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By E. F. Jr. Young, H. E. Steinman, G. C. Smith

Through a progressive laboratory and pilot-plant program Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp has analyzed and corrected mine drainage pollution problems at all of its coal mines. In conducting this program, the company found no "typical" drainage discharge. Each discharge point at each mine was unique, so that varied approaches were needed to eliminate stream pollution. To illustrate the variety of these approaches, the treatment of drainage from foul, discharge points at three mines in Pennsylvania will be considered here. The flows and critical analyses of the drainage sources and treated effluents arc shown in Table I. Hydrated Lime Works at Thompson Borehole The discharge stream from the Thompson bore- hole at the Vesta No. 5 mine flowed into a small branch creek where it created a "yellowboy" deposit and affected aquatic life. Investigation indicated that hydrated lime would neutralize the acid and precipitate ferric iron without aeration. Treatment of the 150.000-gpd flow, however, created about 4000 gpd of wet sludge for which there was no nearby accumulation site. With State approval, this sludge was deposited through an unused borehole into an abandoned section of the Vesta No. 6 mine several miles away.

Jan 1, 1970

By Alan U. Seybolt

IN examination of some cold-rolled copper and cupronickel that contained a little columbium, it was discovered that these alloys were unusually resistant to annealing. This effect was sufficiently pronounced to warrant some investigation [ ] of the annealing characteristics of such compositions. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The alloys were made from cathode copper, electrolytic nickel, and a special copper-columbium hardener alloy furnished by the Electro Metallurgical Corporation. This hardener alloy contained 10 per cent columbium, with tantalum, aluminum and iron as major impurities. The melting was carried out in a clay-graphite crucible in a high-frequency induction furnace, under a charcoal or [ ] electrode carbon cover. No deoxidizing additions were made. The 7-lb. copper heats were poured into a steel mold, hot-rolled to ¼ -in. thickness, and annealed for ½ hr. at 760°C.; the cupronickels were annealed I hr. at 815°C. The material was then cold-rolled to a go per cent reduction in thickness and annealing tests were carried out on this 1/8-in. hard-rolled strip. A little silver was added to copper-columbium alloys 402 and 403 to find out

Jan 1, 1941

By Francis Laur

BAUXITE, at first considered as a mineralogical curiosity without importance, now attracts daily increased attention from mineralogists, geologists, and manufacturers. The metallurgy of aluminum, which has entered with the advent of electrolysis upon a new phase within the last few years, requires every day larger quantities of pure alumina, and this can only be obtained from bauxite, which is, of known substances, the richest in free alumina. Bauxite has been mined since 1872 in France, whereabout 200,000 tons have been produced, and where, as a natural consequence, its deposits, qualities, and applications have become known. Within a few years past, discoveries of important deposits of bauxite have been made in the United States and Canada, and this almost entirely new subject has thus acquired an additional interest for the mining engineers and metallurgists of the American continent. A brief summary of the available data concerning it appears likely, therefore, to be appropriate and valuable.* I.—HISTORICAL. It was in 1821 that the famous chemist Berthier discovered at Baux (Bouches du Rhône) a hydrate of alumina (varying from 66 to 79 per cent. in its contents of the oxide) mixed with silica and

Jan 1, 1895

The Free World's largest uranium reserves are in the United States. Almost 97% of the U.S. uranium reserves occur in irregular shaped sandstone formations, widely disseminated in coarse clastic sediments that are mostly of Jurassic or Tertiary age. Without doubt, the most important deposits are located in the sandstone formations of the Ambrosia Lake district of New Mexico, near the sun-scorched town of Grantswhose proud alias, as given by the city fathers, is "The Uranium Capital of the World."

Jan 8, 1974

By H. L. James

THIS paper presents the results and analysis of field trials of various magnetic instruments over anomalies ranging from 20 to 5000 gammas of vertical intensity. The following instruments were used: Askania vertical magnetometer, Wolfson vertical magnetometer (model M-I), Hotchkiss Superdips (used both parallel to and normal to the magnetic meridian, with several settings of the "sigma" angle), Lake Superior dip needle, and the dipping circle for measurements of inclination. The change in inclination over the measured anomalies ranged up to 4°; this caused pronounced changes in sensitivity of the Hotchkiss Superdip oriented parallel to the magnetic meridian. The variable sensitivity not only gives apparent displacement of crests of anomalies, particularly at high sensitivities, but also makes the data difficult or impossible to use in preparation of iso-anomaly maps. This weakness in field performance of the Superdip is shown to be eliminated by orienting the instrument normal to the magnetic meridian and measuring vertical intensity only, which in the latitude of upper Michigan is equal to 97 pct of the total intensity. The dip needle is seen to be relatively ineffectual for location of anomalies of less than 400 gammas.

Jan 1, 1947

By John D. Erickson, Thomas R. Carlson, Milton T. Pana, Daniel T. O’Brian

Computer use in mine planning has evolved from theory to practical application at the Bingham mine of Kennecott Copper Corp.’s Utah Copper Division. Traditional mine planning methods have been combined with computer technology to produce a more realistic calculation of ore reserves and mining plans. The techniques used are not revolutionary but are an expansion of previous mine planning methods using the calculating power of the computer. These methods can readily be adapted for planning use by practical mining men.

Jan 5, 1966

By R. N. Bhattacharyya

In recent years, increased attention is being paid to the application of oil-agglomeration technique for (a) improved recovery of low- ash clean coal, (b) effective beneficiation of low-grade coking coals and (c) removal of pyrite sulphur from high-sulphur coals. In this technique, which has been proved to be more effective than convention- al froth-flotation, advantage is taken of the oleo-philic nature of finely ground coal to separate it under controlled conditions from the associated minerals which are hydrophilic in nature. Unlike froth- flotation, no aeration is needed in the process and the concentrates which are obtained in the form of agglomerates or micro-pellets have easier dewatering characteristics. Optimization of operating variables in treating individual raw feed is a pre-requisite for the successful application of this process. A 10 gram batch unit was employed in the present test series. This paper presents - results from these investigations on such operating variables as (i) size of coal, (ii) amount of oil used, (iii) time of stirring, (iv) rate of stirring, (v) solid content in slurry and (vi) effect of conditioning.

Jan 1, 1977

By STEPHEN L. GOODALE

THE question indicated in this title was put by letter to a number of my friends working in various industries, who have charge of young metallurgical graduates. The replies were almost unanimous in stating that the college training should cover in the most .thorough manner possible those sciences which are the fundamentals - of engineering. Mathematics, physics, mechanics, electricity, chemistry, physical chemistry, and their applications to actual problems of life were mentioned in most of the letters I received. Some writers added also business law, economics,. and finance. One reply expressed it: "These subjects, well founded, mixed with good judgment, well applied, should enable the .young man to carry on the art of life successfully." One answer stated frankly what is really wanted: "As much as possible.' ' This writer mentioned .the sciences as being very important, but he wishes men ' to be trained in metallurgy also, and he concedes the omission of some advanced chemistry and physic's to secure the metallurgy. He emphasized particularly. the a we. desirability of work in college to development' He concludes his letter with a repetition of his slogan that what is wanted is as much as is possible.

Jan 1, 1930

By W. C. Kerr

A BRIEF sketch only is here intended, with a few illustrations, in order to give a general notion of the character and structure of these veins. I have stated elsewhere, several years ago, that these veins were wrought on a large scale and for many ages by some ancient peoples, most probably the so-called Mound Builders; although they built no mounds here, and have left no signs of any permanent habitation. They opened and worked a great many veins down to or near water-level ; that is, as far as the action of atmospheric chemistry had softened the rock so that it was workable without metal tools, of the use of which no signs are apparent. Many of the largest and most profitable of the mines of the present day are simply the ancient Mound Builders' mines reopened and pushed into the hard undecomposed granite by powder and steel. Blocks of mica have often been found half imbedded in the face of the vein, with the tool-marks about it, showing the exact limit of the efficiency of those prehistoric mechanical appliances. As to the geological relations of these veins, they are found in the gneisses

Jan 1, 1880

By W. C. Kerr

A brief sketch only is here intended, with a few illustrations, in order to give a general notion of the character and structure of these veins. I have stated elsewhere, several years ago, that these veins were wrought on a large scale and for many ages by some ancient peoples, most probably the so-called Mound Builders; although they built no mounds here, and have left no signs of any permanent habitation. They opened and worked a great marly veins down to or near water-level; that is, as far as the action of atmospheric chemistry had softened the rock so that it was workable without metal tools, of the use of which no signs are apparent. Many of the ladgest and most profitable of the mines of the present day are simply the ancient Mound Builders' mines reopened and pushed into the hard undecomposed granite by powder and steel. Blocks of mica have often been found half imbedded in the face of the vein, with the tool-marks about it, showing the exact limit of the efficiency of those prehistoric mechanical appliances. As to the geological relations of these veins, they are found in the gneisses

Jan 1, 1880

By Robert W. Hunt

Delays in the completion of the alterations to the plant at the works of Messrs. Oliver Bros. and Phillips, in Pittsburgh, coupled with the increased demand for metal made from regular Bessemer pig, placing the firm many hundreds of tons behind in their deliveries, prevented Mr. Henry W. Oliver, Jr., from redeeming his promise to place his works at my disposal for further tests of high-phosphorus irons, until May 5th. Upon that date, I assumed charge of the operations in his steel-plant. Mr. Oliver had purchased Neshannock pig as a basis for a supply of phosphorus. My information is to the effect that this iron is made from low-grade Lake Superior ores and mill-cinder, the latter "ore" being utilized to about 40 per cent. of the total mixture. At all events the pig had quite as much phosphorus, and in as varying quantities, as the most exacting could desire. My experiments of last fall had well satisfied me as to the effect of from 0.35 to 0.55 per cent. of phosphorus in the Clapp Griffiths metal. Hence at this time my first trials were directed to

Jan 1, 1886

By W. Rostoker

PART of a program of research on the Ti-A1 system1 involved a study of the lattice parameters of the titanium-rich a solid solution, which has a hexagonal close-packed structure. For this work, a 14 cm Debye-Scherrer powder camera and filtered CuK, radiation was used. For each pattern, the parameters were calculated by a least squares solution of the five strongest high angle lines. This provides an accuracy of i0.005A or better. The results are shown graphically in Fig. 1. It will be seen that an unusual change of slope occurs in the curve for the C parameter at high aluminum contents. Such anomalous changes in slope have been recorded by RaynorV or several magnesium-rich solid solutions. The effects were interpreted in terms of a special contribution to the lattice distortion due to factors of electronic origin predicted by Jones." Jones' theory, in substance, suggested that an unusually large expansion of the lattice would begin when the electron per atom concentration in the alloy was increased to a value at which an overlap just began from one Brillouin zone to another. Con-

Jan 1, 1953

By J. V. W. REYNDERS

THE principal manganese deposit of Russia, I one of the four principal sources of the world's supply, lies on the southern slope of the Caucasus Mountains, in what is now the Republic of Georgia, district of Sharopan. Tchiatouri, the principal town, is midway between Tiflis, the capital of Georgia, and Poti, the shipping port on the Black Sea, about 130 " miles distant. The deposit can be most easily visualized by thinking of a nearly horizontal coal seam about 6 ft. thick, outcropping on the slopes about 600 ft. above the Kvirila River. One of the accompanying illustrations shows the river, which nearly bi- sects the district, of approximately 50 sq. miles in area, and with its tributary streams makes the topography rugged, while in the background are the snow-capped peaks of the Caucasus range. Another of the illustrations gives a closer view of the outcrop. The roof and floor of the deposit are good, so the methods of working are quite similar to working a coal seam, especially as most of the mineral is soft enough to be mined with a pick. Little machinery is used, except small cars for underground transportation.

Jan 1, 1926

By Robert H. Richards

IT will hardly be worth while to spend time over the discovery of this mine, how lumps of galena, were picked up and brought to town, and how legends were told of an old mine from which Revolutionary bullets were made. This is an entirely new mine, with no evidences of former or ancient workings in its immediate vicinity to guide or attract the prospector. The first pit was opened in May, 1874. In August I made a visit to this pit, which was 6 feet wide in the northwest direction, 12 feet long north 80° east, and 6 feet deep. About 4 tons of a galena carrying gray copper, siderite, and quartz, had been taken fron this pit. The lumps were all of them evidently float specimens, and varied from 8 to 12 inches thick, and showed very distinct indica- * An abstract of this paper was kindly presented by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt at the February meeting of the Institute, but as it was not fully written out until the following December, it will describe the mine in a little more advanced stage than when the paper was originally presented.

Jan 1, 1875

By AIME AIME

THE Charleston Section of the A. I. M. E. held a joint meeting with the National Coal Association and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers on May 6 and 7, at which 94 members and guests were registered. Mechanical operation of coal mines was the subject discussed. First on the program was a paper entitled "Rock Dusting in the Coal Mines of West Virginia," by R. M. Lambie, chief of the Department of Mines, and Gordon MacVean. It appears in full in the current issue of MINING AND METALLURGY, p. 290. J. E. Jones of the Old Ben Coal Corp. opened this discussion by describing the method of rock dusting employed in the mines of that company, giving many interesting details, incidentally referring to the use of rock dust in fighting mine fires. He described one case where a number of troughs was brought to within 150 ft. of the fire, and rock dust had been thrown in its direction. After each trough had been thrown the party advanced a few feet, where another trough was discharged. About 10 ft. were gained on each advance, until the party found they had advanced completely over the fire.

Jan 1, 1926

Albert R. LEdoux, New York, N. Y.—I can add a little to the information which has been given, by saying that it has been our business for some years, among other things, to inspect outgoing copper from some of the works here in the East, and to find out why there are variations not only in the conductivity of the wire-bars, but also in the character of the cathode-copper shipped; and we have found two things: These impurities which have been mentioned are largely upon the surface of the cathode. Samples taken of the inside, even of the nodules or " berries " which grow on the outside of the cathode, show that they do not contain more impurities than the denser material in the interior. In other words, it is a superficial deposit or contamination. There is still another reason for impurity in some of the copper which finds its- way to the manufacturers, namely, carelessness in the handling of molds or in casting. We have found copper which was comparatively pure, as far as the copper itself was concerned, but contained, mechanically intruded in the interior of the ingots,

Jan 1, 1913

ON p. 499 of the December issue Of MINING AND METAL-LURGY plans were announced for a memorial to en-gineers who died in overseas service during the World War and a gift to the University of Louvain on behalf of the engineers of America. In this connection it is proposed to erect a memorial tablet giving the names. of engineers who died in the foreign service. Members of the A. I. M. E. who gave their lives, so far as they are known, are listed below. It will be much appreciated if notice be given of any omissions and also if the name of some surviving relative be supplied in each case. Louis Baird, Lieut., Royal Field Artillery, British Army, killed on the battlefield, 1915. John H. Bellamy, Capt., Regimental Staff, 103rd Engi-neers, killed near Fismes, Aug. 9, 1918. Martin F. Bowles, Lieut., 1st Battalion, 355th Infantry, 89th Division, killed on the battlefield, Sept. 3, 1918. Andrew Burt, died in .active service, 1916. Stanley B. Carlisle, Machine Gun Battalion 346, 91st Divi- sion, died in France, Oct. 24, 1918.

Jan 1, 1928

I am much pleased by your presentation of my article and flattered to the extent that the cover design refers to it. Incidentally, as between folks who like to work with words, refer to line 6, second full paragraph, page 773 (August Mining Engineering) Would "for" preceding technological have changed the percentages in lines two and three of the bold-face heading on page 770? The intent was coequality among three, (studies of mankind, of science, and of technological empirics). Thirty-three pct for "man" studies is a pretty big bite for engineering schoolmen; 50 pct they won't even examine, let alone nibble at. Arthur F. Taggart For those of you without a copy of the August issue handy, the sentence referred to read: The plea herein is to make the overall time allotment for studies of mankind coequal with those, for science and technological empirics.... Professor Taggart suggests that insertion of the word "for" would clarify the intent of coequality among three divisions of study: The plea herein is ... for studies of mankind coequal with those for science and (for) technological empirics. Editor.

Jan 1, 1952

By R. W. Raymond

Most of US, in this hurrying age, take little pains to preserve such records of our doings as will make the work of' our biographers easy. Now and then there is an exception, and Dr. Trippel was one. Methodical in all his habits, he kept diaries and journals comprising his own personal experiences, the details and results of his numerous scientific investigations, and his impressions concerning men and events; and also copies of all his technical essays, published by various societies or periodicals. It is a striking instance of " the irony of fate," that these carefully-preserved materials, which would now have a real historical, as well as biographical value, were totally destroyed by an accidental fire a few years ago. In addition to my own recollections of an acquaintance covering more than thirty years, I am indebted, for the fads upon which this sketch is based, chiefly to Mr. Engene J. Trippel, a son of the deceased, and now Register of the United States Land Office at Tucson, Arizona. Mr. Trippel, however, frankly confesses that his own knowledge of his father's work is, in the absence of written records, imperfect.

Jan 1, 1898

By A. Totani, S. Nakajima, H. Okazaki

The phase diagram for the SnTe-SnSe system has been studied in the temperature range from 300° to 900°C by differential thermal and quenching techniques. The X-ray measurements were made on quenched specimens. High-temperature diffraction was also made to study the phase transition in SnSe. The system is proved to be of a eutectic type in which no intermetallic compound exists. The eutectic point is at the composition SnTeo.55 Seo.45. the eutectic temperature being 755°C. Solid solubility limits are SnTeo.6Seo.r and SnT eo. 3s Seo.6s at the eutectic temperature, and change almost linearly to SnTeo.aaSeo.lz and SnTeo.18 Seo.az as temperature decreases to 300°C. It was shown that the SnSe phase has a phase transition of the second order at about 540°C and that the transition temperature decreases with increase of the SnTe content. THERMOELECTRIC properties of tin telluride (SnTe) and tin selenide (SnSe) have been studied extensively in recent years. The variation of physical properties with composition could be of interest if these compounds form an appreciable crystalline solution. The purpose of present investigation is to confirm the formation of crystalline solution or intermetallic compound, if any, and to establish the phase diagram for this system. The crystal structure of SnTe is NaCl type with a cubic unit cell1 (a = 6.313A). The crystal of SnSe having an orthorh2mbic unit cellz (a = 11.496, b = 4.1510, and c = 4.4437A) is isomorphous with tin sulfide (SnS) which has a distorted sodium chloride structure. It has been known that SnSe has a phase at at 540°C; the transition has been assumed to be of the second order. As far as we know, only two studies on the SnTe-SnSe pseudobinary system have been reported. The conclusion obtained in these papers is that, in the composition regions near SnTe and SnSe, the system forms a crystalline solution of the SnTe structure and the SnSe structure, respectively, and that, in the intermediate region, both phases coexist. However, neither the variation of the solid solubility vs the temperature nor the liquidus and solidus were investigated. Hence present writers have attempted to determine the phase diagram of the system by differential thermal analysis (D.T.A.) and X-ray diffraction. EXPERIMENTAL Sample Preparation. Starting materials, SnTe and SnSe, were prepared by the direct fusion of commercially available high-purity (99.999 pct) elements. Stoichiometric amounts of each couple Sn-Te or Sn-Se were weighed into a clear fused silica ampule. After evacuation to a pressure below 10-3 mm Hg, the am- pule was sealed, and annealed at 900°C for 5 hr. The melt was quenched in water. X-ray analysis confirmed the formation of a single phase of SnTe or SnSe. The other samples, SnTel-,Sex were synthesized from these SnTe and SnSe by mixing them in the required ratio, followed by annealing at 900°C and quenching. These samples were used directly for D.T.A. For X-ray measurements, samples were annealed at 700°, 600°, or 500°C for 100 hr or at 300°C for 150 hr, and then quenched in water. It was found that the lattice constants of the SnTe phase annealed for 150 hr at temperatures above 500°C did not differ from those annealed for 100 hr at the same temperatures. However the X-ray phase analysis showed that at 300°C the annealing for 150 hr was necessary to attain a true equilibrium state. D.T.A. The solid-liquid equilibrium temperature was determined from D.T.A. measurements. The sample was sealed in an evacuated silica tube and molybdenum powders sealed in an another tube were used as a reference material. The sample and the reference tube were placed in a nickel block and were heated from room temperature to 900°C at a rate of 3°C per min and then cooled down at the same rate to 600°C. Thermocouples for these measurements were Pt-Pt. Rh (10 pct) and the error of temperature measurements was within + l0C. D.T.A. curves were obtained on a two-pen recorder and an automatic controller (PID type) was used for the program of heating and cooling. When temperature reaches the solidus from the low-temperature side, there appears an endothermic peak. The solidus temperature was determined by extrapolation of the straight portion of the starting flank of this peak to the base line. In a similar way, the liquidus temperature was determined from an exothermic peak on D.T.A. cooling curve. In the case of supercooling, if any, its degree can be estimated from the magnitude of the abrupt temperature rise. X-Ray . X-ray powder patterns were taken by a diffractometer using CuK, radiation. Since the SnSe crystal is cleaved easily, the powders become flaky when SnSe-rich samples are ground in an agate

Jan 1, 1969