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By T. C. Wesson

The need for elemental-analysis information on coal mine dust for use in health and safety research prompted this study by the Bureau of Mines. Neutron-activation and X-ray fluorescent techniques were used to obtain five-element analysis (silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, and magnesium) on 444 samples from 68 coal mines in 10 States. From these analyses, the average composition of the dust in coal mines was determined. The contribution of the primary dusting material (limestone dust) to the makeup of coal mines was shown. Regional differences in mine-dust composition were indicated.

Jan 1, 1974

By Tarek M. Hatem, Salah M. Bedair, Khaled H. Khafagy

Our understanding for intrinsic stresses and defects evolution in photovoltaic devices has became an essential part of new developments. In particular, Multi-Junction Photovoltaic (MJ-PV) modules depend on multi-layer structures that may suffer high dislocation-densities as a result of high lattice and thermal expansion coefficient mismatch. These defects limit the performance, reliability, and lifetime of PV devices. In the current study, a three-dimensional multiple-slip crystal-plasticity model and specialized finite-element formulations are used to investigate InGaN growth on Si substrates. The formulation is based on accounting for thermal and intrinsic stresses as a result of different processing conditions and microstructures. Furthermore, the formulation was used to investigate a recently developed technique, Embedded Void Approach (EVA), which can be used to address both the high density of defects and the cracking/bowing of InGaN growth on Si. The current work lays the groundwork for more extensive use of silicon in MJ-PV devices.

Mar 1, 2018

By Marcos Natan da Silva Lima

O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a resistência à corrosão de dois aços alto teor de Manganês com relação à liga 9% Níquel em solução eletrólito 0,001M de NaCl. Para esta pesquisa foram utilizados dois aços com teores de Manganês de 22%, 27% e uma liga 9% Níquel que é amplamente utilizada na indústria petroquímica. Os ensaios realizados para comparação da resistência à corrosão foram o monitoramento do potencial de circuito aberto (OCP) e polarização linear anódica. Foi escolhida a solução de NaCl pela presença da maioria dos tanques de armazenamento e transporte de gás natural se localizarem próximos à região marítima portuária. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Microscopia óptica e Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva de Raios-X (EDS) para a caracterização dos produtos de corrosão. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os aços alto Manganês apresentaram valores similares de resistência à corrosão, mas ainda inferiores em relação ao aço 9% Níquel.

Oct 30, 2017

By Tyler Acorn

In December of 2009 an estimated one million ton slope failure activated a 10 million ton mass impacting use of the main ramp system in the Newmont Gold Quarry pit. The failure left behind a 400 foot (122 meters), vertical to sub vertical scarp feature and shut down production in the lower benches of the pit.

Jan 1, 2011

By Thomas E. Ban

During recent years fuel consuming industries of the United States have been caught between environmental restrictions and the uncertainty of obtaining an inexpensive fuel. With the advent of the National Energy Act of 1978 there has been added impetus to switch from gas and oil to coal. For industrial furnaces and boilers that were designed to bum coal, returning to an available compliance coal might be feasible. However, furnaces and boilers designed for gas or oil cannot reasonably be converted to coal unless the coal is initially gasified. All cases, nevertheless, depend upon the availability of an adequate structured coal of a compliance composition, a challenge to the coal mining industry. The foregoing problems have contributed to the current energy-coal crisis of today's economies. It therefore would be worthwhile to capitalize on previous experiences of the mineral processing industry.

Jan 1, 1979

By D. B. Williams

The end of the war in Europe and the Pacific failed to curb the upward trend of production in Venezuela,- which easily surpassed that of any previous year. The total production for 1945 amounted- to 323,369, 430 bbl., which was 26 per cent over the total for 1944, the previous peak in the history of the oil industry of the country. This increase was caused mainly by the greater demand for petroleum in the last stages of the war; the fact that the danger from enemy submarines had been overcome, which allowed all oil companies to use increased shipping facilities, and the fact that more materials were available for drilling operations. However, the materials supplied were by no means adequate and considerable credit is reflected on the Venezuelan petroleum industry for the increased production obtained by utilizing all available equipment to its fullest extent.

Jan 1, 1946

By R. J. Grissom

PHOSPHATE deposits have been worked in many countries of central and south central Tennessee, but only ht ebrown rock deposits of Maury and Giles Counties will be discussed at any length in this articles, as all of the major opeations are now located there. They are: Mt. Pleasant District-Federal Chemical Co., Hoover and Mason Phosphae Co., International Minerals and Chemical Corp. (Maury and Giles Counties), Virginia-Carolina Chemical Corp. (formerly Charleston Mining Co.), and Victor Chemical Co. Columbia District-Armour Fertilizer Works and Monsanto Chemical Co. In the near future, the well-known, extensive deposits of blue rock in Lewis and Hickman Counties,also the brown rock in Hickman, Willamson, Summer and Davidson Counties, will again come into production. Certain physical peculiarities of the Tenessee deposit have played an important part in the design and use of mining and milling equipment.

Jan 1, 1944

By Bradford C. Wesstrom

The extraction of metals from Copper Refinery Slimes may involve many different processes. This paper describes the use of pressure leaching for decopperizing of copper refinery slimes at the El Paso Refinery. Process equipment will be described, along with the process chemistry, unit operations and unit processes associated with the decopperizing process. Copper contained in the raw slimes ranges from 15-35%. After autoclaving less than 1 % copper remains.

Jan 1, 2000

By P. H. Mutschler

The Bureau of Mines studied the Chattanooga Shale to determine the quantity and quality of the uranium resources present and to assess specific environmental effects of mining the shale. Geologic data and chemical analyses, mainly concerning a 12-county area of Tennessee, were compiled from previous published and unpublished reports. Uranium resources in the Gassaway Member of the Chattanooga Shale in this 12-county area were estimated to be between 4.2 and 5.1 million tons, contained in 76 to 91 billion tons of shale. These figures represent inground tonnages and do not allow for mining or processing losses. Depending upon efficiency of mining and processing systems, enough uranium could be available to satisfy a large part of the cumulative domestic and world demand through the year 2000. A model was developed which assesses the total tons or acres of shale to be mined if the Gassaway Member were to satisfy 1 percent of the United States demand for uranium in 1991. This partially demonstrates the environmental impact of mining the shale and is easily factorable to any specified demand.

Jan 1, 1976

By Robert C. Pease

Siskon Gold has started gold production at the San Juan deposit in northern California. The mine is located about 27 km (17 miles) north of Nevada City, CA (Fig. 1). It is scheduled to be-come the largest underground gold mine in California. It is situated in the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in the Mother Lode gold belt. The property consists of 8 km2 (2,000 acres) of patented land. It is situated in a topographically high area known as San Juan Ridge, which is 213 m (700 ft) above and between the Middle Yuba and South Yuba rivers. The elevation is between 790 and 914 m (2,600 and 3,000ft) above sea level. Annual precipitation averages 1,346mm (53 in.). Most of that falls between November and April.

Jan 1, 1996

By S. S. Nosseir

INTRODUCTION General Quebec Cartier Mining Co. (QCM) , Canadian subsidiary of U . S. Steel Corporation, operates two iron ore concentrators at the North Shore of Quebec, Canada. In its own operation at Mount-Wright, over 45 million tons per year of crude ore are ground, fully autogenous in six 32' x 11-1/2 Dominion Engineering mills. At Fire Lake/Lac Jeannine operation, property of Sidbec Normines Incorporated (SNI), over 11 million tons per year of crude ore are now ground, fully autogenous, in twelve 18' x 5' Hardinge mills. The Lac Jeannine concentrator was originally constructed by Q.C.M. in 1960 and. was since operated, in beneficiating the Lac Jeannine ore deposit until fully depleted in 1977, at an annual capacity of 18 million tons of crude per year. In 1976, the new company, Sidbec Normines, was incorporated by Sidbec Corporation, British Steel Corporation and Quebec Cartier Mining Co., in proportional holding of approximately 51 to 41 to 8 percent respectively. Since the acquisition of the Fire Lake ore deposit and Jeannine concentrator by the new company, QCM has continued managing the mine and concentrator operaions for S idbec Normines Inc . Flow-Sheet Design Jeannine concentrator comprises twelve identical mill lines grinding the ROM from 8" top size to 14 mesh nominal size range. Driven by 600 H.P. motor at 13.4 RPM corresponding to 73% critical speed, each mill is operated in a closed circuit with two 5' x 12' vibrating screens dressed with 2.5 x 25 mm slot opening cloth. The ground product or screen undersize at an average grade of 33.4% Fe is beneficiated by gravity separation to produce 66.5% Fe concentrate grade at 42.7% weight recovery. At the rougher stage, each mill line con-tains 128 Humphrey 13- 1/2" pitch spirals which produce a final tailing, middling and concentrate products. The rougher concentrate - so produced - is classified by 64 Humphrey pocket sizers into an underflow, which is a final concentrate product and an overflow which is further upgraded by 64 cleaner spirals. The cleaner concentrate together with the pocket sizer 's underflow are dewatered on a 13'[6] horizontal filter. The rougher middling together with the cleaner tailing are recycled in a closed circuit with the spirals. The rougher tailing after dewatering by hydrocyclones is disposed of by a

Jan 1, 1982

By Barry J. Morash

The over-all slope angle of between 55 and 60 degrees at the Adams Mine necessitates control blasting on the final pit walls. The control blasting techniques used are pre-shearing and buffer blasting. Pre-shearing with 2'I2-inch holes on 5-foot centers is used in areas where jointing and rock type are not conducive to smooth stable walls. Buffer blasting with 12'/4-inch holes is used in areas where the rock is competent. Control blasting adds to the operating costs, but can result in substantial savings in increased slope angle and reduced stripping.

Jan 1, 1978

By Ximing Yuan, Yongsheng Xu, Hongjie Li

A study of a static demolition agent that can be used underwater has been carried out. A new type of granulated static demolition agent with rapid reaction has been tested in several hundred experiments. It can be used conveniently and simply in the field. It demonstrates a fast reaction rate with high expansion pressures. The important characteristic of the new type of granulated static demolition agent is the ability to function underwater. It will destroy rock and the other brittle material without flyrock, vibration, shock wave, toxic gas or noise. The reaction rate can be controlled within 30-60 minutes. It is difficult to use these products when the reaction rate is less than 30 minutes and it is less efficient when the reaction rate is longer than 60 minutes. The reaction rate is slightly increased after the material is kept in storage for two years. A new type of the hydraulic device that is used to measure the expansion pressure of solid materials has been designed. The expansion pressure of the granulated static demolition agent has been tested with the device. It is shows that the expansion pressure of the granulated static demolition agent can get to 80~120MPa in 60 minutes. Also included is a discussion of the thermodynamics of the static demolition agent.

Jan 1, 2003

Jan 1, 1968

By John W. Leonard

The typical tunnel boring machine in use on today's tunnel project uses 15'2-inch diameter cutters at a nominal load of 45 kips per cutter. The cutterhead rotates at a speed of 120 over D revolutions per minute where D is the cutterhead diameter in feet. The typical machine operates about 50 percent of the time. Delivery of a new machine takes 12 to 15 months. The TBM is a specialized tool and not applicable to all jobs. There is a range of job conditions that limit the economic use of a TBM. The machine should provide a thrust per cutter at least twice the compressive strength of rock in psi and up to three times the rock strength is required if in "granitic rocks." The rock strength in psi must be at least three times the cover above the tunnel in feet or the machine may stick. For example, 2,500 feet of cover requires at least 7,500 psi rock to avoid problems. When the RQD's over a significant distance of the project are less than 50, the TBM becomes support-bound. When a large percentage of the time is spent waiting while the ground is supported, the TBM cannot perform well (See Figure 1). This problem increased inversely with tunnel diameter. We are finding that increasing the RPM's does not significantly increase progress. The increased RPM results in a substantial decrease in cutter penetration. The explanation for this decrease appears to be vibration, cutterhead drag, or lack of stiffness in the cutterhead (See Figure 2).

Jan 1, 1981

By K. Terhaar, K. Prisbrey

The objective was to determine operating protocols for a lead and silver column flotation cleaner, being considered for installation at Sunshine Mining & Refining Co.’s Kellogg mill in Northern Idaho. In this column, tetrahedrite and galena were floated, and pyrite and other gangue minerals, including siderite and silica, were depressed. The procedure was to develop a dynamic simulation using a linear transfer function approach. The transfer function related cause and effect variables such as the influence of collector and depressant dosages on recovery and grades. Bench-scale flotation tests followed by pilot column testing provided the data used to develop a linear transfer function. The transfer function was derived using a spreadsheet. This model was applied to simulate how the flotation column could be made to respond to disturbances in feedgrade. The results were that xanthate, zinc sulfate, and sodium cyanide were found to be suitable controls for grade and recovery. Simulations showed the best sequence of manipulations of these reagents, and these sequences were useful for future operator training. The conclusion was that linear transfer functions were able to simulate lead and silver recovery, develop scenarios for operator training, and provide a foundation for future on-line control.

Jan 1, 1999

The dissolution of chalcopyrite has received a significant amount of attention. The predominant paradigm of investigation is that its rate of dissolution is limited or passivated by a surface coating or film of material. The common candidates for such a passivating coating are numerous: polysulfide coating, metal deficient layers, copper sulfide coating, bornite layers, jarosite precipitates, and elemental sulfur films. While this line of explanation, that is, the explanation based on passivation, seems to have won some form of consensus with researchers, there is another explanation for the results that can account for all the results observed. Crundwell (1988) proposed that the solid state properties of chalcopyrite, in particular, the semiconducting properties, are responsible for the observed behaviour of chalcopyrite. The purpose of this paper is to outline the semiconductor mechanism of dissolution, and to show how this mechanism accounts for all the observed phenomena recently reported in the literature. The paper outlines the semiconductor mechanism of dissolution, shows how this mechanism accounts for the dissolution

Jan 1, 2014

By S. J. Rodgers

MSA Research Corporation, Division of Mine Safety Appliances Company, was awarded a contract to conduct a survey of past and present methods used to control respirable dust in noncoal mines and ore processing mills. The survey covered information reported in mining journals, and U.S. Bureau of Mines Circulars, dust inspection reports, on-site evaluation of dust control methods and systems, and contact with manufacturers of dust control equipment. Both surface and underground mining operations were visited. Fifty mines and 51 processing plants were included in the survey. Dust control methods for the following types of ores or mines were studied: [ ]

Jan 1, 1974

Conventional treatment of oxide and oxidised sulphide minerals by flotation involves the use of sodium sulphide for sulphidisation. Sodium sulphide is generally applied in a "slug" dosing fashion with manual regulation. However, it is recognised that "over addition" or "under addition" of sulphidising reagent can result in poor flotation recoveries. Thus, control of sodium sulphide additions is an important aspect of a sulphidisation circuit, both commercially and metallurgically. In any plant where the flotation feed is "constant" it is possible to operate at a constant rate of addition of sodium sulphide. In actual plant practice, however, it is difficult to maintain a truly constant feed for any reasonable duration because this implies not only a constant feed-rate, but also constant mineral composition and particle size range. These factors can vary significantly and ideally require corresponding variations in the additions of sodium sulphide to maintain optimum recoveries. To cope with variations in the feed, it is essential to have automatic rather than manual regulation of the sulphide reagent addition. The CPS process achieves this control by utilising a sulphide ion-selective electrode as a control instrument in sulphidisation. The CPS process which uses a selective electrode, enables the sulphide ion concentration in the flotation pulp to be monitored and controlled continuously throughout the stage of sulphidisation.

Jan 1, 1989

By C. Graham

Thin Spray-On Liners (TSLs) have been researched and in development for over two decades and yet their fully functional and widely justifiable application in mining has yet to be achieved. While the explanation for this is partly technical, it is also clear that proving and communicating the operational and economic case for why a mine should change from mesh or shotcrete liners to a TSL is not a trivial matter. Evidence must be presented and communicated effectively, that is both obvious and compelling for a mine operator. The paper describes recent work carried out and directed towards this end, with funding from CAMIRO?s Deep Mining Research Consortium and additional support from 3M Canada and ABB Canada. The essential progress that has been, or is in the process of being made, will be described in providing the necessary proof of acceptable or superior TSL performance in the following areas: polymer formulation, health and safety, geotechnical specification, robotic liner application, business case economics and yielding ground support effectiveness. Future plans are also presented to demonstrate the performance of a new 3M composite TSL/yielding bolt support system in underground trials where the substrate rock is intended to fail through a number of mining-induced mechanisms.

Aug 1, 2013