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By B. N. Das, J. B. Darby, P. A. Beck, Y. Shimomura

A POWDER pattern for the (Cr, Mo, Co)R-phase annealed at 1200°C was reported in 1951.1 Through the courtesy of Prof. D. P. Shoemaker of Massachusetts Institute of Technology the authors became aware of inconsistencies of this pattern with that to be expected from the structure of the R-phase, as determined by Komura, Shoemaker, and Shoemaker.' In addition, Professor Shoemaker also noted that the powder pattern reported8 for the (Cr, Mo, Co)D-phase, annealed at 1300°C, agreed fairly well with that to be expected from the newly determined structure of the R-phase. In view of these findings, the previously reported powder patterns of the R-phase and of the D-phase were compared carefully. It was found that most lines in the two patterns (22 lines) were to a fair degree of accuracy related to each other by a single conversion ratio for the corresponding d spacings. The value of the conversion ratio was found to be 1.0058, so that the d spacings of the D-phase pattern previously reported were larger than the correspond- ing d spacings for the reported R-phase pattern by approximately that factor. The intensity relationships between corresponding lines in the two patterns were similar, as judged visually. The following exceptions were noted: Lines Nos. 2, 3, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25 of the D-phase pattern,:' all designated weak or very weak, were missing in the apparently somewhat fainter R-phase pattern used.' Lines 1, 2, 3, 5, 15 and 34 (all weak or very weak), reported for the R-phase, were missing in the D-phase pattern, Table I. In view of these observations it seemed probable that the two patterns differed from each other mainly by a slight change in lattice parameters (with c/a remaining approximately constant), and that the pattern previously reported for the R-phase contained some weak extraneous lines, most likely to be attributed to impurities. In order to check the foregoing assumption, two specimens of an alloy containing 43 pct by weight of cobalt, 41 pct molybdenum, and 16 pct chromium, which was within the composition range of stability of both the D-phase at 1300°C and of the R-phase at 1200°C, were homogenized at 1200 and 1300°C, respectively, and quenched. X-ray diffraction patterns of the powders of these two specimens, obtained with CrK radiation, were compared carefully with each other and with the D-phase pattern previously

Jan 1, 1959

THE object of this paper is to offer some suggestions to assist metallurgists to supervise the operations of flotation plants. We do not yet thoroughly understand what "flotation" is or "why minerals float" and all attempts that have been made to explain the phenomena have been based on theory or imagination, and have not been capable of substantiation by practical demonstration, or even by laboratory tests; but it is wellknown that particular minerals will float in a liquid under certain specified conditions, and that some other minerals will not float under those conditions, and that, if a mixture of the two classes of minerals be subjected to those conditions, there will be separation of the minerals, of which one class will float and the other will remain unfloated as a residue. The duty of the flotation expert is to so control the operations and the conditions of the liquor as to obtain the best commercial result from the ore he is treating. The chief controlling factors in a flotation plant appear to fall under the following eight headings, all of which are important:1. Crushing.2. Rate and regularity of feed.3. Density of pulp.4. Temperature.5. Addition agents.6. Condition of circuit liquor.7. Agitation.8. Aeration.

Jan 1, 1920

By A. C. Barlow

The use of deep wells for waste disposal is not a new technique. The production phase of the oil industry has been using this method to dispose of unwanted oil field brine since the 1930's The adoption of this method by other branches of industry, however, to dispose of manufactured wastes is a relatively new development, but one which is finding increased use (2). Deep well waste disposal is not an ordinary technique even though it is finding relatively wide application. In fact, just the opposite is true; it is still a rather extraordinary measure. It is not now, nor is it ever likely to be a disposal method which can be assured of success before it is tried.

Jan 1, 1964

By L. K. Eigenbrod

Throughout the mining industry, pneumoconiosis is one of the most severe occupational health problems being faced. The goal of completely eliminating pneumoconiosis as an occupational health hazard was underscored by the Federal Government with its enactment of Public Law 91-173 (Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969). Under this law, permissible dust level standards will be placed at 2 mg/m3 in mine atmospheres by December 30, 1972. The mining industry is thus faced with the tremendous technical challenge of achieving this level. Two basic questions can be raised with regard to this legislation. First, does a maximum dust concentration of 2 mg/m3 prevent the occurrence of pneumoconiosis? Secondly, can this dust standard be achieved using presently available methods and equipment? A precise answer to the first question has not yet been developed by the medical profession. Studies are continuing on the origin, prevention, and therapy of pneumoconiosis, and permissible dust levels could become even lower as medical evidence accumulates. The mining industry has addressed itself to the problems of dust con-tro1 for many years as related to personnel health, explosive mixtures, visibility, and machinery damage. Dust control methods being employed involve

Jan 1, 1971

By Luis Alberto Sfalsin Passos

A aglomeração de minério de ferro para formação de pelotas é um processo dinâmico e seu controle é complexo. No controle manual o operador local é responsável pelos ajustes no processo e o tempo e a proporção de suas atuações dependem da percepção de cada um. Logo, o controle manual do processo é feito de forma individual e não padronizada e frequentemente não atende satisfatoriamente o controle da taxa de crescimento da pelota crua. Este artigo apresenta uma alternativa de controle automatizada, padronizada e otimizada da taxa de crescimento da pelota crua nos discos de pelotização. O “Sistema de Controle Avançado de Processo”, denominado SCAP, consiste em um controle multivariável baseado em ferramentas de controle convencionais e lógica nebulosa, que simula o pensamento humano nas tomadas decisão. As regras foram construídas e fundamentadas em conhecimentos previamente adquiridos por especialistas do processo. Verificou-se após a implantação um aumento do desempenho do processo produtivo. No âmbito das melhorias, destacam-se: redução de pelotas fora da especificação (granulometria), redução do consumo de insumos (agentes aglomerantes, gás natural, entre outros), melhoria na qualidade do produto final e aumento da produtividade.

Aug 1, 2018

By W. A. Padgham, H. Helmstaedt

Field evidence for current hypothe e about age and kinematic ignificance of gold-bearing hear zones in the Archean Yellowkni fe greenstone belt is reviewed , and it is concluded that major disagreements between previous workers are a direct result of differences in stratigraphic and tructural in terpretations of the Yellowknife Supergroup. Although goldbearing hear zone appear to be confined to the mafic volcanic pile of the Kam Group. it can be shown that shearing affected all supracru tal rocks, including the Jackson Lake Formation. now con idered to represent the youngest unit of the Yellowknife Supergroup. tructural ob ervations are incompatible with the hypothe is that the hear zones represent loci of ynvolcanic gravity sliding but are consistent with earlier conclu ions that shear zone development commenced with rotation of the volcanic pile and continued as re ult of lateral shortening broadly overlapping with the emplacement of granitoid batholiths. Shear Zones are common throughout the entire green tone belt. yet productive zone are confined to the Yellowknife Bay Formation of the Kam Group and localized where flow abut with a high angle again t the contact of the We tern Plutonic complex. However. no obvious tructural and lithological features have been recognized that are more favorable for gold deposition and distinguish the shear zones and flows of the area around the mines from those of other parts of the greenstone belt. The model that gold wa transported by metamorphic solutions and that hear zones were the firs t-order control for gold deposition provides no explanation for the trong localization of the depo it . As porphyries with elevated gold contents are present in and near ome of the mines. the possibility that gold was deposited from hydrothermal system around fel ic intrusion representing early phases of the Western Plutonic complex should be given erious consideration.

Jan 1, 1986

By Clyde E. Williams, JAMES L. GREGG

THIS review of the past year's progress in iron and steel metallurgy presents examples of only a few of the interesting or important accomplishments made in the United States. In the field of iron ore concentration increased attention was given to the study of the more difficultly separated wash ores and some progress was made in tabling. One difficulty with the table, in concentrating iron ore where the percentage of concentrate in the feed is large, has been the removal of fine silica from the thick layer .of concentrates in the cleaning zone. One company has -Made an important contribution toward the solution of this problem by an extension of the well-known plateau principle. By a special riffling of the plateau section of the table, the concentrates are crowded together. This action forces the fine silica to the top of the bed in the cleaning zone, whence the cross-flowing currents of water -can wash it into the middling product. Some work has been done on the application of froth flotation to the concentration of iron ores. Laboratory experiments were made at the Colorado School of Mines in which hematite was, successfully floated. Using oleic acid as a frothing and collecting agent and sodium carbonate as the conditioning agent, a high recovery of rich ,concentrate was obtained. A laboratory flotation unit is in use at Taconite, on the Mesabi range, and a commer-

Jan 1, 1932

By Jacqueline A. McClaskey

The U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) Information and Analysis Directorate collects worldwide data on virtually every commercially important nonfuel mineral commodity. These data form the base for tracking and assessing the health of the minerals sector of the U. S. economy. The USBM's data collection activity was instituted by the 47th Congress in an appropriations act of August 7, 1882 (22 Stat. 329), which placed the collection of mineral statistics on an annual basis. The most recent authority for the USBM survey activity is the National Materials and Minerals Policy, Research and Development Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-479, 96th Congress). This act strengthens protection for proprietary data provided to the U.S. Department of the Interior by persons or firms engaged in any phase of mineral or mineral-material production or consumption.

Jan 1, 1994

By Luis Alvarez

La productividad de las operaciones mineras está directamente asociada a la optimización de los recursos humanos y de los equipos, por tal motivo se propone la aplicación de un sistema que permite monitorear en tiempo real a los operadores de los equipos mediante el uso de aplicaciones de realidad aumentada, añadiendo información virtual a la información física ya existente.

Sep 1, 2017

By Yuexin Han, Mu. Yufan, Yanjun Li, Peng Gao, Yongsheng Sun

"The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of reduction temperature, reduction time and binary basicity on the size of metallic iron particles in coal-based reduction products of an oolitic iron ore. The particle size distribution behavior (i.e., cumulative passing percentage and mean size of metallic iron particles) during reduction was investigated in detail. Results showed that the particle size distribution of metallic iron particles was strongly influenced by reduction temperature, reduction time and binary basicity. The cumulative passing percentage and mean size significantly increased with reduction temperature and time in the entire range of the experiments. All curves of cumulative passing percentage versus particle size under different conditions demonstrated a similar trend (continuous increase). The size distribution parameters and mean size slightly increased with increasing binary basicity and significantly decreased when the binary basicity exceeded 1.0. The size of metallic iron particles could be controlled by adjusting the reduction conditions during coal-based reduction.IntroductionThe increasing demand for iron ore coupled with diminishing high-grade iron ore reserves has resulted in the urgent need for innovative technologies in order to use refractory iron ores. Oolitic iron ore is a typical refractory iron ore with tremendous abundance globally. Based on published literature, oolitic iron ore reserves are approximately 140 million tons in Europe, 10 billion tons in China and 66 million tons in Pakistan (Kazmi and Abbas, 2001; Wu et al., 2011; Yu and Qi, 2011; Sun et al., 2013a). Therefore, the efficient exploration and use of oolitic iron ore resources can play a significant role in easing the mineral resource crisis in the iron and steel industry. However, oolitic iron ore cannot be effectively upgraded by traditional beneficiation methods due to its mineralogical characteristics (e.g., low grade of iron, poor liberation of iron minerals and high phosphorus content) (Li et al., 2011b; Sun et al., 2013b).Researchers recently proposed coal-based reduction followed by magnetic separation to recover iron from refractory iron ores (especially oolitic iron ore) and a certain degree of breakthrough was achieved in both theory and practice. In this technology, iron minerals in the ore are directly reduced by coal to metallic iron, which grows into particles of different sizes. After comminution and liberation, metallic iron is concentrated by magnetic separation (Srivastava and Kawatra, 2009; Sun et al., 2013a; Li et al., 2011b; Sun et al., 2013b; Li et al., 2011c; Gao et al., 2013). Sun et al. and Gao et al. used this technology to examine the recovery of iron from oolitic and Bayan Obo iron ores, respectively (Sun et al., 2013a; Li et al., 2011b; Li et al., 2011c). Metallic iron powder with more than 90% iron content was obtained as the final product, which could be used directly in steel production."

Jan 1, 2015

By Charles Kingsley

THE PRESIDENT (DR. C. B. KINGSTON, member C.l.M.M.) expressed regret that neither of the authors of the paper was able to be present to submit the paper in person. In their absence, it would be introduced formally from the Chair. It was a clear, straightforward account of a fine piece of shaft sinking, cleverly conceived and boldly executed. He referred briefly to the distribution and nature of the Dome ore-bodies and stated that, for both the miner and the metallurgist, the mine had provided a wide range of problems of unusual interest. Discussion on the paper was then invited. MR. THOMAS PRYOR said the paper was most opportune, because the subject of internal shafts did not appear to be fully treated in current mining literature. Many members were not familiar with Canadian gold deposits and it would be of interest if the authors could give a brief description of the location of the ere deposits of the Dome mine. This information would doubtless explain why a new internal shaft was needed in a position which required such an exceptionally long cross-cut to connect it to the main hoisting shaft to surface. It would also add to the value of the paper if the authors would give some idea of the duty expected of the new shaft in terms of tons of rock hoisted and of trips engaged in the transport of men and materials, and it would be helpful if figures could be given of the total capital cost of the hoists and subsidiary excavations at the shaft top, and of the cost per foot for sinking and lining the shaft below the collar. Turning to details of the paper, one was favourably impressed by the care given to the provision of a good travelling way for men in the main cross-cut, as shown in Figure 1. It was by no means always that one could walk in comfort and safety in a working where there was a 20-in. ventilating pipe in the roof.

Jan 1, 1939

By Verônica Scarpini Candido

O estudo da composição mássica de cerâmicas vermelhas é de extrema importância para a produção de peças com propriedades tecnológicas aceitáveis. Nesse contexto esse trabalho tem por objetivo determinar as propriedades tecnológicas de cerâmica vermelha para fabricação de blocos de vedação. Dois tipos de argila foram usados, argila forte e fraca, para a confecção dos corpos de prova que foram moldados por prensagem uniaxial. Após essa etapa foram determinadas a absorção de água e a resistência em flexão. Os resultados mostraram que a massa composta por 50% de argila forte e 50% de argila fraca apresentaram os melhores resultados de resistência à flexão. Assim, o estudo mostrou que todas as massas estudadas atendem aos requisitos mínimos exigidos por norma e que a massa composta pela mistura das argilas apresentou o melhor desempenho mecânico tecnológico.

Oct 30, 2017

By burgess F, Manlapig E. V, Franzidis J. P

Bubble surface area flux, a parameter which is determined by bubble size and superficial gas velocity, has been identified as a criterion for flotation scale-up from a metallurgical point of view. Investigations at Hellyer, Scuddles and Mt Isa

Jan 1, 1997

By Ana Paula de Andrade Manfridini

A formação de nitretos na superfície de aços Interstitial Free (IF) nitretados a plasma em função da temperatura de tratamento foi investigada. Amostras de aço IF estabilizados ao Ti, laminado a frio e com shot peening foram nitretadas a plasma nas temperaturas de 450°C, 475°C e 500°C durante 4 horas. A camada nitretada resultante foi caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difração de raios-X (DRX) e método Rietveld. As imagens de MEV revelaram duas principais regiões na camada nitretada formada nas três temperaturas de tratamento: uma camada de compostos constituída de ?-Fe2-3N e ?’-Fe4N e uma camada de difusão apresentando uma matriz ferrítica com finos precipitados de ?’’-Fe16N2. Através da DRX, foi observada uma variação na proporção das fases ?-Fe2-3N e ?’-Fe4N. A partir de análises Rietveld, foi sugerido que a maior temperatura de nitretação facilitou a formação de nitretos ?-Fe2-3N, uma vez que a quantidade dessa fase aumentou de 475°C para 500°C. A presença deste precipitado com maior teor de nitrogênio sugere uma possível maior aplicabilidade dos aços IF.

Aug 16, 2017

By R. Negrón

El presente trabajo describe la aplicación del proceso de lixiviación-cementización utilizado en la mina de Cerro de Pasco y en otros yacimientos de características similares. La aplicación tecnológica de la lixiviación subterránea data desde el año 1935, mientras que la lixiviación de las pilas del mineral en superficie y el proceso de cementación fueron implementados con ayuda de tecnologías análogas aplicadas en otras minas del mundo. En este sentido, si la particularidad de la lixiviación subterránea opera en áreas de explotación antigua donde las condiciones ambientales y de trabajo son bastante difíciles, impidiendo las operaciones normales que exige dicho procedimiento; el método de lixiviación-cementación en Cerro de Pasco permite recuperar una cantidad considerable de minerales de cobre dejados en el sub-suelo, de forma que se puede recuperar el contenido de cobre del mineral de pirita depositadas en pilas producto del desbroce del tajo abierto.

Nov 20, 1978

By Willy Ank de Morais

Este trabalho objetiva a descrição dos diferentes desempenhos sob corrosão de uma junta soldada de uma tubulação de aço carbono obtida pelos consumíveis ER 70S-3 e ER 80S-Ni2, empregada em plataformas offshore. Amostras de tubos e chapas de aço carbono foram soldadas, através do processo TIG, empregando tais consumíveis, e submetidas a ensaio de corrosão acelerada por perda de massa em uma cuba com fluxo constante de água destilada e ácido sulfúrico a 98%. Posteriormente, as amostras foram caracterizadas de modo a quantificar as possíveis alterações nas características mecânicas, estruturais e superficiais. O resultado final foi que a corrosão ocasionada na junta com o consumível ER 80S-Ni2 apresentou características diferenciadas e mais deletérias ao desempenho estrutural do material, apesar de ser o consumível inicialmente recomendado para a aplicação.

Oct 30, 2017

A PRELIMINARY PROGRAM, dated April 25, 1974, was prepared for Development Engineering, Incorporated (DEI) on research and development laboratory, field and other engineering studies for the disposal of retorted oil-shale materials. This PRELIMINARY PROGRAM included a discussion on the peculiarities of the retorted shale materials to be investigated and a discussion of the various laboratory and field tests which would need to be conducted to define their physical and chemical properties. The PRELIMINARY PROGRAM was divided into eight work phases as follows: I -- Program Development II -- Exploratory laboratory tests on old USBM retorted shale III -- Laboratory tests on pilot plant retorted shale. IV -- Laboratory tests on retorted shale from the semi-works plant and field test plots and ponds. V -- Field compaction tests. VI -- Infiltration pond tests VII -- Bureau of Mines special tests.

Jan 1, 1975

By J. R. Thoenen

IN five years mineral wool has grown to a thirty-million-dollar industry from one whose output was valued, in 1933, at $1,700,000. Ten years ago, in 1928, there were only seven producing companies, with an annual output of but 50,000 tons. By 1936 fifty or more companies were producing half a million tons. The industry is still growing vigorously and will profit from the expected activity in building in 1339, for two-thirds of this material is used for building insulation and to assist in fire-retarding, in both new and old homes. It is as useful in the South, to protect against heat, as in the North, to keep out the cold, if one may speak nontechnically. It is a concomitant of air conditioning, that new addition to the American standard of living that began in theatres, department stores, and railroad dining cars, and is rapidly progressing down to small homes. Here, then, is an industry that is only beginning to have a present, and one with an almost certain important future; one that depends upon mining and the by-products of mining for all of its raw materials; one that every progressive mining man should know something about.

Jan 1, 1939

By W. W. Gorr, R. Smith, E. H. Wyche

THE combination of high strength and corrosion resistance of cold-worked 18 Cr, 8 Ni steel has been advantageously utilized for some time, particularly in aircraft and rail car structures. There are, however, certain limitations on the use of such materials because the high strengths can be obtained only by cold-working, limiting the available products to sheets, strip, wire and tubes. The authors sought to overcome these limitations by resorting to precipitation-hardening, which has been used so successfully in nonferrous metallurgy but only to a limited extent in iron-base alloys. Accomplishment of this objective not only overcame the limitations, but also effected certain improvements in mechanical and other properties. This paper is an account of the development by Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation of a precipitation-hardening 18-8 stainless steel (called Stainless W? and tentatively identified as type 322). A description is given of its composition and metallurgical characteristics, heat-treatment, physical and mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW STEEL For a considerable length of time the authors were unable to determine the mechanism of the precipitation-hardening process that had been noted by Ffield 18,19 in 18-8 Ti or 18-8 Cb after cold-working and reheating to moderately elevated temperatures. All known variables were exhaustively studied, but with little success. However, results began to indicate that chemical composition was the most important variable, particularly the ratio of austenite-forming to ferrite-forming elements. The investigators 'then focused their attention upon the composition, and, in particular, upon the element titanium and its mode of alloying in the presence of other elements. A heat was obtained that could not be brought to the softness level of annealed 18-8. The response to cold-straining and aging* was very marked by previous standards, and, more important, cold-straining was found to be entirely unnecessary to produce the precipitation-hardening effect. The chemical composition of this heat was: C, 0.06 per cent; Mn, 0.54; P, 0.016; S, 0.016; Si, o.58; Ni, 7.28; Cr, 17.6o; Ti, 0.90; Al, 0.17. For some time the development work, particularly on composition, was carried

Jan 1, 1946

By J. Y. Tian

In view of the fact that many domestic iron ore-dressing plant applying flotation cells in the re-verse flotation, to improve the technical level of magnetite reverse flotation, we apply such a technological process of one stage rougher and two stages scavenger flotation column respectively. The middling from the two stage scavenger process are returned to magnetic separation for condensing. By contrast, the technological process of one stage rougher and one stage cleaning flotation cells is made up of by multi-magnetic separation and magnetic middling regrinding separations. It has been proved that the flotation column we offer can simplify the technological process structure, obtain advanced technical indexes, run the system smoothly, reduce energy consumption, and be environ-mental friendly.

Jan 1, 2014