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By J. Iannicelli

Availability of large-scale high field/high gradient magnetic separators during the past five years allows applications of magnetic separation to feebly paramagnetic materials which have been considered nonmagnetic in the past. Technology is now available for magnetically attracting not only feebly magnetic compounds of iron such as hematite and pyrite, but also hundreds of compounds of nonferromagnetic elements such as copper, tin, uranium, vanadium. Besides enabling novel separation of industrial minerals, metallic ores, and coal, the new technology also can be used in effluent treatment, catalyst cleanup, and purification of chemicals.

Jan 1, 1979

By C. W. Thompson

Paul D. Suloff (Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Inc., Akron, Ohio)—I would like first to comment on problems of the conveyor belt discussed in Mr. Thompson's excellent paper, since that is what we hope we know most about. Twists in relatively wide conveyor belt unavoidably produce a lateral maldistribution of tension, raising tension at belt edges and reducing it at the center. They also produce a lateral collapsing force on the belt at the center of the twist owing to the inherent tendency of all the longitudinal elements of the belt to try to pass through a point at the twist center. Calculation of the twist geometry by the methods shown in Mr. Thompson's paper keeps these extraordinary forces within limits which the belt designer can tolerate. No reduction in belt life due to twisting need be contemplated when this geometry is maintained. There is a minor exception that belts of extreme lateral flexibility will tend to curl laterally at the center of the twist. However, any ordinary fabric construction will perform satisfactorily in this respect. These twists are always made in regions of low tension in the conveyor so that even in the edges of the twist, belt tension does not exceed the average tension found in highly stressed regions of the conveyor. Offsetting these out-of-ordinary belt stresses is the advantage that Mr. Thompson has brought out of getting the return run up out of the dirt where it can be seen. This not only makes it easier to train, but also, in the event that it is not properly trained, frees it of the normal return run edge wear hazard. It is well known that return run edge wear is a prominent cause of belt mortality underground. An interesting aspect of this two-way conveyor is that the belt may be made what is known as a Mobius Strip. A Mobius Strip is obtained by splicing a belt after turning one end of it 180" about its longitudinal axis. In other words, one end is turned upside down before splicing. A belt spliced in this fashion turns itself upside down every time it comes around, but the twist which has been put in the splicing, of course, stays at one location on the conveyor, in this case one of the twist sections at the end. Turning the belt over every revolution might have advantages in some cases. Belts could be made with equal covers and the two sides worn equally and simultaneously. In this case there would be no problem of getting belts on upside down by mistake. However, the two-way conveyor does not have to be a Mobius Strip. It can be twisted in such fashion that the same side is up on both runs. It is simply a question of which way the final 90" twist is made before joining the ends. Another interesting aspect of the two-way conveyor is the problem of operating two-way conveyors in series. Here the sequencing of starting brings up some new problems. It will be recognized, although not always at first glance, that if the starting sequence is planned for one run of the conveyor the reverse will result on the other run. With the two runs carrying bulk material in both directions a reverse sequence on one run would be intolerable. In this situation the only solution appears to be a simultaneous starting of all conveyors in the series. However, with the coal in one direction and intermittent supplies in the other it would be entirely practical to sequence the conveyors for the coal run and accept a reverse sequence on the supply run. The two-way conveyor also lends itself to new driving possibilities. First, it is quite possible to drive at the head end of each run, which of course, means a drive at each end of the two-way conveyor. Driving in this way a given belt can be extended to substantially greater lengths than a conventional conveyor with drive at one end only. In addition to this, under certain conditions the conveyor can be extended to extreme length by driving at one end and at some intermediate point on the most heavily loaded run. As a particular case, a belt carrying coal downgrade and supplies back upgrade could be extended to extreme lengths by driving at the head of the coal run and at an intermediate point of the supply run. Mr. Thompson has been a pioneer in belt conveyor transportation underground and his accomplishment here with the first two-way conveyor of any consequence is another notable addition to the art.

Jan 1, 1954

By Edgar Schweitzer

The original Dorrance breaker of the Lehigh Valley Coal Co. was erected in 1883. The coal beds were clean and dry, consequently a dry preparation system was used, consisting of revolving cylindrical screens for sizing and hand-picking, to remove the few impurities from the run of mine coal. The picking or cleaning room contained long parallel rows of chutes with seats mounted on them, for the use of the breaker boy, who bent over the chute and picked out the refuse material from the coal as it gravitated down the chute. The introduction of dry mechanical pickers, of, the sliding frictional type, in the early nineties lessened the number of boys, but hand-cleaning on the coal and refuse discharge ends of the mechanical picker was necessary. The Pardee spiral pickers, which were brought out about 1900, were better than the gravity pickers and gradually replaced them. In 1912 the breaker was entirely remodeled, although the original frame was retained. The revolving screens were replaced by shaking screens, and Pardee spirals were installed on all sizes of coal from egg to pea coal, inclusive. Hand-picking still was necessary on the coal and refuse ends of the spirals, although the changes did result in a reduction of the former breaker force. As mining advanced, and the thick clean bed became exhausted, it was necessary to mine veins containing a high percentage of impurities, which complicated the preparation problem. The most serious difficulty was the increase in the quantity of damp or wet run of mine, which could not be fully cleaned on the spirals. When this quantity exceeded approximately 5 per cent. of the feed, it was necessary to send the excess of the wet coal to the company's Prospect colliery for wet washing. This plan worked well for a time, but as the amount approached 15 per cent., with the prospect of a further increase, the company considered the building of a wet-washing plant. The Dorrance breaker was the only dry-cleaning plant operated by the company. At the seventeen other collieries, wet washing was employed, and jigs, both plunger and pan, were used. All the practical methods used in the anthracite fields were investigated, and it was finally decided to adopt the Rheolaveur system. The decision was due largely to the experience gained from the the operation of a Rheo-

Jan 1, 1931

By S. D. Dahlgren

The plasticity of unalloyed P plutonium was studied by evaluating the strain-rate-hardening exponent, m, in the equation Values of m up to 0.33 and tensile elongations up to 680 pct were obtained for ß plutonium formed directly from the a phase. Casl bars that were cycled and tested had lower flow stresses and higher values for than uncycled bars , hut their total plastic elongations were not as great as expected because of premature failure at voids formed during cycling. Flow stresses were higher and m was lower (m = 0.15) for 9 plutonzutn formed from the y phase. ThE strain-rate-hardening exponent for plastic flow of p plutonium was determined as a function of strain rate, test temperature, and heat-treating history, and it was related to the rather large plastic elongation found previously for some plutonium tensile samples. Gardner and ~ann' obtained tensile elongations of up to 620 pct for P plutonium samples which had been completely transformed from the low-temperature a phase to the P phase before testing. Such a large percentage elongation is unusual for unalloyed metals or single-phase alloys.' The a phase is stable below approximately 112°C and (3 is stable between approximately 112" and 190"c.~ Both phases have mono-clinic structures. A temperature of 160°C is 0.58 of the effective absolute melting point, 475°C) of the p phase. The effective melting point is obtained by considering the enthalpy and entropy changes associated with the higher-temperature phase transformations and it is not the same as the experimental melting point of the highest-temperature allotrope of unalloyed plutonium. Nelson, Bowman, and Bierlein observed a striking difference between the ductility, as well as other mechanical properties, of p plutonium formed from the next higher-temperature phase (y) and the ductility of /3 plutonium formed from the a phase. The total elongation of /3 plutonium formed from the y phase was less than 5 pct. Earlier, the creep rate of 13 plutonium formed from the a phase was shown to be 200 to 500 times faster than the rate for 0 formed from y for the same test temperature and stress.

Jan 1, 1969

By G. D. Tranter

THE importance of ladle and teeming practice and its relationship to the yield and quality of the product has focused considerable attention on this phase of open-hearth operation. Inherently bad steel cannot be perfected by manipulation during teeming, but through the proper handling of "off heats" serious losses, which in many cases arise, can be greatly minimized. Conversely, good steel can be ruined as a result of poor workmanship in the -pit, and rendered unsuitable for application to orders where exacting surface and physical requirements are essential. Sufficient evidence has been secured to warrant careful investigation of pit operations when an abnormal number of basic defects develop in the semifinished product or are found on the inspection table. This paper is written from the standpoint .of the problems involved in making satisfactory ingots for sheet rolling. Furthermore, since rimming steel is almost universally used for manufacture of sheet, the data presented herein refer particularly to that type of steel. Going back some 30 years in open-hearth .history, the word "pit" properly described the hole into which the ladle was lowered to receive the metal tapped from the furnace. The working space was necessarily limited, and the disposal of slag and metal overflowing the ladle or lost because of breakouts presented a serious problem. The equipment, of course, was rather crude in the light of present-day development. Often no ladle stands were provided, the ladle being hung on the crane beneath the runner. When delayed taps occurred, the ladle was often held in position for many hours, thus tying up pit operations and causing delays to adjacent furnaces. Because of crowded conditions, slag thimbles were not used and a network of cast-steel triangles and old tapping bars, placed before the heat was tapped, was the means for removing slag from the hole. Furnaces of different capacities were used

Jan 1, 1935

By Herbert A. Stein, John B. Murdock

Perlite is a natural volcanic glass which expands into an insulation material upon the application of heat. This paper discusses the operating characteristics of eight different types of furnaces for the expansion of perlite. It also includes a section on the theory of perlite expansion which serves as the basis for the authors' analysis of the furnaces.

Jan 1, 1950

By George H. Cook

(Read at the Wilkes-Barre Meeting, May, 1877.) AT first sight this subject seems to belong to pure theoretical geology, but examination will soon show that it has important practical and economic interest to the mining engineer. The conclusion that all the northern portions of our country, as well as of the eastern continent, have, in the later periods of geological history, been covered with a thick bed of ice, is now accepted by geologists. This bed of ice, except in its greater magnitude, was like the modern glaciers of the Alps, and other mountains which extend above the line of perpetual snow. The marks it has left upon the surface show that it was comparatively thin on its southern. edge, but that its thick¬ness was much greater a little further north, and that it was several thousand feet thick at its heaviest parts. This variation of its surface would give it a descending slope towards the south, and cause the mass of ice, like a semifluid substance, to move in that direction.

Jan 1, 1878

By Adrian E. Ross

Diamond drilling through caving formations at depths greater than ZOO0 ft has long presented serious difficulty, generally solved either by casing or cementing. Casing is permitted only when the resulting smaller hole is acceptable, and cementing is frequently a problem at depth. A new method that injects cement under pressure at the desired location is an aid in diamond drilling deep holes. DRILLING through caving formations in diamond drill holes at depths greater than 2000 ft has long been a serious problem. These caving formations are normally passed only by casing the hole or by cementing the hole. Casing the hole is possible only when a resulting smaller hole is acceptable. In as much as only a limited number of reductions are economically practical, cementing is frequently considered the only method suitable for solving these problems. Cementing either by pumping a slurry into the hole or by dropping cylinders containing cement has proved satisfactory on holes under 2000 ft. In holes substantially deeper than 2000 ft these methods are not satisfactory, since during the pump- ing process cement separates out, whereas cylinders usually break before the bottom of the hole is reached. A new procedure, the injector method, apparently solves these problems.* With this method, cement is lowered in the hole in a cylinder, the cement being

Jan 1, 1953

By Adrian E. Ross

Diamond drilling through caving formations at depths greater than ZOO0 ft has long presented serious difficulty, generally solved either by casing or cementing. Casing is permitted only when the resulting smaller hole is acceptable, and cementing is frequently a problem at depth. A new method that injects cement under pressure at the desired location is an aid in diamond drilling deep holes. DRILLING through caving formations in diamond drill holes at depths greater than 2000 ft has long been a serious problem. These caving formations are normally passed only by casing the hole or by cementing the hole. Casing the hole is possible only when a resulting smaller hole is acceptable. In as much as only a limited number of reductions are economically practical, cementing is frequently considered the only method suitable for solving these problems. Cementing either by pumping a slurry into the hole or by dropping cylinders containing cement has proved satisfactory on holes under 2000 ft. In holes substantially deeper than 2000 ft these methods are not satisfactory, since during the pump- ing process cement separates out, whereas cylinders usually break before the bottom of the hole is reached. A new procedure, the injector method, apparently solves these problems.* With this method, cement is lowered in the hole in a cylinder, the cement being

Jan 1, 1953

By W. C. Krumbein

GEOLOGICAL problems are approached from a geometrical (space relations) viewpoint, a kinematical (time sequence) viewpoint, or a dynamical viewpoint. The first two require sound training in conventional geology and in field methods. The third approach requires a solid foundation of chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Modern training for geologists should include close integration of basic sciences with geological principles. INTRODUCTION Our knowledge of the earth has increased tremendously during the last half century. We know more about its surface configuration, the distribution of its natural resources, the procession of living forms that inhabited it in the past, the chemical composition of its oceans, the areal distribution of its surface rocks, the movements of its atmosphere, and so on. Not only do we know more facts about the earth, but we have a better understanding of the processes that take place on and within it, such as the nature of earthquakes, the thermodynamics of the atmosphere, the chemical equilibria involved in the formation of igneous rocks, the mechanics of stream flow, the dynamics of the earth's origin, and so on. Many sciences contributed to the sum total of this knowledge, including such established disciplines as geology, geography, physics, chemistry, astronomy, biology. Out of this accumulation of new knowledge grew also a group of new sciences, such as seismology, oceanography, meteorology, volcanology, hydrology. Collectively these latter are known as the geophysical and geochemical sciences, and to a large extent they began as branches of geology. Until the turn of the century, for example, the study of earthquakes (seismology) was a part of geology, although as early as 1846 Mallet, a physicist, had suggested that the subject could be investigated by elastic-wave theory. Comparatively little progress was made along these lines until the seismograph was developed near the turn of the century; since then, additional earthquake data have accumulated rapidly, but more important, the interpretation of these data essentially has kept pace with their accumulation. In similar fashion, meteorology was generally considered a branch of geology as recently as one or two decades ago. Considerable progress had been made in such aspects as weather forecasting, but the science dates its recent rapid rise from the year 1911, when Bjerknes first applied the principles of dynamics to the analysis of air masses. The rapid development of such disciplines as oceanography, volcanology and hydrology was due in part to the application of principles of chemical equilibrium, of dynamics, and of thermodynamics to earth problems, by men who were essentially physicists or chemists by training. The last half century, therefore, and particularly the last two decades, saw the influx of numerous chemists and physicists into the realm of the earth sciences. In the meantime the main body of geology itself showed a marked growth, and

Jan 1, 1941

By H. A. Wheeler

THAT lead and zinc deposits are the result of prolonged, slow deposition is the idea of most students of ore deposits, -and in many cases, where the ore-bearing solutions have been very weak or the precipitating conditions have been very feeble, the ore accumulations have undoubtedly taken a long period of time. As these two vital, conditions have been subject to great variations in the different mining camps, the following example is highly interesting in showing that deposition can be very rapid under favorable conditions, geologically speaking, and also extremely recent. In fact, the writer is inclined to regard most, if not all, of the Mississippi Valley deposits of lead and zinc as probably being very young, at least not older than Tertiary, if not Quarternary, in age. The extensive Joplin lead and zinc district, in southwestern Missouri, which is about 60 years old and has numerous mines that were abandoned from 1 to 50 years ago, shows that the lead and zinc today are in an active condition of solution and redeposition, although these two metals occur in the predominant form of sulfides. The mine waters from the older and more or less abandoned portions of the district are frequently so acid, mainly from the oxidation of associated pyrite, as to necessitate the use of wooden pipes and pumps. The first boom in the Oklahoma zinc fields, which is the southwestern extension of the Joplin district, occurred when ore was accidentally struck in drilling a water well. Among the mines then opened up was the Mission mine, at Lincolnville, Ottawa County, Okla. This mine was opened' in 1903 in lean "sheet ground," or a flat blanket formation of chert carrying disseminated zinc blende, or "jack," and galena. The ore-body was very free from iron pyrites and the concentrates were very high grade, the "mineral," or lead concentrates, assayed 80 to 85 per cent. lead and the jack, or sphalerite, assayed 60 to 65 per cent. zinc. The orebody was very shallow, occurring at a depth of 75 to 95 ft. (22 to- 28, in.) and very wet, requiring three or four pumps to handle the water. The

Jan 2, 1920

By Henry Kreisinger

IN evaluating coals as steaming fuel on the basis of chemical and physical properties of the coals, the only properties that can be used are those for which the methods of determination are well established and standardized, and those that affect all methods of burning the coals in the same way. The discussion is written from the standpoint of the coal consumer. The production of steam is the largest field for the use of coal. It includes stations for generating electric power, central heating plants, industrial power plants where steam is used for power generation, factory processes and heating. The field also includes steam locomotives. Small house-heating boilers are not included in this field because such small boilers generally burn specially prepared domestic fuel. The plants using the steam coal are equipped to burn the coal when fired by one of the three general methods: namely, hand, stoker, and pulverized coal. The hand firing is now restricted to small plants and to locomotives. Central stations and larger industrial plants use either stoker or pulverized-coal firing. Some locomotives also use stokers. Pulverized-coal firing has been tried in locomotives but so far its adapta-tion to this use has been handicapped by practical difficulties. The coals used for steaming purposes are generally of the bituminous and semibituminous classes, with volatile matter ranging from 15 to 35 per cent. Coals belonging to these classes are produced in many parts of the United States and form by far the largest part of the total coal production of the country. The value of any coal as fuel for steaming purposes depends on the following factors

Jan 1, 1935

By W. H. Bassett

THE modern smelting and refining of copper is distinctly an American development. The present demand for sound and perfect castings for rolling is due to the development of American industry. Prac-tically every article made from sheet metal or, for that matter, from any form of metal is made by mass produc-tion methods. Faulty material disturbs the orderly sequence of operations and in addition requires expen-sive inspection and unbearable rejection of finished product. This demand, therefore, is positive and will have to be met. Some mines produce ore that can be smelted and re-fined without the electrolytic process into satisfactory copper for the wrought metal industry, and some of these ores carry small amounts of impurities that are of use in hardening and toughening the copper. Most of the copper ore mined contains impurities that must be removed and, fortunately, precious metals which are separated at the same time make this re-moval profitable. The modern electrolytic refineries have their methods so well under control that the product meets all re-quirements without question if properly fire refined and cast. The "if" in this case is important, because there is evidence of carelessness or want of control at times in the material from some of the producers. It is nec-essary that the melted cathodes should be saturated with oxide to dispose of sulfur and that the copper should then be poled to the proper pitch or set. Sometimes statements leak out to the effect that it is unnecessary to oxidize completely the molten cathodes and a little less rabbling saves poles, which are expensive. The re-sult is that the rolling mill gets porous castings and produces seamy or slivered sheets or strips. The condition of the molds, their temperature, and the temperature of the metal are all important to good copper cakes, wedges, or wire bars. Cracked, and burned molds leave rough places and porous spots. Molds which are out of shape, or cracked, make shrink-age cracks which gap open when the castings are hot-rolled. Dampness means porosity. Drops of oil mean porous or honey-combed areas. Poor or irregular dress-ing means mold wash in the castings. Cold copper or slow pouring means cold sets.

Jan 4, 1928

By J. C. Wright

A practical program of education for workers of the mining industries is being formulated by the Federal Board for Vocational Education in cooperation with the states in which this industry is a dominant one. The Federal Government last year passed a law, known as the Federal Vocational Education Act, that provides for the promotion of vocational education and for cooperation with the states in the promotion of such education in agriculture and trades and industries and in the preparation of teachers of vocational subjects. More than 1,000,000 men in the continental United States are employed in mines and quarries. The following table, from the 1910 Census Report, shows the relative importance of mining and manufacturing pursuits: Manfactures Mines and quaRRies Employees.......... 7,405,313 1,109,410 Capital............. $18,428,269,706 53,380,525,841 Value of product..... $20,672,051,870 $1,238,410,322 Of the more than 1,000,000 men employed in mining, almost three-fourths are engaged in the production of bituminous and anthracite coal; one-fifth, in the production of copper, iron, lead, zinc, and other metals; and the remainder in getting out structural and miscellaneous materials from quarries. The meeting of the needs of the coal-mining industry, therefore, is the problem of greatest importance in the point of numbers to be served. Moreover, the dangers in coal mining are greater than in metal mining. Practically all states have set up educational and technical standards for the position of foreman, boss, superintendent, etc., and every applicant for these positions must have a certificate of competency. The qualifications, too, are becoming increasingly difficult in the field of technical information. In some states, every miner must have a certificate, which is issued by the mine examining board only after an oral examination. Did these state laws not call for definite and comprehensive plans for the vocational education of men in the mining regions, the conditions

Jan 1, 1919

By Frederic Lahee

THE total production of crude oil in Texas during 1924 was said to be 133,613,985 bbl. as compared with 125,991,628 bbl. in 1923.1 Subtracting from these figures the yield of the Gulf Coast fields, there remains, for the other part. of Texas, a yield of 106,272,573 bbl. in 1924, as compared with 101,931,595 bbl. in 1923. This represents an increased, production of over 4,250,000 bbl. for all of Texas outside of the Gulf Coast or Salt Dome fields. Within this same region, in 1924, there were 3624 completions, of which 2352 were oil or oil and gas wells, 7 were gassers, and 1265 were dry holes. Thus, nearly 35 per cent. of the completions were dry holes. In 1923, there were 4134 completions, with 2853 oil or oil and gas wells, 2 gas wells, and 1279, or 31 per cent. of the total, dry holes. Outside of the Gulf Coast region, six major pools were discovered and developed in 1924.; two pools, previously discovered, were extended far beyond their limits at the end of 1923, and many smaller pools were opened. The major pools were the Big Lake field, in Reagan Co., the New Richland field, in Navarro Co., the Harmel, Carey, and Ragle pools, in south Archer County, and the Wortham field, in Freestone and Limestone Counties. Fields that were notably extended were the Panhandle producing area and the Luling field. Many wildcat wells have been drilled; most -of these were failures, but several opened .pools and several have had sufficiently favorable results to. lead to further drilling. The activity of the operators in searching for new production was very intense during 1924, and indications point to as feverish a campaign during the coming year. This will be stimulated by rising prices for crude oil. There are good reasons for believing that new pools will be discovered along the Mexia fault zone, in Archer, Young, Baylor, and Throckmorton Counties, in the great central region of Texas where we now have the Mitchell County and Reagan County pools, and very likely in the eastern Red River Counties including Cooke and Grayson. On the other hand, with the opening of the year, there is no new big pool in sight. An outstanding feature of the production end of the business is the increasing reliance placed on geological work and geological recommendations. Not in five or six years has there been such a demand for first-class geologists.

Jan 3, 1925

By Hillary W. St. Clair

An equation is derived for the rote of reaction of a sphere of metal oxide in a restricted enclosure through which a reducing gas is flowing. The equation takes into consideration the reaction rate coefficient, transport through the gas and through the porous shell of reduced oxide, the rate of gas flow, THIS paper describes a mathematical study of the chemical and physical processes that determine the rate of reduction of solid metal oxide with a reducing gas. The study was a part of a theoretical study leading to the development of a mathematical model for the simulation of the thermochemical behavior of the iron blast furnace. An essential feature of such and the volume of- space surrounding the sphere available for gas flow. The equation is applied to experimental data on vote of reduction of iron oxide in hydrogen. The equation serves as a model for predicting the course of reduction of a particle of. metal oxide in a shaft furnace. a model is an adequate mathematical relationship defining the rate of reaction in terms of all the important chemical and physical phenomena that affect the rate of reaction. This includes not only the reaction rate coefficients, equilibrium ratios, gas composition, and temperature, but also the relevant physical properties of the oxide, rate of gas flow, and relative volumes occupied by gas and solid. In many previous experimental studies of the rate of reduction of oxides by hydrogen or carbon monoxide, the rate of reduction was assumed to be controlled primarily by the chemical reaction at the

Jan 1, 1965

By L. W. Saperstein, W. B. Wells, L. B. Phelps

Several strip mine spoils are being examined to better understand their physical nature. The spoils were core drilled and each hole was logged using a nuclear geophysical tool to obtain bulk density data. Bulk density is an important property which provides insights into spoil porosity as well as other characteristics. The holes were drilled in spoils representing a variety of overburden removal methods, spoil ages, spoil depths, and area lithology. The relationship between bulk spoil density and mining method, spoil age, spoil depth, particle size, and lithotype is presented.

Jan 1, 1984

By T. Turner, C. L. Zimmerman, U. Kappus

The purpose of the project is to divert flood flows of North Potato Creek. The project is located in the southeast corner of Tennessee near Copperhill, approximately 160 km north of Atlanta, GA. The project consists of: a 28-m high dam, a 0.9-m diam outlet conduit, an emergency spillway, and a 4.0-m diam hard rock transbasin diversion tunnel. This flood-water management system was part of Cities Service Co. mine safety program for the Cherokee ore body, which is partially located within the creek channel. The following paper describes the entire project development from feasibility studies to design and construction management.

Jan 1, 1981

By J. B. Novak

The program describes preventive maintenance practices and controls applicable in situations where maintenance actions are triggered primarily by breakdown or part failure and specification and documentation of detailed maintenance practices are minimal or nonexistent. The presentation describes requirements of organization structure, program administration, implementation and operation, type of benefits expected, and actual benefits derived in selected areas. The principle objectives of the program are to provide quick, inexpensive, and effective controls over maintenance practices and requirements and to establish a nucleus of controls that subsequently can be expanded to cover all maintenance activities.

Jan 1, 1973