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By AIME AIME

THE World. Engineering Congress closed as it opened, with a brilliant and dignified ceremony. On Oct. 29, 1929, there were hearty speeches of welcome and of hope for the successful issue of this international gathering; on Nov. 7, the farewells were even more heartfelt expressions, and anticipation gave place to, realization. H. I. H. Prince Yasuhito of Chichibu, who had graciously opened the Congress; was unavoidably absent at the closing ceremony, being on duty with his command at the Army maneuvers, so that the principal speech was made by the President of the Congress, Baron Furuichi. The outstanding statistics of the meetings were: an over-all attendance, delegates and members, of 800 from overseas and 2800 Japanese 83 sectional meetings, all. meetings having practically capacity attendance, this being especially true of Section 11, mining and metal¬lurgy, where standing room only was commonly the rule; and 780 papers were presented, in full or in abstract or by title. H. I. H. Prince Chichibu attended each section on Oct. 31. The large attendance of Japanese students was notable at most sections.

Jan 1, 1929

By Bruce W. Gonser, Robert J. Nekervis

EACH metal has a unique combination of properties that distinguishes it from other metal;. Su& a combination may account for applications that cannot be met very well by anything else. This is particularly true of tin, one of the earliest metals used by man. Table i shows the consumption of tin in the United States by usage for the years 1949 and 1950, which may be considered to be generally typical of current usage. The major applications-tinplate, solders, bronze, and babbitt-were well established a century ago. Applications for the metal and (probably later) of tin alloys started more than 5000 years ago. Fortunately for the ancients, tin is one of the metals whose oxide is easily reduced by carbon. Nature further simplified the refining problem by providing only one ore of commercial importance, cassiterite (SnO2). Tin is easily reduced from cassiterite. All that is necessary is high heat in the presence of carbon. It is quite possible that back in the dawn of history, tin was discovered when black alluvial sand was thrown on a fire, either to bank it or to put it out. SOURCES OF TIN All the important tin-producing centers are in the southern hemisphere, far away from the' industrial consuming centers. Fig 1 shows their location and 1950 production. Reserves are adequate, and the industry is able to produce considerably more tin than is

Jan 1, 1953

By J. K. Abraham

In recent years there has been interest displayed in the precipitation phenomena occurring in austenitic alloys based on the binary Fe-Ni system.1'2 Previous communications have been extended covering the kinetics of clustering in the Fe-Ni-Ti system and the effect of cluster size on subsequent mechanical properties.3'4 To a great extent the question of coherency, which has a dominant role in determining the mechanical properties, is dictated by the degree of misfit between the precipitate and matrix. Thus, the change in lattice parameter of the matrix with composition is an important variable that should be examined. The lattice parameter, ao, of austenite was determined for Fe-29.75 Ni-1 to 6 Ti and Fe-27 Ni-1 to 10 Ti alloys in this study. The alloys used in this investigation were melted in a vacuum induction furnace from a starting stock of plast iron (99.95), electrolytic nickel (99.9), and ti- tanium sheet (99.5) in a MgO crucible. The alloy compositions in atomic percent are given in Table I and their relative position in the Fe-Ni-Ti ternary is indicated in Fig. 1. The chemical analyses were taken from the homogenized bulk materials treated in a manner related earlier.3 A diamond file was used to obtain powder from the bulk. To remove the stresses induced by filing, the powders were austenitized at 1875°F for

Jan 1, 1969

By R. C. Wilcox, R. V. Lawrence, P. A. Calhoun

The V-Rh-Si, Nb-Rh-Si, and Cr-Rh-Si systems were investigated to evaluate the extent of solid solubility between binary Cr3O structures. All Cr3O components lie within the favorable atomic size range1 for the formation of the Cr3O structure. Previous studies indicated complete solid solubility between V3Si and V3Sn2 and no solubility between Sn and cr3si3 or Si and Nb3Rh.4 The Cr3O structure is not found in the Cr-Sn and Nb-Si binary systems. Powder compacts were are-melted under argon, homogenized in a vacuum at 1000°C, and water-quenched. Alloys containing greater than 15 at. pet Si were annealed 100 hr. X-ray diffractometer methods were used to study all systems utilizing copper radiation for the Cr-Rh-Si system and chromium radiation for the other two systems. V-Rh-Si System. The alloys prepared in the V-Rh-Si system and the measured lattice parameters for the Cr3O structure found in each alloy are listed in Table I. The characteristic Cr3O diffraction pattern was found in all binary alloys. The measured lattice parameter of V3Rh (VRS-1) is in agreement with the reported value5 while the value for V3Si (VRS-5) is only in fair agreement.' In

Jan 1, 1965

Professor Somasundaran has given an excellent presentation of the numerous problems which remain to be solved before the selective aggregation of fine particulates is likely to see broad commercial application in the beneficiation of mineral fines. However it is useful, I think, to reiterate some of the major problem areas. The over-riding factor which has limited the development of selective aggregation techniques is that processes such as coagulation and flocculation tend to be inherently non-selective. Conditions which favor the aggregation of one kind of fine particles usually favor the aggregation of all kinds of particles. As Professor Somasundaran has pointed out, the state of aggregation of a fine-particle dispersion is primarily determined by the forces of interaction between the individual particles. In most systems, the dominant forces are: 1. van der Waals - London Dispersion forces between the particles themselves 2. electrical double layer forces 3. steric forces between adsorbed layers on the surfaces of the particles. The London Dispersion forces between like particles are always attractive, but for dissimilar particles dispersed in a fluid medium can, in some cases, lead to a net repulsion. Electrical double layer forces always lead to repulsion between like particles but can, again, cause either attraction or repulsion for dissimilar materials. The steric forces, which are by far the least understood of the three types, can also lead to attraction or repulsion depending on condi-

Jan 1, 1979

By Dol Duwez, R. H. Willens

A technique is described by which metastable alloy phases can be obtained by very rapid cooling from the liquid state. The results obtained so far have lead to; 1) extension of solubility limits beyond their equilibrium values, 2) new phases not found under equilibrium conditions, and 3) amorphous alloys. MANY new nonequilibrium phases have been found in alloys rapidly cooled from the liquid state. The technique used in these investigations essentially consisted of propelling a small molten globule of an alloy against the inside surface of a rotating copper cylinder. Since these original experiments were performed, the technique has been greatly improved. The purpose of this paper is to describe in detail, for the first time, a simple and efficient apparatus for producing foils of alloys which are rapidly cooled from the melt and to summarize some of the observations made on these alloys. I) FAST COOLING APPARATUS In the original fast cooling apparatus used by Duwez, Willens, and Klement,' the alloy was melted in a graphite container having the shape shown schematically in Fig. 1. A shock tube was attached to one end of the graphite part to supply the pressure for ejecting the molten globule. The globule was received on the inside of a rotating cylinder located about 0.5 in. from the exit of the graphite container. The globule trajectory made an angle of about 15 to 25 deg with the tangent to the cylinder at the point of

Jan 1, 1963

By Francis M. Walters, Irvin R. Kramer

THE substitution of cobalt for part of the nickel in Invar was found by P. H. Brace1 to lower the coefficient of expansion. Scott1 extended the use of cobalt to alloys of higher inflection temperatures. Such alloys have a larger temperature range of low expansion than those without cobalt, and [ ] their use up to 400° or 500°C. offers decided advantages in certain applications. However, it has been found that the iron-nickel-cobalt alloys are not stable in this temperature range. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Two methods were used in studying the stability of the low-expansion iron-nickel-cobalt alloys. Dilatometer specimens were held at 480°C, for 9 months and the change in expansion characteristics was determined. Filings were held for about 2 months at various temperatures and the change in structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. As shown by Table I, the alloys studied covered a wide range in nickel plus cobalt content (which determines the inflection [ ] temperature) as well as some variation in the ratio of nickel to iron (which controls the temperature of the gamma to alpha transformation). Included also are alloys containing carbon and vanadium, carbon and titanium and three with various amounts of copper. The alloys were melted in a high-frequency induction furnace with a magnesia crucible, using ingot iron, electrolytic nickel and commercial cobalt. Fifteen-pound heats were cast into iron molds after deoxidizing with silicon, or

Jan 1, 1941

By John N. Dew, William L. Martin, `

This paper describes the results of a laboratory investigation conducted to obtain data for an evaluation of the in situ combustion process as a method of producing crude oil from reservoirs. Air and fuel requirements, rates of advance, com-bustion temperatures, and coke and fluid distributions are presented. The mechanism of oil recovery by in stiu combustion is discussed. Five crude oils ranging in gravity from 10.9 to 34.2"' API were prodrrced from a semiadiabatic, uncon-.solidnted sand pack by in situ combustion. Experimental conditions were varied over a wide range in order to determine the inter-relation-.ships of process variables. The mini-mum air flux requirement for self-sustained combustion was found to he less than 10 scf/hr-ft'l. The rate of advance of a self-sustained combustion zone was found to be nearly proportional to the air flux at the combustion front. The effects of presrure and injected air flux were studied in a series of experiments using a 21.2" API crude. A minimum air require-ment was observed at an air .flux of 20 scf/hr-ft'. The oil saturation con-sumed as fuel averaged 5.5 per cent of pore volume. The effect of air pressure was, found to be .small for experiments having high combustion eficiencies. This study should promote a better understanding of the problems and mechanisms involved in labora-tory investigations and field applications of the in situ combustion pro-cess. The data presented will be use- ful in the interpretation of results of field tests. When tempered with volu-metric sweep efficiencies, the data can be used in making preliminary economic appraisals of the process as applied to reservoirs containing high porosity unconsolidated media. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this work was to obtain laboratory data for an evaluation of the in situ combustion process as a method of producing crude oil from reservoirs. In situ combustion basically consists of (1) injecting air into a reservoir through selected input wells to create an air sweep through the reservoir, (2) igniting the crude at the injection well, and (3) propagating the combustion front through the reservoir by continued air injection. By this means, oil is swept toward producing wells in the area. The fuel for combustion is supplied by heavy residual material (coke) which has been deposited on the sand grains during distillation and cracking of the crude oil ahead of the combustion front. Recovery of petroleum by a combustion or heat wave process is not a new idea. F. A. Howard was granted a patent in 1923 on a process in which air and a combustible gas were pumped into an injection well and ignited.' Russian engineers reported on field experiments with a crude oil gasification process in 1935'. Other known early field tests include those conducted near Bar-tlesville and Ardmore, Okla., in 1942." More recently completed field tests include an inverted seven-spot by Sinclair Oil Co. in the Delaware-Childers field, Nowata County, Okla.'; a three-well and an inverted five-spot test by Magnolia Petroleum Co. in Jefferson County, Okla."."; and a test by California Research Corp. in the Irvine-Furnace field in Kentucky. The Worthington Corp. has completed a test in cooperation with the Forest Oil Corp. in Clark County, 111.l Several field tests are now in progress. Sinclair has acquired a 600-acre lease in the Humboldt-Chanute field, Allen County, Kans., and is under way with a large-scale operation. Three field tests are under way in California. The General Petroleum Corp. is conducting an inverted five-spot pattern test in the South Bel-ridge field in Kern County under a cooperative agreement with 11 other companies, including Continental Oil Co. California Research Corp. is conducting a four-well pattern test in Midway-Sunset field near Maricopa, and Richfield Oil Corp. is under way with a test in the Ojai field in Ventura County. Although the published information is valuable concerning results of field tests, little laboratory data other than that reported by Kuhn and Koch5 are available to aid in appraising the tests from a technical or economic standpoint. Engineering data needed to evaluate the process include the amount of air required per barrel of oil recovered, minimum injection rates which will support combustion, rates of advance, air required per unit volume of reservoir cleaned, amount of oil recovered, and amount of oil consumed as fuel. The present laboratory investigation was undertaken to provide these data for that portion of the reservoir swept by the combustion zone. The first phase of this investigation was exploratory in nature and was conducted at injection pressures less than 100 psig. Data were ob-

By Francis M. Walters, Irwin R. Kramer

The substitution of cobalt for part of the nickel in Invar was found by P. H. Brace1 to lower the coefficient 01 expansion. Scott1 extended the use of cobalt to alloys of higher inflection temperatures. Such alloys have a larger temperature range of low expansion than those without cobalt, and their use up to 400' or 500°C. offers decided advantages in certain applications. However, it has been found that the iron-nickel-cobalt alloys are not stable in this temperature range. Experimental Methods Two methods were used in studying the stability of the low-expansion iron -nickel-cobalt alloys. Dilatometer specimens were held at 480°C. for 9 months and the change in expansion characteristics was dctcr- mined. Filings were held for about 2 months at various temperatures and the change in structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. As shown by Table I, the alloys studied covered a wide range in nickel plus cobalt content (which determines the inflection temperature) as well as some variation in the ratio of nickel to iron (which controls the temperature of the gamma to alpha transformation). Included also are alloys containing carbon and vanadium, carbon and titanium and three with various amounts of copper. The alloys were melted in a high-frequency induction furnace with a magnesia crucible, using ingot iron, electrolytic nickel and commercial cobalt. Fifteen-pound heats were cast into iron molds after deoxidizing with silicon, or

Jan 1, 1942

By Francis M. Walters, Irwin R. Kramer

The substitution of cobalt for part of the nickel in Invar was found by P. H. Brace1 to lower the coefficient 01 expansion. Scott1 extended the use of cobalt to alloys of higher inflection temperatures. Such alloys have a larger temperature range of low expansion than those without cobalt, and their use up to 400' or 500°C. offers decided advantages in certain applications. However, it has been found that the iron-nickel-cobalt alloys are not stable in this temperature range. Experimental Methods Two methods were used in studying the stability of the low-expansion iron -nickel-cobalt alloys. Dilatometer specimens were held at 480°C. for 9 months and the change in expansion characteristics was dctcr- mined. Filings were held for about 2 months at various temperatures and the change in structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. As shown by Table I, the alloys studied covered a wide range in nickel plus cobalt content (which determines the inflection temperature) as well as some variation in the ratio of nickel to iron (which controls the temperature of the gamma to alpha transformation). Included also are alloys containing carbon and vanadium, carbon and titanium and three with various amounts of copper. The alloys were melted in a high-frequency induction furnace with a magnesia crucible, using ingot iron, electrolytic nickel and commercial cobalt. Fifteen-pound heats were cast into iron molds after deoxidizing with silicon, or

Jan 1, 1942

By AIME AIME

MANY of the important papers to be presented at the World Congress of Engineering at Tokyo, in November, 1929, are being furnished by members of A.I.M.E. and a list of them is given below: "Fifty Years of Physical Metallurgy,,-by H. M. Boylston, Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio.

Jan 1, 1929

By P. L. Weston, S. E. Khalafalla

A systematic study was made by the Bureau of Mines on the effect of so me hypothesized accelerators for the process of wustite reduction in carbon monoxide. When small concentrations of promoter materials in the order of 0.69 at. pct were added to the reducible charge, the rate of reduction to iron was increased. Promotion phenomenon prediction was made in light of a suyface reduction mechanism with the aid of Vol'kenshtein's effect regarding the propagation of crystal lattice disturbances by small amounts of relatively larger interstitial ions. The acceleration produced by a typical promotor, such as potassiunl, increases with protnoter concentration up to a maximum, beyond which the reduction rate decreases. Concentration for maximum promotion depends on the nature and physicochemical properties of the promoter. The extent of reduction rate enhancement is found to be directly proportional to the atomic volume and electronic charge of the additive. DESPITE the enormous volume of literature on iron oxide reduction, very little is reported concerning additive or impurity effects on this important metallurgical process. The beneficial effect bf calcium compound additions on the reducibility of iron oxide sinters has been reported by Tigerschiold,1 vor dem Esche,2 and Edstrom. Doi and Kasai~ found that the addition of lime or limestone to iron ores helps to break up any unreducible compounds, such as fayalite or ilmen-ite. and thus free the combined iron for reduction. Schenck et al. 5 suggested that the increased reduction rate obtained when adding lime could be accounted for by the instability of wustite in the presence of lime. Acid-base slagging reactions resulted in wustite disproportionation according to The dicalcium ferrite formed will yield iron and calcium oxide during reduction. Regenerated calcium oxide dissociates more wustite. This mechanism has been used by Seths and white7 to explain their experimental results. Recently, Strangway and ROSS' attributed the calcium carbonate acceleration of iron oxide agglomerate reduction to increased porosity, both initial as well as that developed during reduction. Aside from calcium carbonate, or oxide, no other promoter was noted in the literature, except for a brief mention by Barrett and woodg on the effect of sodium carbonate and aluminate as activators for the hydrogen reduction of magnetite at 600°C. The present investigation systematically studied a host of other promoters, including calcium and sodium, in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism by which promotion takes place and to fit the results into a simple chemical model. To attain this goal, the effect of promoter physical properties, such as atomic volume, electronic charge, and concentration are related to wustite reduction kinetics in this paper. Wustite reduction to iron, rather than the overall hematite reduction, was chosen since this reaction is known to be the slowest, and hence the rate-deter mining step for the overall iron oxide reduction process. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Raw Materials and Their Preparation. The pure or impregnated wustite pellets were prepared from minus 400-mesh chemically pure hematite powders. A known weight of hematite was thoroughly and uniformly mixed with a calculated weight of the additive. The mixed paste containing 35 wt pct water was gradually heated from 400" to 1200° C and fired at 1200°C for approximately 4 hr in an air atmosphere. After cooling, the sinter was pulverized to minus 100 mesh and pelletized into minus 4- plus 5-mesh spheres. Pellets were fired, similarly to the paste mix, air-cooled, sized, and stored. An appropriate weight of the charge (20 g) was placed in a zirconia reduction tube maintaining a uniform oxide bed height of 1 cm and a cross section of 7.1 sq cm for all of the test runs. The samples were supported in the vertical reaction tube by a bed of fragmented insulating firebrick plus 3- to 6-mesh alumina beads. The hematite was then transformed to wustite by reduction with a 30 pct CO2-70 pct CO gas mixture at 1000°C in a globar furnace. Complete conversion to wustite was ascertained by a continuous infrared gas analyzer recording the CO-CO2 content of the effluent gas until no carbon monoxide was absorbed from the inlet gas, and inlet-outlet gas analysis remained constant for 30 min. The wustite sample was then reduced with 100 pct CO at 100WC. From the recorded data, an initial rate of reduction was determined by the initial slope of the graph percent reduction vs time. In order to estimate the accuracy of the data, five separate determinations of the reduction curve of pure wustite, under otherwise identical conditions, were performed. The maximum deviation from the average reduction at 14 min amounted to 2 2 pct reduction. This deviation corresponds to 3.8 pct variation based on the percent reduction of the sample. Aiiy impurity effect below the limits of this maximum deviation was considered a spurious result. If the effect exceeded + 4 pct, then it was considered as a positive one. Considerable care was exercised in determining the initial rate from the slope of the initial segments of the curve. Each reduction curve was examined separately on large graph paper and the best tangent to the curve at zero time was drawn. The slope of this tangent was taken as a measure of the initial fractional reduction per minute. Although the time required to reach 50 pct reduction may be of special practical significance, initial rate measurements are invaluable in fundamental studies. These rates provide a measure of the process kinetics on the initial

Jan 1, 1968

By Carl Henrich

Jan 1, 1893

The mountains of Utah contain one of the largest deposits of high grade bituminous coal in the world. According to the United States Geological Survey, there are 13,130 square miles of land known to contain workable coal, and these extensive fields contain 196,000,000,000 tons of coal. More remarkable than the extent of the coal fields is the thickness of the coal beds. Over three-fourths of the output of coal in Utah is recovered from beds ranging from 8 to 17 feet in thickness, as com- pared to one-eighth of the output of the entire country from such beds. In 1917, Utah mined one-third of its coal from seams at least 16 feet thick, compared to one-half of one per cent of the total bituminous output of the country from like seams. Coal at Wales, in Sanpete county, and in the vicinity of Coalville, Utah, was, it is reported, the first discovered by white men in the state. Wales claims the distinction of having produced the first coal mined in Utah. Two men, who had been coal miners in Wales, learned of the coal from an old Indian chief who called it "rock that would burn." In 1857, the town of Wales was founded and coal mined, and in 1858 some coke was manufactured and hauled by ox team to Salt Lake City. South of Wales is Castle Valley, in Wasatch Plateau field. From 50 to 60 miles of the old Spanish Trail from Santa Fe. New Mexico, to Monterey, California, lies in Castle Valley. The coal in this field may or may not have been known at the time the trail was used extensively. The first published reference to this coal, however, was made by a party of the Corps of Topographic Engineers in their journal for October 11, 1853.

Jan 1, 1925

By L. E. Young

MUCH has been said and written on this subject and probably little new can be said. However, the point of view of the operating company changes from time to time, and more stress may be laid upon a subject today than was done some years ago, and it is with this changing point of view that the following observations are presented: The writer wishes to limit the discussion to views of a company mining bituminous coal, particularly to what the production department expects of the college grad¬uate. In an editorial in MINING AND METALLURGY for February, 1929, entitled "Is. Mining Engineering Passing?" it is stated that: It is not by accident that mining engineering courses have been general rather than special and form even today the only general engineering courses widely offered and followed by engineering students.'* * * even in this age of specialization, the mining engineers remain a body characterized particularly by broad knowledge.

Jan 1, 1929

By B. Barlin

Introduction The development of metallurgical practice at lambia Broken Hill is directly related to the change in mineralization of the deposits as mining progressed from the open pits to underground. The ore consists of a mixture of lead and zinc sulphide minerals, together with abundant silicates, carbonates and other oxidized minerals of these metals. The irregularity that characterizes the shape of the orebodies applies equally to their mineral content, which makes ore reserve calculations and the maintenance of a balanced feed to the metallurgical plants, problems of some magnitude. History The Rhodesia Broken Hill Development ,Company was formed in 1904 after an Australian prospector, T. G. Davey, discovered the outcrops in 1902. In the early years zinc ores were calcined for shipment but this proved uneconomic. Cerussite outcrops were then smelted directly in blast furnaces for the production of lead until 1929 when ore above the water level was exhausted.

Jan 1, 1970

By J. E. Tobey, David R. Mitchell, J. H. Kerrick

DETAILED knowledge of purchase specifications established by coal consumers is essential to the successful design and operation of a coal-preparation plant. ANTHRACITE Specifications should be considered by both the consumer and the producer as guide posts outlining a certain path for both to follow. Plants differ, therefore specifications must differ to meet the varied requirements. Specifications are not of themselves a "cure all" or an assurance of complete satisfaction in fuel utilization. Specifications should not be regarded as a license to engage in an orgy of buying any and all coals that may happen to fall within their limits. This would lead to the indiscriminate mixing of coals which may vary in their burning characteristics. Different coals of equal grade tend to be individualistic in their burning characteristics. Rather, specifications should be used to help simplify coal selection, to reduce the actual number of coals used over a given period; in other words, to have a stabilizing influence on coal or customer turnover. In the final analysis, the use of too many coals per year in a plant is costly to both the consumer and the producer. Too many sources usually result in higher operating and maintenance costs for the consumer and higher sales costs for the producer. Finally, the statement included in the report accompanying the com¬prehensive Coal Selection Charts prepared by the Coal Committee of the National Association of Purchasing Agents, and released in 1938, is significant. This Committee worked diligently for a period of 15 years seeking to find a scientific and reliable method for selecting coals. The two following paragraphs are quoted from its report: More important is the fact that no ready-made classification or set of specifications can possibly replace the judgment and resourcefulness of an experienced combustion engineer or fuel technologist, nor the usual need for full scale plant tests under the exact conditions of use before a final decision is made ...

Jan 1, 1943

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Nov. 10 to Dec. 10, 1915: BARTH, ERNEST, Petroleum Geol Box 552, Tulsa, Okla. BEROLZHEIMER, D. D.,.Chemist; Librarian, Barrett Mfg. Co., 17 Battery Pl., New York, N. Y. BLIEK, PIERRE FRANCISCO, Mgr., Compania Minera de Oruro, Oruro, Bolivia, So. Amer. BLOCS, JAMES A., Met 1076 1st Ave., Salt Lake City, Utah. BULKLEY, RALPH G., Mine & Mill Supt.; The Montezuma Mines & Mills Co., Montezuma, Colo. BURRAGE, ALBERT CAMERON, JR., Met. Engr.; Director, 85 Ames Bldg., Boston, Mass. CABELL, CHARLES ARNOLD, Vice-Pres Carbon Coal Co., Carbon, W. Va. CHAPMAN, LEWIS CARL, Economic Geol Producer Oil Co., Houston, Tex. CHOFFEL, FLAVIEN AURELIEN, Mgr Ingersoll-Rand Co., Paris, France COY, HARLEY A., Mine Supt American Zinc Co., Mascot, Tenn. DITTMANN, C. 0. ADOLF, Cons. Engr., Beer, Sondheimer & Co., Inc., Santiago, Chile, So. Amer.

Jan 1, 1916

Jan 1, 1970