2, TiO2 and SiO2 as binders. BET values of oxygen carriers increase in the order of ZrO2>TiO2>SiO2>Fe2O3>Al2O3. The effects of temperatures, binders, particle sizes and flow rates on reduction/oxidation reaction rates were studied in TG experiments. The reduction reaction rate increases in the order of ZrO2>TiO2>SiO2. The effect of binders on the reactivity of oxidation is not obvious. The reduction and oxidation reaction rates both have the tendencies of increasing with the temperature increasing and with gas flow decreasing. However, the effects of gas flow and particle size are little.IntroductionChemical looping air separation (CLAS) is a novel oxygen production technology. The oxygen carriers used in CLAS release oxygen in reduction reactor and regenerate in the oxidation reactor. Selecting suitable oxygen carriers is the key for CLAS. Oxides of CuO, Mn2O3, Co3O4, Pb3O4, CrO2, SrO2, PdO2 and CeO2 have the property of releasing oxygen at suitable temperature and oxygen partial pressure [1]. Among these oxides, CuO, Mn2O3, Co3O4 are the most common compositions used to prepared oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion (CLC) or chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) [2-5]. Moreover, thermodynamic calculations and preliminary experiments were carried out on oxides of Cu (CuO/Cu2O), Mn (Mn2O3/Mn3O4) and Co (Co3OJCoO) by Moghtaderi to ascertain their feasibility for CLAS process [6]. CuO has the highest oxygen transport capacity (0.1 g 02/g CuO compared to 0.03 g 02/g Mn2O3 and 0.06 g 02/g Co3O4). However, agglomeration is the biggest issue for copper oxides used at high temperature because of its low melting point (l 450°C for CuO, 1235°C for Cu2O and 1075°C for the mixture of CuO and Cu2O) [7]. In order to improve the capability of anti-sintering and stability ofCuO, binders (ZrO2, MgAl2O4, TiO2, SiO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3, cement) are added during the preparation of Cu-based oxygen carriers [8]. In this paper, the Cu-based oxygen carriers were prepared by mechanical mixing method. TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, ZrO2 and SiO2 were selected as binder. XRD, BET and SEM were used to analyze the phase, surface area and surface morphology of oxygen carrier prepared. The reactivity of oxygen reduction and oxidation of oxygen carriers prepared were investigated in STA409PC thermal analyzer."

Jan 1, 2014

By M. -C. Noël, G. P. Demopoulos

In this work the formation and environmental stabilization potential of arsenate-containing fluoroapatites is considered. In particular in this research various compounds were precipitated from synthetic solutions containing fluoride, arsenate/phosphate and calcium by varying different parameters-temperature, Ca:As ratio, pH, and P:As ratio, and aging time. The results obtained helped determine the operating window that should be used for the formation of highly crystalline fluoroapatites, in particular svabite (Ca5(AsO4)3F). It was found that svabite has a specific pH range of precipitation, with lower pH yielding CaF2 and calcium arsenate compounds such as CaHAsO4•H2O. At higher pH, a mixture of svabite and johnbaumite (Ca5(AsO4)3OH) precipitated, yielding a less stable material. This range of precipitation varied with the concentration of arsenic in the starting solution, and widened with higher initial concentrations of Ca2+, AsO4 3- and F-. Furthermore, svabite/fluoroapatite solid solutions were formed by using the same procedure as svabite but replacing some of the arsenate in solution by phosphate. The increase in phosphate content yielded a gradual change in morphology and crystallinity. Work on stability evaluation is currently under way.

Jan 1, 2014

By Alexandre Gonçalves Andrade

Com a queda na qualidade dos minérios de ferro das minas da região de Minas Gerais, torna-se cada vez mais necessárias maiores energias de moagem para a retirada de impurezas, tais como SiO2 e PPC (perda por calcinação). Este fato implica em maiores superfícies específicas do minério de ferro para a etapa de filtragem, com consequente perda de produtividade e aumento da umidade final da torta formada. Assim sendo, existe grande impacto deste teor de umidade na etapa de aglomeração (taxa de crescimento de pelotas) e na perda de produtividade dos fornos de endurecimento. Como alternativa para a redução do teor de umidade da torta do pellet feed na etapa de filtragem, avaliou-se a utilização de auxiliares de filtração (surfactantes) nas etapas de filtragem e pelotamento, tanto em teste em escala piloto e industrial.

Aug 16, 2017