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By P. A. Witt

"Highland Valley Copper is a conventional truck-shovel mining and flotation concentrator operation located 75 km southwest of Kamloops, British Columbia (Fig. 1).The ore is situated within a porphyry copper deposit and is mined at a rate of 135,000 mt/day from two separate open pits. The nearby mill produces concentrates containing 375 million pounds of copper and 5 million pounds of molybdenum metal yearly. In the Valley pit, head grades are roughly 0.40% Cu at a 0.23% Cu equivalent cut-off. The Valley pit strip ratio currently sits at 0.55:1 with waste quantities made up of separate rock and unconsolidated overburden units. From the mill, concentrates are trucked to nearby Ashcroft and then hauled by rail to ocean port facilities in Vancouver. The mine employs 950 people and is planned to operate until 2009. The operation is a partnership between Teck Cominco (63.9%), BHP Billiton (33.6%), and others (2.5%). Management is shared by the two principal owners and directed by a management committee."

Jan 1, 2005

By Paul R. Terry

This paper presents a brief picture of the quality of coal produced in Eastern Canada for use in thermal generating stations. It describes, in particular, the characteristics of coals burned in six power plants -two in New Brunswick and four in Nova Scotia. Each station is dis-cussed in turn, and comments are made on the coals used therein with regards to origin and physical and chemical properties affecting station operation. A table of coal data shows, at a glance, the wide variation in the quality of coals received by these stations from producers in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. "The promotion of improved coal quality for thermal generation can benefit our national economy." T HIS is the opening statement in a paper which was presented by Mr. D. A. Pirttinen at the Coal Division's Toronto meeting in April, 1960. In bringing the power engineer's viewpoint to the coal producers' attention, Mr. Pirttinen made a survey of utility steam plants operating in Canada, and the results of this survey formed the basis for his paper, which he titled: "Generating Station Coal Quality.

Jan 1, 1965

By Rejean Gagnon, Fernand Rochefort

"Haulage costs, in most operations, represent a large portion of total cost. Quebec Cartier Mining Company came to the conclusion t hat an electric trolley assist providing more horsepower than available from dieselgenerator sets presented the best oppor tunity for improvement. Accordingly, a testing and development program was carried out which resulted in the design, installat ion and application of a practical system. This paper describes the development of the system, the equipment used as well as the actual operation. A projection is also made to indicate further improvement in productivity. A comparison is made of truck operating data before and after activation of the trolley assist system in order to determine its economic impact."

Jan 1, 1972

By Jeonghwan Kim

Intelligent Excavation System (IES) has been considered to be one of the desirable solutions to improve the productivity, quality and safety of the current earthwork processes. IES is composed of various hardware and software modules including task planner (work command generator), local and global work environment sensors, GPS and other sensors to acquire the excavator?s status, robotic controller and electronic valves, and the manipulator (excavator). A data communication manager was required to coordinate the signal or data-flow in between these modules considering the operational status of IES such as; excavation start/completion, truck detection, terrain model update, emergency stop, local sensing, GPS/motion sensor data handling, and so on. This paper presents the role and functions of this data communication manager. After every possible operational status of IES operation was identified, a protocol of each communication process in the form of string-type was made. The components of IES are connected with either wired or wireless network. Therefore, they can communicate with the manager using socket (TCP/IP) communication. The data communication manager is also capable of accessing a web-based project management information system, which constantly updates the performance of excavation robot to online database.

Aug 1, 2013

By P. Kostuik

"Recent interest in the pipeline transport of solid mate-als has been sparked by the idea that, in an inflationary onomy, pipeline costs are more stable than the costs of any other transport systems. Pipelines have proved over 1e years to be dependable, records indicate that main-•nance and operating costs are comparatively low, and 1eir amenability to automation is of considerable im->rtance.The concept of hydraulic hoisting of solids from under-round, or cross-country hydraulic transportation of con-~ntrates and ores, is currently of prime interest to the ining industry. In general, this paper deals with a preliminary investi-ation of energy losses incurred while transporting a rela-vely heavy, crushed mine product, namely magnetite, oth vertically and horizontally. The basis and validity of everal equations derived by other experimenters to com-ute these losses is discussed. A theoretical analysis of ydraulic hoi:,,ting is made, and, based upon test results, calculation of horsepower requirements for hoisting an re under a given set of conditions is presented. Results indicate that:n vertical transport, the friction head losses are identical to those of clear water, and the total energy requirement for hydraulic hoisting then becomes a function of height of lift, concentration and specific gravity of the solids being hoisted. .-In horizontal transport, friction head losses can be calculated with reasonable accuracy using Bonning-ton's correlation curve. Losses computed utilizing Durand's correlation (K = 85) result in estimates which are too low by 10 to 30 per cent, an<l those calculated using Newitt's correlation (K = 1,100, K = 66) give friction loss values which are too high by 10 to 30 per cent . . -The theoretical horsepower (RMS-hp.) required for hoisting hydraulically is approximately half of that required for conventional double-drum skip hoisting."

Jan 1, 1966

By Derek H. C. Wilton

"The Nain Province (NP) of northern Labrador is a >600 km long by =100 km wide Archean craton that has undergone relatively little mineral exploration until economically signifcant concentrations of orthomagmatic nickel sulphide were discovered by Diamond Fields Resources (DFR) at Voisey’s Bay. Due to the great time span between crust formation andfnal intrusive activity (ca. 3.9 Ga to 1.27 Ga),there were, however, numerous metallogenic events within the NP.The NP was intruded by the ca. 1.3 Ga to1.2 Ga Nain Plutonic Suite (NPS) composite anorthosite-granite complex. The NPS dividesthe NP into the southern Hopedale Block (90 km by 150 km) and the northern SaglekBlock (375 km long by =50 km wide). These two blocks appear to represent two distinct Archean cratonic nuclei, each with its own distinct metallogenic history. The NPS is a coalesced assemblage of composite intrusions which include anorthosite, troctolite, norite, gabbro and granite.The Hopedale Block contains the Hunt River and Florence Lake greenstone belts, and the Weekes Amphibolite which represents remnantsf the older Hunt River greenstone belt. Geologically, these belts have some potential to host komatiitic Kambalda-style nickel, volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) and meso -thermal lode gold mineralization. The unconformity between Paleoproterozoic cover sequences and the trondhjemite-tonalite-granodiorite (TTG)suite which engulfed the greenstones was the locus for lead-zinc-bearing quartz-carbonate veins. Minor fracture-hosted uraninite showings are also present in the TTG.The Saglek Block is a high-grade gneissterrane with deformed Archean supracrustal sequences but no greenstone belts. Within the gneiss are variably-sized enclaves that range in composition from anorthositic to ultramafic; some of these latter xenoliths contain abun-dant fuchsite. There are also three small anorthositic to ultramafic meta-igneous complexes present in the gneiss near Okak Bay.Some Archean meta sedimentary and maficgneiss supracrustal sequences contain iron-oxide and sulphide members. The sulphide-bearing Tasiuyak parag neiss defines the cra-tonic suture between the NP and Churchill(Rae) Province. Along the cratonic suture between the NP and Churchill Province from Ramah Bay north are remnants of the Archean(or Paleoproterozoic) Hutton Anortho site Suite. Ultramafc layers within the suite contain chromite and elevated Ni values.Three ca. 2.0 Ga supracrustal sequenceswere deposited in small fault-bounded basins within the NP. The Snyder Group contains pyrrhotitiferous massive sulphide horizons. TheMugford Group contains SEDEX-like massive sulphide blocks in a debris fow and ultramafic sills with unusual PGE concentrations; alaskitic granite cutting basement gneiss to the group contains stockwork-like pyritiferous quartz veins. The Ramah Group contains numerous MVT-style zinc-lead sulphide occurrences.The Reid Brook Intrusion of the NPS contains enormous and high-grade nickel-copper-cobalt massive sulphide bodies at the Voisey’s Bay deposit. Exploration in the northern portions of the NPS in 1995 has indicated the presence of other potentially economic nickel sulphide horizons."

Jan 1, 1996

By D. E. G. Maschmeyer

The operation of the pilot plant for the S-C Copper Process during 1976 has provided the basic data for the design of a commercial-scale plant. This paper introduces the commercial aspects of the S-C Copper Process through the presentation of a process flow diagram, a schematic flow diagram and basic design parameters for 75,000 tonnes per year (tpy) copper rod production from chalcopyrite concentrate. Basic operating requirements are outlined and a preliminary estimate of operating and capital costs for a Western Canadian location are summarized. The results have been compared with a modern smelter/electrorefinery to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of these two alternatives and to show why the new S-C Copper Process technology should be of interest to the copper industry.

Jan 1, 1978

By Lewis Martin

Whereas many researchers and mine engineers have conducted tests using different types of grout, grout ratios, and physical modifications of the cable to determine cable bolt load characteristics, few studies have been conducted on cables fitted with internal instruments. Those studies that have been done have concentrated on cable behavior averaged over significant cable lengths. Researchers at the Spokane Research Laboratory (SRL) of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in Spokane, WA, are investigating the physical properties of cable bolts by replacing the conventional king wire with a modified king wire on which strain gauges have been installed . This paper documents test results on these modified cable bolts. Three tests were conducted at SRL on 1.83-m-long cables grouted into two 0.91-m-long pull-tube assemblies. Load along the cable was monitored with 20 strain gauges installed along the length of the cable. The instrumented cable bolt provided reproducible point measurements of cable load as opposed to load measurements averaged over significant cable lengths. Such point measurements can assist in interpreting the influence of cable confinement, grout quality, rock mass stiffness, and other factors. The instrumented cable bolt is a practical field and research tool because it can predict point loading along the cable and thereby allow interpolation of maximum possible loads on a cable.

May 1, 2002

By J. Esson, R. A. D. Pattrick, M. K. Nimfopoulos, D. A. Polya, K. M. Michailidis

"Economic Mn-oxide ore deposits of commercial grade occur in the Rhodope massif near Kato Nevrokopi in the Drama region, Northern Greece. The Mn-oxide mineralization has developed by weathering of continental hypogene rhodochrosite-sulphide veins. The vein mineralization is con-?ned by tectonic shear zones between marble and metapelites, extending laterally into the marble astabular, pod or lenticular oreshoots (up to 50 m x 20 m x 5-10 m). Supergene oxidation of the hypogene mineralization led to the formation of in-situ residual Mn-oxide ore deposits, and secondary infills of Mn-oxide ore in embryonic and well developed karst cavities.Whole rock geochemical pro?les across mineralized zones con?rm the role of thrusts and faults as solution passageways and stress the importance of these structures in the development of hydrothermal and supergene mineralization at Kato Nevrokopi. Three zones are recognized in the in-situ supergene veins: (A) a stable zone of oxidation, where immobile elements form (or substitute in) stable oxide mineral phases, and mobile elements are leached; (B) a transitional (active) zone in which element behavior is strongly in?uenced by seasonal ?uctuations of the groundwater table and variations in pH-Eh conditions; and (C) a zone of permanent ?ooding, where variations in pH-Eh conditions are minimal. Zone (B) is considered as the source zone for the karst cavity mineralization. During weathering, meteoric waters, which were CO2-rich (PCO2~10-3.8 to 10-1.4) and oxygenated (fO2~10-17 for malachite), percolated downward within the veins, causing breakdown and dissolution of sul?des and marble, and oxidation of rhodochrosite to Mn-oxides. Karst cavity formation was favored by the high permeability along thrust zones. Dissolved Mn2+was transportedinto karst cavities in reduced meteoric waters at the beginning of weathering (pH~4-5), and as Mn(HCO3)2in slightly alkaline groundwaters during advanced weathering (pH~6-8). Mn4+-oxide precipitation took place by fO2increase in ground waters, or pH increase by continuous hydrolysis and carbonate dissolution. In the well developed karst setting, some mobility of elements occurred during and after karst ore formation in the order Na>K>Mg>Sr>Mn>As>Zn>Ba>Al>Fe>Cu>Cd>Pb."

Jan 1, 1997

By J. Esson, R. A. D. Pattrick, M. K. Nimfopoulos, D. A. Polya, K. M. Michailidis

"Abstract-Economic Mn-oxide ore deposits of commercial grade occur in the Rhodope massif near Kato Nevrokopi in the Drama region, Northern Greece. The Mn-oxide mineralization has developed by weathering of continental hypogene rhodochrosite-sulphide veins. The vein mineralization is confined by tectonic shear zones between marble and metapelites, extending laterally into the marble as tabular, pod or lenticular oreshoots (up to 50 m ?? 20 m ?? 5-10 m). Supergene oxidation of the hypogene mineralization led to the formation of in-situ residual Mn-oxide ore deposits, and secondary infills of Mn-oxide ore in embryonic and well developed karst cavities.Whole rock geochemical profiles across mineralized zones confirm the role of thrusts and faults as solution passageways and stress the importance of these structures in the development of hydrothermal and supergene mineralization at Kato Nevrokopi. Three zones are recognized in the insitu supergene veins: (A) a stable zone of oxidation, where immobile elements form (or substitute in) stable oxide mineral phases, and mobile elements are leached; (B) a transitional (active) zone in which element behavior is strongly influenced by seasonal fluctuations of the groundwater table and variations in pH-Eh conditions; and (C) a zone of permanent flooding, where variations in pH-Eh conditions are minimal. Zone (B) is considered as the source zone for the karst cavity mineralization. During weathering, meteoric waters, which were CO2-rich (PCO2 ~10-3.8 to 10-1.4) and oxygenated (fO2 ~10-17 for malachite), percolated downward within the veins, causing breakdown and dissolution of sulfides and marble, and oxidation of rhodochrosite to Mn-oxides. Karst cavity formation was favored by the high permeability along thrust zones. Dissolved Mn2+ was transported into karst cavities in reduced meteoric waters at the beginning of weathering (pH~4-5), and as Mn(HCO3)2 in slightly alkaline groundwaters during advanced weathering (pH~6-8). Mn4+-oxide precipitation took place by fO2 increase in ground waters, or pH increase by continuous hydrolysis and carbonate dissolution. In the well developed karst setting, some mobility of elements occurred during and after karst ore formation in the order Na>K>Mg>Sr>Mn>As>Zn>Ba>Al>Fe>Cu>Cd>Pb."

Jan 1, 1997

By R. Dahlke, J. A. Finch

A campaign was undertaken during the greater part of 2001 at Noranda’s Brunswick mine concentrator to investigate the role of gas (air) superficial rate (Jg) distribution to the cells in the final Zn cleaning stage (bank of seven cells), i.e. the Jg profile. Three profiles were tested: “balanced” (each cell with same Jg), “increasing” (from cell 1 to 7 proportionally), and “decreasing,” along with an “as found” profile in a parallel control bank. The experimental design allowed for two confounding factors, changes in ore type and circulating load. The increasing profile consistently gave the best metallurgy (down-the-bank grade / recovery). The reason for improved performance was the response of the first cells in the bank where the increasing profile gave the highest selectivity of sphalerite against nonsulphide gangue (NSG). The other profiles gave lower selectivity and higher zinc recovery in the first cells, which combined to reduce overall bank performance. The higher selectivity with the Increasing profile is attributed to the low gas rate in the first cells reducing water recovery and hence limiting entrainment of NSG. The increasing profile was subsequently configured for all four stages in the zinc cleaner circuit.

Jan 1, 2004

By John Convey

This paper, a follow-up to an earlier study, gives the history of Canadian developments in mineral processing from 1921 to the fall of 1964. It deals extensively with comminution and flotation, and then goes on to cover the fields of gravity concentration, magnetic concentration, cyanidation, the processing of uranium ores, and instrumentation. Several outstanding examples of installations are given. The paper concludes with a discussion of present-day trends in mineral processing. Introduction T HE history of the developments in mineral processing in Canada from its earliest times to 1920 has already been published by one of the authors (1). The present paper is thus a logical follow-up to bring this history to date. From 1834 to 1920, mineral processing in Canada, as elsewhere in the world, was in its formative stage. This, however, prepared the ground for developments that have resulted in a mining empire from the Atlantic to the Pacific, a mining empire which could be said to be almost on par with that in the United States.

Jan 1, 1965

By J. W. Spyker, D. H. Filson, W. H. W. Husband

"Large deposits of sodium sulphate exist in southern Saskatchewan in the brines or muddy crystal beds of alkali Jakes. Currently, more than 300,000 tons per year of sodium sulphate are produced from these lakes and sold as salt cake to the paper industry. Most of the production is obtained from the brines of a limited number of Jakes.The Saskatchewan Research Council was requested to develop a process for recovering sodium sulphate from the muddy crystal beds so that this type of deposit could be exploited in the future. A flowsheet was developed with the aid of phase diagram data and the process was studied on a pilot-plant scale using raw material from three different lakes. Satisfactory yields and product purities were obtained in all cases, and an economic analysis indicated that a 100,000-ton-per-year sodium sulphate plant could produce salt cake at a cost of $12.26 per ton for a rate of return upon investment of 16 per cent at current market prices."

Jan 1, 1966

By B. R. Boardman

Project Environmental Approval is a multi-faceted issue. From a mining perspective, it is a costly item because of avoidable time delay. The government perspective is that the approvals are a necessary part of meeting departmental requirements to ensure that the wellbeing of other uses of the environment is maintained. This paper outlines some of the problems inherent in the environmental approvals process and makes recommendations to both the proponent and government about improving the efficiency of the process.

Jan 1, 1978

By M. B. Dusseault, A. Pirayehgar

"There is concern that hydraulic fracturing (HF) near an existing critically stressed fault could trigger slip and generate a seismic event of significance. To this end, a mathematical discontinuum model representing a naturally fractured rock (NFR) mass containing a fault is created, and fault slip response to fluid injection is studied. UDECTM is used as a Discrete Element Method (DEM) approach to define the seismic moment, and also to assess the influence of injection and slip on further shear slip propagation. In most of the simulations, slip and dilation take place along a number of oriented fracture surfaces, so it is reasonable to assume that in a real case, microseimic emissions would accompany each slip “event”. The moment magnitude scale (Mw) is used to measure the size of the microseismic event in terms of the energy released. Seismic moment is a measure of the total energy (work) released during a seismic event and is used to measure its size. From another aspect, the injection energy is calculated as the total energy required for achieving the hydraulic fracturing; this is viewed as energy to open fractures against the ambient stress field and much of it is potential stored energy that can be released and create discontinuities (work of fracture), deformations (W=F·d), heat and radiated seismic energy. A small amount of the total released energy is transformed to radiated seismic energy and another small amount results in tensile fractures. Fracture energy is used to calculate the work required to create fracture surfaces. Comparing the energy release by fracturing or seismic events indicates their contribution to the total amount of released energy or total work. The amount of energy associated with the stick-slip event is small compared with the overall work done to generate the distortions (i.e. increases in aperture by forcing them open) in the rock mass, and much of the energy in slip is lost as heat from the plastic deformation, rather than as radiated seismic energy.Microseismic monitoring shows the spatial distribution and magnitude of seismicity associated with slip of bedding planes and natural and incipient fractures. Work calculations have been undertaken to look at the various sources of energy storage (elastic strain energy) or dissipation (slip), and likely the energy losses from viscous dissipation could be addressed as well, helping to clarify HF processes in NFRs."

Jan 1, 2015

By Erik Spiller

"Water and cyanide are highly contentious and conflict issues that many gold mining companies encounter worldwide when dealing with local farming communities, industries and cities competing for water as well as non-government and government organizations. Historically, the gold industry has used processes that required minimum amounts of water to treat and recover gold at locations around the world. Examples are dry grinding for refractory gold treatment in the late 1800s and early 1900s and dry blowing in arid/desert regions to recover alluvial gold. In recent times, new dry processing equipment has been developed and include equipment such as air tables and jigs. Researchers have also modified a Knelson concentrator to concentrate gold from dry solids. High pressure grinding rolls (HPGR) with air classifiers are used to treat industrial minerals and pilot trials have shown that the technology can be applied to comminute refractory gold ores ahead of roasting. Dry stacked tailings is being applied on gold mines to reduce overall water consumption This paper will review the available technologies that in combination may be able to substantially reduce the quantity of water used in the processing of gold ores.INTRODUCTION Water makes up most of the world: the planet is 75% water. Some 97.5% is saline water largely in the oceans, so that only 2.5% is fresh water and useful for human needs. The demand for water is driven primarily by population and concomitant economic growth. Overall, some 70% of the water withdrawn from the environment is used in agriculture, 20% by industry, 7% by households and 3% for mining (Brown, 2003: Maupin et al., 2010). Whilst the water needs of the mining industry are minor compared to those of agriculture, an operating mine requires a relatively large quantity of water on a daily basis to carry out operations. Mining activities are often located in remote, arid environments, with limited access to water. There are a multitude of water resources available to the mining industry for its needs. However, much of this water is saline and over the last two decades there has been a continual decline in water quality (i.e. salinity has increased). In today‘s world, there are enormous internal and external pressures to reduce water consumption at a mine, and/or alternatively use water not considered a resource by the local community. Strategies to meet these objectives can be achieved by implementing good water management practices, by recycling process water, reducing water losses by evaporation and seepage (i.e. by increasing and improving dewatering practices) and employing new technologies such as dry stacking and dry processing (Dunne, 2010)."

Jan 1, 2017

By C. E. Baltzer

This paper highlights the electric power situation in Canada, and introduces brief explanation of the salient differences between electrical practice in the United States and Canada. The availability of bask energy in the two countries is touched on, also the hydro versus thermal outlook as applying to Canada. De-v2lopment of thermal-electric power is dealt with in some detail, followed by Canada&apos;s thermal-electric power requirements, present and future. The fuel requirements for steam-electric generating plant are assessed on the basis of a survey recently made, and the location and size of the major thermal plant operations are given. Fuel contractual obligations on the part ?of suppliers and consumers are mentioned. Finally, an opinion is expressed in regard to the types of f.uel in ?demand on a regional basis with emphasis on the need for coal in the several areas dealt with.

Jan 1, 1958

By Jae-Chun Lee, Rajiv Ranjan Srivastava, Min-seuk Kim, Byung-Su Kim

Recycling of spent hydrotreating catalysts (HTC) can potentially contribute towards the sustainable extraction of metal values. Treating such materials by hydrometallurgical methods to separate metals from the leach liquor of either acid/alkali media is a major step. In the present study, separation of molybdenum from HCl leach liquor of spent NiMo type HTC has been investigated by applying solvent extraction using Cyanex-923. For this, the chloride solution containing 973 mg/L Mo, 254 mg/L Ni and 1634 mg/L Al was taken as the aqueous feed. The parameters including contact time, concentration of the extractant, acid and chloride, and phase ratio were varied to investigate their effect on the extraction efficiency. The McCabe-Thiele plot suggests that > 99% Mo-loading using a 2-stage extraction process. From the molybdenum depleted solution, nickel was selectively extracted by Cyanex-301 leaving Al in the raffinate.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. Krasowska

Dynamics of collision and kinetics of the bubble attachment to hydrophobic solid plates (Teflon) of different surface roughness were investigated. The experiments were carried out in such a way that probability of the collision and probability that the detachment will not occur were equal always 100%. Thus, it was possible to determine effect of the surface roughness on the bubble attachment (three phase contact formation, TPC) only. A high-speed camera (1182 Hz) was used to record the velocity variations, bouncing and time of attachment of the bubble colliding with Teflon plates having different surface roughness (5 different plates). Roughness of the plate surfaces was modified in a mechanical way using different abrasive papers. It was found that the roughness had a crucial influence on the time-scale of the TPC formation and attachment of the bubble colliding with the Teflon plates. Despite high hydrophobicity of all plates (contact angles 1100 -115º) it was observed that at the smoothest surfaces (called "Teflon I" and "Teflon II" and having surface roughness below 1 um) there was no attachment during the bubble first collisions. Prior to the attachment four or more "approach?bouncing" cycles of the colliding bubble were observed there and simultaneously the bubble shape varied rapidly within time intervals below 0.85 ms. Time of contact of the colliding bubble with the Teflon plates was very short; 2-3 ms. These results indicate that during that short time of the collision the liquid layer separating the colliding bubble and the solid surface did not reach a critical thickness of its rupture.

Jan 1, 2006

By George R. Elliott

Introduction The pages that follow present a brief chronological survey of views which have been held, and of legislation enacted, for the regulation of the natural gas and oil industry in the Turner Valley field, especially as regards conservation of the natural gas. To provide a necessary background for an adequate understanding of the progress of events in western Canada, there is included also a compilation, from technical and legal authorities, of some of the more important measures which have been adopted for the regulation of the oil and gas fields of the United States, where these measures have had, or are likely to have, a bearing on the course of our domestic industry. Owing to exigencies of space, it has been possible to refer only to the most outstanding proposals and legislation, and to these in the briefest possible form. Although, so far as Canada is concerned, the data presented are restricted almost entirely to the Turner Valley field, it is the hope of the writer that the paper may prove of value for purposes of reference: for any similar gas and oil fields discovered in western Canada will certainly revive and intensify the problem of the proper steps to be taken for the conservation of the gas. Definition of &apos;Conservation The term conservation has been so misunderstood and misrepresented that, to many persons in Alberta, it means little more than closing-in wells. In the light of the definition of Charles E. Hughes, that &apos;True conservation of a raw material is its economical use&apos;, the subject of natural gas conservation is inseparably involved with the study of the function of the -gas and with the development of the principles of unit operation.

Jan 1, 1934