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By F. L. Clerc

THE lead and zinc region of SW. Missouri is interesting, not only by reason of the value of its output, which ranges in the neighborhood of ten million dollars a year, but even more because of the facilities which it offers for the study of certain forms of ore-deposits, of which the loci and genesis are somewhat obscure. Although the mineral species found in the region are few and of common occurrence, crystallization has taken place on a generous scale, and unusual forms abound in many combinations, presenting examples of pseudomorphism, paragenesis, metasomatic replacement and the action of mineral-depositing and mineral-dissolving waters. For the mineralogist, lithologist, and specialist in certain lines of metamorphism, it has peculiar attractions, while the systematic geologist will perhaps find its chief claim to attention in the simplified problem it presents, in the study of ore-deposits. In addition to the phenomena above enumerated, it presents instances of well-developed comb-structure in the ores, fissures and faults, and slickensides-features usually associated with extensive movements in the earth's crust, and believed by some authorities to prove the deep-seated origin of the ores. In connection with these occurrences, the absence of all igneous rocks from this region is noteworthy and significant. For that reason, the simplified case presented by the Joplin region, from which these rocks have been eliminated as a factor, is specially valuable. Having had unusual opportunities to watch the development of this district, I have been deeply interested in the bearing of the revelations of the Joplin mines upon questions of universal importance to the science of ore-deposits ; and it was to my great regret that the project of a meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers at Joplin, proposed in 1892, was

Mar 1, 1907

By A. KROENLEIN

THE Cromwell 'Pool has been the outstanding development in Oklahoma during the year 1924. . Tonkawa contributed the deep "Slick Sand" bit apparently its 'peak has been reached and like other pools producing from below the Mississippi lime its decline' mill be rapid. After reaching a daily production of 67,000 bbl., the Cromwell Pool is declining because of a lull in -new completions, but a mile extension has revived activity and an area equal to that of the present producing' area is under development and will cause an increase in the present production of 38,000 bbl. This pool is seven months old, has three dry holes in one hundred twenty completions and is actually defined only on the southern extremity. This area has been one of the chief contributors to the .over-production of high gravity oil in the Mid- continent fields and will be such' for the remainder of ' the year. 1924 and first part of 1925.

Jan 1, 1924

By C. C. Herrick

The vapor pressure of indium has been measured by the torque-effusion technique, as a function of temperature between 1102o and 1422oK. For liquid indium, the vapor pressure (in atmospheres) can be represented by the equation -R In P = 5.782 x104/T - 25.29from 1000o to 1422oK. Extrapolation yields a calculated normal boiling point of 2329°K and a heat of vaporization at 298 oK of 58.09 kcal per mole by the third-law method and of 58.39 kcal per mole by the second-law method. Calculations indicate that the free-energy functions of Hultgren are to be preferred to those of Guruich. BECAUSE of the potential uses of liquid metals, it is important that convenient experimental methods be developed which will lead to a sufficient body of thermodynamic data so that reasonable estimates of properties of liquid metals can be made. Indium is particularly well-suited to investigation, since it remains liquid over a long temperature interval, it alloys readily, suitable containers for it are easily procured, and relatively few investigations of its thermodynamic properties in the region above 1000°K have been made. PREVIOUS RESEARCH The first determination of the vapor pressure of indium was made by Anderson,' using the Knudsen method and silica-lines stainless-steel cells. Kohlmeyer and spandau2 determined the normal boiling point, and a mass-spectroscopic investigation has been made by Lyubimov and Lyubitov.3 (Unfortunately, only an equation representing the data of the latter investigators has been available to us.) Hultgren et al.4 and Gurvich5 have published discordant tables of the free-energy functions for indium. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD The torsion-effusion principle has been described amply in the literature.8,7 With this method, one observes the angular deflection induced by effusion of vapor from a multihole effusion cell which is suspended from a filament producing a small rotational restoring force. The pressure within the effusion cell can be computed from the relation ziaifiai where k is the torsion constant of the filament, 6 is the observed angular deflection, and ai, fi, and qi are the area, force factor, and moment arm of the ith effusion orifice. The force factor f is analogous to the Clausing factor,' and corrects for the reduction in effusive force attributable to the finite geometry of the effusion orifice. Schultz and Searcy' have tabulated the force factors for various tube geometries. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS The physical arrangement employed in this study is shown in Fig. 1. The furnace elements are six Globar heat rods with 15-in. hot zones. Temperature is maintained to * 1°K by a Beck mechanism driving two 26-amp Powerstats in parallel. A Pt (Pt, Rh 10 pct) thermocouple serves as the sensing element. Four inner tubes act as vibration isolators; the air pressure required for maximum isolation was determined empirically, and is maintained by a solenoid valve. The tungsten fiber, 9 by 0.002 in., is joined to an 0.008-in. tungsten wire or graphite rod via a machined lightweight chuck.

Jan 1, 1964

By Michael Tenenbaum

Selected characteristics of nonmetallic phases were determined in low-carbon sheet steels which had been produced by various refining; deoxidizing, and casting procedures. The results showed little influence of the refining process on the quantity, distribution, size, and character of the nonmetallic phases. The quantity of inclusions was governed by the deoxidation procedures. While the mode of casting influenced the internal structure and the pattern of inclusion distribution, it had little effect on the quantity of nonmetallics. The vast majority of inclusions were under 30 µ in diam, and there was little change in size distribution during hot and cold rolling. The composition and structure of the inclusions were expained an the basis of known equilibrium phase diagrams for the appropriate systems. Additional work is needed to explain some of the observations of this paper. HENRY Marion Howe's contributions to the metallurgical profession include his many writings, the wisdom that he imparted to his students, and the inspiration that he gave to the many scholars, teachers, and industrialists who knew him personally. It was Professor Howe's intimate colleague, Albert Sauveur,1 who, in the first Howe Memorial Lecture, could have been speaking for the metallurgist of our generation as well as his own when he wrote, "...how many of us on the point of going astray were called back to the right path by Howe's guiding torch?" More than a quarter of a century later, Francis Foley,2 one of the last in the Howe Lecture series who worked directly with the great man, delivered the ultimate tribute, "...truth, in its time is so hard to identify." While Professor Howe strove to be right, "he was content if he provoked the reader to take the next step along the path to greater knowledge." Like so many of my predecessors, I sought guidance for this lecture by referring to Professor Howe's two classic texts, Metallurgy of steel,3 and Metallography of Steel and Cast Iron: the former book interpreting the facts as he saw them near the start of his career, and the latter—published 26 years later—pointing to many fertile fields for metallurgical investigation. Those of us who harvest the fruits of Henry Marion Howe's contributions to the metallurgical profession now look with wonder at the tremendous legacy he has provided. It is rewarding to study his writings and to recognize the anticipation of such aspects of modern ferrous metallurgy as: 1) Direct reduction 2) Steelmaking reactions 3) The approaches and benefits of degassing 4) Solidification mechanisms 5) Habits and behavior of nonmetallic inclusions 6) Recrystallization phenomena 7) Slip and slip propagation 8) Dislocations 9) Discontinuous deformation 10) Microscopic and macroscopic segregation

Jan 1, 1970

By S. R. Dunbas, D. C. Jillson, E. A. Anderson

THE present work was undertaken to furnish information, lacking in the literature, on the deformation mechanisms active in pure titanium at room temperature. Since it was started, Rosi, Dube, and Alexander' have indicated that slip can occur in coarse-grained (2 to 6 mm diameter) titanium on the {1010} and {1011} planes and twinning can take place on the {1072}, (1122) and (1151) planes. Liu and Steinberg,' working with titanium flakes produced by fused salt electrolysis, found evidence of twinning on the {1032$, {1121), {1122}, (1123}, and (1154) planes. The crystals used in the present work were substantially longer (up to nearly 2 in. in length) and possibly purer. Production of Large Crystals It was the purpose of this part of the work to provide single crystal or large grain specimens for use in the deformation studies rather than to study the mechanism of crystal growth. Accordingly, all further exploratory studies on methods were abandoned when it was found that cold-rolled bars sealed in vacuo in individual Vycor tubes and given three or more cycles of 4 hr at 1200°C and three to five days at 850°C, gave large grains. Eighteen specimens about 0.2 in. square x 2 in. long yielded 33 useful grains, ranging from Va in. to nearly 2 in. in length, with an agreeably wide range of orientations, Fig. l. The 0.25 in. thick strip from which the starting specimens were cut had been reduced 67 pct on 18 in. diameter rolls from a scalped, hot-forged (959" to 1000°C), arc-melted, iodide titanium ingot. Thc bar was at room temperature, but the rolls were at 200°C. Reductions of about 0.03 in. per pass were used. The bar was cut into four segments, each of which was rolled in a somewhat different manner. No effect on the growth of large grains was noted. The composition of the titanium, determined on turnings from the ingot scalping operations, is given in Table I. The Rockwell A hardness of the ingot was 26. The standard starting specimens, about 1/4x1/4x2 in., were milled on all four sides, hand polished on 280 and 400 mesh emery papers, etched for 3 min in a 50 HF-50 glycerine solution, rinsed, and dried in alcohol and ether just before sealing them in Vycor tubes. The average specimen weight was 7.5 g, and the tube volume was 6.5 cc. A vacuum of less than 1 micron pressure was applied. The specimen tubes were placed in an evacuated Inconel muffle to minimize the danger of collapse of the glass tubes at temperature. In practice the specimens were first heated to 1200 °C for 4 hr and then transferred fairly quickly to an 850°C furnace where they were held for three to five days. This cycle was repeated at least three times before the specimens were cooled, removed from the tubes, lightly polished and etched on one surface for examinstion. Those in which large grains had not developed were resealed in Vycor and returned to the cycling. Satisfactory specimens (about one out of every four cycled) were polished with emery paper on all four side;, then metallographically polished using ctchinz between wheels to remove distorted metal and, finally, given a very light etch to reveal the grain boundaries. This was necessary because the surface was roughened by the sublimation of titanium under high temperature vacuum conditions. Specimens were identified by TiXl numbers using supplementary letters to designate specific grains.

Jan 1, 1954

By C. R. Austin

THE investigation described in this paper deals with the development of high-temperature alloys of the Konel series over a considerable period of time at the Research Laboratories of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co. The word "Konel" has been coined to designate a class of alloys which are essentially nickel-cobalt-iron with other elements added, usually in small quantities. Most of these alloys contain titanium, usually about 2.5 percent. The main consideration related to strength at high temperatures but the thermionic characteristics of the alloys was also of considerable importance. It is, however, with the mechanical properties at elevated temperatures that we are herein concerned. Much attention has also been devoted to their age-hardening characteristics. There is little need to stress the utilitarian aspect of this subject, as it has been discussed frequently. Alloys exhibiting superior properties at normal or elevated temperatures rapidly find many suitable applications. There may be some question, however, as to what constitutes a "superior alloy, " or an alloy that may have good service possibilities at high temperatures. The problem is complex and various means have been employed to predict the useful life that may be expected of a material. In recent years the "creep limit" has been used as the best means of evaluation. Such tests necessarily are prolonged and hence collection of data is very slow. In a general survey of many alloys therefore the creep test is not desirable and recourse must be had to much shorter time tests in order more rapidly to select alloys which appear to show promise. For this reason the present survey has been made using the high-temperature tensile test and a bend' test developed by Howard Scott.1 In the tensile test the conditions have been standardized for all tests, so that values obtained are at least comparable, one alloy with another, although the absolute values recorded merely indicate the mechanical properties at the given temperature under a definite rate of loading.

Jan 1, 1931

By Virgil R. D. Kirkham

RECONNAISSANCE of a part of southeastern Idaho and small strip of western Wyoming lying between longitudes 111° and 111° and 45' W., and latitudes 43° and 43° and 30' N., comprising an area of approximately 1330 sq. mi., was undertaken during the summer of 1923 for the collection of data regarding the oil possibilities of the region. TOPOGRAPHY, SETTLEMENT, AND ACCESSIBILITY The entire area lies within the upper Snake River drainage basin. Snake River flows through the northeastern and eastern part of the area in a northwesterly direction. The entire drainage system has been controlled by the structure of the sedimentary beds in the area, which exhibit numerous alternations of hard and soft strata with consequent unequal erosion. The headwaters of the most important streams, as well as many others, flow in a northwesterly or southeasterly direction along

Jan 1, 1925

William Kent, New York, N. Y.:—The Institute may congratulate itself on the opportunity of reading the splendid address of President Brunton. It is an admirable summary of the progress that has been made in the mining and metallurgical arts in recent years. The paper rightly gives the chief credit for this progress to the aid which has been rendered to these arts by the advances in mechanics, chemistry, and electricity. It is notable that most of the headings in Mr. Brunton's address refer to the work of the mechanical engineer, the electrical engineer, and the chemist, rather than to that of the specialist in mining-operations. It seems that the most successful mining engineer of the present day is the one who makes the most intelligent application of the inventions and designs of engineers and others who are not directly engaged in mining. A tabulation of the headings of the address, grouped as below, shows this most clearly. Work of the Mechanical Engineer—Rock-drills, hoisting-machinery, tramming, pumping, ventilation, dredging, Sampling, concentration, briquetting, fume-recovery. Work of the Electrical Engineer—Electric machinery for hoisting, pumping, tramming, lighting and signaling, electric transmission, electric smelting. Work of the Chemist and Metallurgist—Explosives, chlorina-tion, cyanidation, roasting, lead-smelting, and copper-smelting. Work of the Geologist—Economic geology. Work of the Mining Engineer—Mine-mapping, surface-mining, timbering, tunneling; and planning and supervision of the work in general. The mining engineer of the present day, who is in responsible charge of a large plant, finds his chief work not in doing those things he was trained to do as a specialist, but in making use of the knowledge of geologists, chemists, and electrical and

Jan 1, 1910

By George F. Becker

A Nere record of Emmons's professional career would very inadequately represent the man. That he was eminent mc know, and our successors will realize in due time; but they must depend upon us for knowledge of a singularly ~vholesome, modest, unselfish personality, and of a character that did honor to a profession in which trustworthiness is indispensable. Those members of the Institute who met Emmons are his friends, and I never knew .one of these who was not the better for that friendship. Emmons was born in Boston, Mar. 29, 1841, the son of Xathaniel H. and Elizabeth (Wales) Emmons, and was named Samuel Frankliri after an ancestor who was of the sarne family as Benjamin Franklin. He took the degrcc of Bachelor of Arts at Harvard in 1861, and soon afterwards went abroad to complete his education. From 1862 to 1864 he attended the courses at the fieole Impkriale des Mines at Paris, Elie de Beaumont arid Daubrke being among his professors. The year 1864-1865 he spent at Freiberg under Cotta and other famous teachers; after which he spent another year in traveling through Europe. Like many other renowned geologists, he approached his ultimate profession from its economic side, and was thus from the first imbued with a sense of high responsibility in the promulgation of scientific opinions or conclusions. With hypotheses which were interesting merely because they were ingenious or even plausible, he would have nothing to do. In 1867 he joined the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel at its organization under Clarence King, serving at first as a volunteer, but soon receiving a regular appointment. This expedition was the first one of purely geological character sent out by the United States government. As Emmons has shown in his admirable presidential address on " The Geology of Government Explorations," its work was founded on a com-

Jan 1, 1912

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Jan 1, 1938

By HUNTINGTON ADANS

(Wilkes-Barre Meeting, June, 1911.) THE arrangement of a flow of cyanide-pulp through Pachuca tanks in agitation, so as to permit a continuous process, instead of alternate filling, agitation, and emptying, has been proposed by various writers within the last two years, and more particularly by A. T. Grothe, agent for the Brown patents on Pachuca tanks in Mexico. It was first put into practice, I believe, by M. H. Kuryla at the Esperanza mine in El Oro, Mexico. The starting of agitation in Pachuca tanks after filling may offer no serious difficulties with ores which do not settle rapidly in such tall tanks; and the adaptation of the tanks to continuous agitation under such conditions may give simply a somewhat more convenient method of treatment and greater agitation-capacity for a given number of tanks, because of the saving -of time lost in filling and discharging. But in the treatment .of pulp which tends to settle rapidly, as in the cyaniding of concentrates or of the whole pulp of ores containing heavy sulphides, the packing of the slime at the bottom may, cause much trouble. The use of the radial air-pipe attachments near the top of the cone and of the air-valve outside of the air-lift .tube at the bottom may obviate the difficulty to some extent; but the action of the radial air-pipes on the cone-sides is that -of a sand-blast, and their continuous use cuts through the tanks. Moreover, even when these pipes are used, some pulps will pack tightly below them in the cones. Under such conditions the use of Pachuca tanks with intermittent filling and discharging becomes a troublesome process. Time is lost in ,starting agitation; large quantities of compressed air are wasted; pulp is blown over the tank-tops; and not infrequently it may be necessary to dig out the bottoms of tanks by hand. This trouble is the only important one occurring in the use of Pachuca tanks; and, since it is caused by intermittent filling, the .arrangement of a continuous flow of pulp from tank to tank,

Aug 1, 1911

By John C. Smock

The rich deposits of magnetic iron-ore in the Highlands of northern New Jersey attracted the attention of iron-workers at the time of the earliest settlements in that region. The outcrops of the oreshoots at the Dickerson mine, at Mount Hope, and at Hibernia, in Morris county, and at Ringwood, in Passaic count,y, which were doubtless such as would lead to discovery, location and development of nearly all the large iron-mines in that part of the State, appear to have had their beginnings where the ore cropped out on the surface or where it was scarcely concealed by a thin mantle of earth. In the early history of New Jersey iron-mining, the careful explorations and surveys made by the agents of the famous London Com-

Jan 1, 1892

By Paul Gemmill

Production was first recorded from the Pioche district in 1864, and it has continued to show an inherent ability to take on new life after periods of depression in the metal markets. Production from replacement leadsilver- zinc sulfide ore bodies in limestones of Cambrian age now accounts for several times the gross value of silver production from rich fissures in Lower Cambrian Quartzite. Aggregate production of some 6 million tons represents a gross value over $100-million. Future output is expected mostly to be from limestone replacement deposits of which the most productive are "channels" of ore up to several hundred feet wide and several thousand feet long with thicknesses from a few feet up to 50 feet. Such channels are restricted to the lowermost limestone bed of the district, about 250 feet above the basement quartzite. The "blotter-like" characteristic of this highly productive Jimesto~e bed in absorbing mineralization is believed to be, at least in part, due to lithology, including free carbon in the bed, which has created a unique set of conditions for delicately balanced mineralizing solutions that rejected any tendency to replace siliceous wall rock and were properly constituted for replacement of Limestone. All recognizable orogenic history is considered to be related to the Basin and Range faulting that created the mountain ranges. The faults developed after mid-Tertiary time and after widespread extrusives that are themselves involved in the faulting. Flat faults, formerly believed to be part of regional thrust faulting, are now interpreted as gravity slide faulting that can be shown to be large in magnitude and not simply local landslides. Large slide faults generally have concealed the great magnitude of mountain-bordering faults. Mineralization that accounts for ore is later than the faulting. Most faults are pre-mineral since they influence the shape of ore bodies, and some clearly have been offset by fault fissures containing ore. Post-mineral movement probably has been an important component of some large, initially pre-mineral faults. A single period of mineralization was begun by the introduction of large quantities of ironmanganese carbonate, and, in places, carbonate manganese with minor values in sulfides. Closely following the carbonate invasion, massive sulfides were brought in, usually replacing part of the carbonate body though in some places the massive sulfides replaced limestone that was not previously mineralized. Manganese mineralization is not a "halo" but leaks of manganese to higher formations and to the surface are the most significant exploration guides. The Pioche district is expected to be long lived with technological developments in ore treatment being important to the exploitation of low-grade manganiferous ores, while aggressive exploration is expected to find important quantities of bedded lead-silver-zinc ores of the massive sulfide type.

Jan 1, 1968

Henry Louis, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England (communication to the Secretary): I think very highly of the novel and ingenious device of Prof. Richards for analyzing the movement of the various elements of the jig; it is a method that certainly seems to promise valuable results, if we could only make certain that these various indicator-appliances have no effect upon the action of the jig. I would like, however, to suggest that in future experiments the connection between the plunger indicator-rod and the pencil should be made by means of parallel motions, so as better to reproduce the rectilinear motion of the piston. I should expect, if this were done, that the " curve " of the plunger in the Harz jig, at any rate, would be represented either by straight lines or else by quite regular curves, according to the method by which the plunger is set in motion; the apparent combinatioil of straight line and curve seems difficult to explain. With respect to the water-curve, I am afraid I am completely at fault, but no doubt Prof. Richards can explain my difficulty. In Fig. 2, the areas of the screen-side and the plunger-side of the jig are equal. If the piston be a fair fit and the bottom of

Jan 1, 1897

By Robert T. MacMillan

Of all the mineral substances utilized by man, salt or sodium chloride has one of the longest and most varied histories. Because all animal life is descended from marine organisms, sodium and chlorine became necessary to life, and as sodium chloride meets requirements most readily, common salt has been essential to human and animal diets from earliest times. As civilization progressed, man learned to evaporate sea water and brines of saline lakes and springs to obtain salt, and gradually ceased to depend on the flesh of animals and the occasional salt outcrops or "salt licks" they frequented. He also learned that salt had a multitude of uses, particularly as a preservative of meat and other foods. The importance of salt in the minds of early men may be readily seen from many allusions in the Bible and other ancient writings. Expressions such as "not worth his salt," and "the salt of the earth" are deeply embedded in the English language. Salt has symbolized friendship, fidelity, purity, and hospitality. It has been used as currency; had religious significance; caused wars; and has been a favorite commodity for taxation. The English word "salary" stems from the Latin word for salt, in which Roman soldiers received part of their pay. Although salt today retains its dietary importance, it has thousands of other uses. Of each 100 pounds produced in the United States less than three pounds is for table use. The other 97 pounds goes for agricultural, industrial, and chemical uses. Fortunately, reserves of salt are enormous and reasonably well distributed on the face of the earth. The sea is an inexhaustible source of salt which may be had at prices which vary with climate and other factors. In addition, large underground salt deposits and many salt lakes, springs and playas are scattered throughout the world. Most countries have access to a salt supply, although some are more favored than others. Properties Crystallized sodium chloride or common salt is known as halite. Its molecular weight is 58.454 and it contains, by weight, 39.34 pct sodium and 60.66 pct chlorine. Alternate positions in the cubic lattice are occupied, respectively, by negative chloride and positive sodium ions; the crystal form is isometric. Crystallization from water produces concentric shells, and when broken, a crystal shows conchoidal fracture. Salt has a hardness of 2.5; its specific gravity ranges from 2.1 to 2.6 for rock salt and is 2.165 for the pure crystal. The refractive index is 1.554; it melts at 800.8 ± 0.5°C and boils at 1413°C. Its heat of fusion is 123.59 cal/ gram. Salt is transparent or translucent and highly diathermous. It is colorless when pure and has a vitreous luster. Salt containing traces of iron oxides has varying shades of yellow, orange, brown, pink, or red. The peculiar shade of red sometimes found in that produced by solar evaporation of sea water has been attributed to tiny organisms. Blue mottlings sometimes seen in halite crystals have been attributed to colloidal sodium. Salt is soluble in water to the extent of 35.7 parts per 100 parts of water at 0°C and 39.8 parts per 100 of water at 100°C. The small difference in solubility with increasing temperature is important in the economics of producing salt by evaporating brine. Salt has a negative heat of solution which is 1.281 kg-cal/ mole at 18°C in 200 moles of water.

Jan 1, 1960

By Louis R. Hodell

WHEN the drilling of an oil well is completed a permanent opening from the reservoir to the surface must be provided. This is done by lining the hole with pipe, commonly known as casing. In the past, all but a small amount of casing has been run in the hole and joined by threads and couplings. Recently, however, in California, Texas, and Oklahoma, there has been a definite tendency 'to adopt -the welded joint for the following reasons: (1) Plain end casing for welding may be bought for 15 per cent less than thread-and-coupled casing; some of this is offset by the cost of welding the pipe in the hole but a respectable net profit remains.

Jan 1, 1937

James Gayley, Braddock, Pa. (communication to the Secretary) : Mr. Potter has made reference to our practice at the Edgar Thomson works in the direction of increasing the life of the lining, and mentions the product of one of our furnaces as having reached a total of 370,000 tons. It may be interesting to know that this furnace has been put out of blast with a record of 452,685 tons, after a run of three years and nine months. A companion-furnace to this will produce, hefore the present year is ended, half a million tons. As Mr. Potter has quite correctly designated this as " the newest problem in furnace-practice," a description of the construction of this furnace lining may be Welcome to members. The bricks used in the lining are 9 and 134 inches long, with the requisite quantity of straight and key-shapes to turn the circle. There bricks are well suited for enclosing the numerous bosh-plates used for cooling. The bosh-plates (the efficient fortress of the lining) extend from the top of the tuyere arch to the mantel, and are inserted in rows, 18 inches to 2 feet apart. These form a perfect defence against encroachment on the bosh-lining, and leave the bosh at the end of the blast of the same thickness as at the beginning. The protection afforded by these bosh plates is the principal cause of the increased duration of the furnace-lining. But it must be noted that the shape and material of the plate are essential elements. The most serviceable plate is that made of bronze or copper. We have tried every form of iron plates without obtaining satisfactory results. These were replaced with bronze plates, built into the lining, which gave excellent results so long as they did not leak; but when this occurred, as it did in time, the water was shut off, and, since the plates could only be removed with difficulty, they were allowed to burn off. This permitted encroachment on the bosh-walls, which thus became enlarged beyond the limit required for economical practice. With the introduction of the removable plate, made tapering on the sides, with plain surfaced top and bottom, these troubles have

Jan 1, 1895

By John M. Kelly

New Mexico produced 31,913,816 bbl. of oil in 1942, the lowest annual production since 1936, and dropped one place to rank eighth among oil-producing states. This production decreased 7,838,052 bbl., or 19.71 per cent, from the 1941 figure is the result of transportation difficulties caused by the dislocation of tanker sailings to east coast ports. The average per-well allowable in New Mexico on Jan. I, 1942, was 43 bbl. and at the end of the year was 38 bbl. Allocations as set by the New Mexico Oil Conservation Commission followed the recommendations of the Petroleum Administrator for War. After setting the daily outlet, however, the average daily pipe-line runs were 87,545 bbl.—11.06 per cent short of these allocations. Production for Lea County was 26,812,949 bbl., Eddy County 4,624,578 bbl., northwestern New Mexico 473,609 bbl., Chaves County 2,680 barrels. Drilling activity for New Mexico in 1942 was approximately 84 per cent of that in 1941 with 339 completions. Of these completions 254 were oil wells, II gas wells, and 74 dry holes. Proven fields accounted for 55 of the dry holes and 19 were wildcats. Three new oil fields and one new gas field were discovered as the result of wildcat drilling. Extensions were made to one oil field and one gas field. By the close of the year, the New Mexico Oil Conservation Commission had designated 59 areas as proven for oil and/or gas. Southeastern New Mexico Lea County Monument was again the largest producing field in the state, with 5,729,336 bbl.; Eunice was next, with 5,217,965; Vacuum produced 3,295,624 and Hobbs 2,973,488. The Hobbs field has the largest accumulated production, which at the close of 1942 totaled 100,381,417 bbl. The 100-million-barrel mark for Hobbs focused attention on the fact that this is the first field in the state to attain this figure, and also that, as Hobbs has been under continuous proration since July 1930, or approximately the entire life of the field, this 100-million-barrel recovery was obtained with 86 per cent of the wells in the pool still flowing and having a drop in bottom-hole pressure of only 3.5 Ib. per million barrels recovered. Hobbs stands out as perhaps the best regulated major oil field in the world. Two new oil fields were discovered in Lca County, the most inlportant being the area designated as East Lusk, consisting of the south 4 tiers of Sections in T. 19 S., R. 32 E. The discovery well was drilled in the SW. SW. 1/4 of sec. 21, T. 19 S., R. 32 E., by Culbertson and Irwin, Inc., and others. It was completed at a total depth of 2751 ft. in the Seven Rivers formation of Permian age. The initial potential of the well was 237 bbl. per day on pump. The oil produced has a gravity of 24.10 A.P.I., with sulphur content of 0.9 per cent. This oil has an asphaltic base and because

Jan 1, 1943

By John M. Kelly

New Mexico produced 31,913,816 bbl. of oil in 1942, the lowest annual production since 1936, and dropped one place to rank eighth among oil-producing states. This production decreased 7,838,052 bbl., or 19.71 per cent, from the 1941 figure is the result of transportation difficulties caused by the dislocation of tanker sailings to east coast ports. The average per-well allowable in New Mexico on Jan. I, 1942, was 43 bbl. and at the end of the year was 38 bbl. Allocations as set by the New Mexico Oil Conservation Commission followed the recommendations of the Petroleum Administrator for War. After setting the daily outlet, however, the average daily pipe-line runs were 87,545 bbl.—11.06 per cent short of these allocations. Production for Lea County was 26,812,949 bbl., Eddy County 4,624,578 bbl., northwestern New Mexico 473,609 bbl., Chaves County 2,680 barrels. Drilling activity for New Mexico in 1942 was approximately 84 per cent of that in 1941 with 339 completions. Of these completions 254 were oil wells, II gas wells, and 74 dry holes. Proven fields accounted for 55 of the dry holes and 19 were wildcats. Three new oil fields and one new gas field were discovered as the result of wildcat drilling. Extensions were made to one oil field and one gas field. By the close of the year, the New Mexico Oil Conservation Commission had designated 59 areas as proven for oil and/or gas. Southeastern New Mexico Lea County Monument was again the largest producing field in the state, with 5,729,336 bbl.; Eunice was next, with 5,217,965; Vacuum produced 3,295,624 and Hobbs 2,973,488. The Hobbs field has the largest accumulated production, which at the close of 1942 totaled 100,381,417 bbl. The 100-million-barrel mark for Hobbs focused attention on the fact that this is the first field in the state to attain this figure, and also that, as Hobbs has been under continuous proration since July 1930, or approximately the entire life of the field, this 100-million-barrel recovery was obtained with 86 per cent of the wells in the pool still flowing and having a drop in bottom-hole pressure of only 3.5 Ib. per million barrels recovered. Hobbs stands out as perhaps the best regulated major oil field in the world. Two new oil fields were discovered in Lca County, the most inlportant being the area designated as East Lusk, consisting of the south 4 tiers of Sections in T. 19 S., R. 32 E. The discovery well was drilled in the SW. SW. 1/4 of sec. 21, T. 19 S., R. 32 E., by Culbertson and Irwin, Inc., and others. It was completed at a total depth of 2751 ft. in the Seven Rivers formation of Permian age. The initial potential of the well was 237 bbl. per day on pump. The oil produced has a gravity of 24.10 A.P.I., with sulphur content of 0.9 per cent. This oil has an asphaltic base and because

Jan 1, 1943

By Jos. Van Ackeren

Although the Siemens regenerator principle was introduced into byproduct coke-oven design about 40 years ago, many problems of construction, and particularly of heat distribution and pressure conditions, have not been fully solved. Heat should be applied to the walls of a coke oven in such a way that the coking of the charge of coal will be completed everywhere at the same time, and at approximately the same temperature. This means that the application of heat should be uniform from the top to the bottom of the coal mass (except for the thin layer at the top that is purposely kept at a somewhat lower temperature to reduce cracking of the byproducts); also that a little more heat must be applied to the coke end than to the pusher end, because the coal mass is a little thicker at that end. As a modern coke oven is about 40 ft. long and 12 ft. high, a real problem is involved in the proper application of heat to the oven walls so as to secure quick coking time (without endangering the walls through local overheating) and produce coke made at a uniform temperature. Design of Ovens In all regenerative ovens, the points of combustion are arranged in duplicate sets, one set operating in one-half the area of the heating wall and the other set alternately operating in the other half. Because of the reversal of the flow of gases, the points of maximum and minimum temperatures are alternately located at the same places, thus preventing dangerous local overheating. The practicability of the principle of reversal of flow seems to have been recognized at an early date, and has been applied with every conceivable flue arrangement, combustion chamber, and means of air and gas supply. To summarize the various principles that have proved useful for the control of oven-wall temperature, the best practice seems to have resulted from the acceptance of the use of vertical flues; the separate supply of air and gas to the base of these flues, with the resulting flame

Jan 1, 1923