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By Lyon F. Terry

IN contemplating the prospects of natural gas being transported from the fields where it is produced to such distant points as Philadelphia, New Jersey, New York City, and New England, let us review the advance that natural gas has made and the projects currently scheduled for construction. This may give us a perspective of the point in the long-range development of the natural gas business in which we now find ourselves, and some basis for judging the further expansion of the industry. Authentic statistics of the total marketed production of natural gas in the United States have been compiled by the Bureau of Mines since the year 1906. The growth of the business is indicated by the following data on marketed production for each ten-year interval since 1906:

Jan 1, 1947

By HUGH E. McKinstry

OPENING the sessions of the Mining Geology Committee, the program on postwar mineral controls drew a larger attendance than any other session of the entire meeting. In view of its general interest, the papers of this session, or a substantial portion of them, are printed elsewhere in this issue. Whether control of mineral resources can help to promote peace, how controls could be applied and to whom, are questions so far-reaching that naturally no pat answer was agreed upon. In fact the discussion took on something of the flavor of a debate between those who favor strict control and those who felt that attempting to ration nations in peacetime would defeat its own ends. Discussion from the floor emphasized the difficulties in administering any international control and the $64 question, that no one cared to answer, asked by a courageous young lady who was induced to mount the rostrum for the purpose, was whether the United Nations should exchange mineral controllers to police each other.

Jan 1, 1944

By R. I. Jaffee, R. M. Evans

IN recent years, the interest in liquid metals as heat-transfer media for power plants has been very great. The possibility of the development of nuclear power plants has increased this interest and served as the impetus behind much research on low melting metals and alloys for such purposes. The principal reasons for consideration of liquid metals as heat-transfer media lie in their high thermal conductivity and consequent high heat-transfer coefficients, stability at high temperatures, and the high ranges of temperature possible. The element gallium possesses some of the requisite properties for a heat-transfer liquid. It is a unique material, having a low melting point and a high boiling point. Pure gallium melts at 29.78oC, and suitable alloying will produce a metal which melts below room temperature. The boiling point is about 2000°C. As it is a liquid metal, the heat-transfer characteristics would be good. Gallium is not now readily available, due in part to a lack of uses for the metal. Nevertheless, it is not a rare element, and a sufficient supply of gallium exists to permit its consideration for this use. Since gallium has some promise as a heat-transfer liquid, owing to its unique properties, research on the subject was carried on at Battelle Memorial Institute at the request of the Bureau of Ships, U.S.N. The research had as its objectives the determination of the effect of alloying on the melting point of gallium, and the study of the corrosion of possible container materials. In this research, alloys were found which had significantly lower melting points than pure gallium, but none which simultaneously fulfilled other additional requirements, chiefly the corrosion problem. Neither was it found possible to reduce the melting point of certain otherwise suitable alloys appreciably by small additions of gallium or gallium alloys. The results gave little hope that gallium alloys can be developed which enhance the good properties and minimize the undesirable characteristics of elemental gallium. Thus, gallium now appears less promising than other metallic heat-transfer media. The experimental thermal-analysis techniques used in this work have been described.' Experimental Results As a first approximation, the development of low melting gallium alloys was based on alloying elements suitable for use in a nuclear power plant, which also lowered the melting point of gallium. Information from the literature, summarized in Table I, indicates that. tin, aluminum, and zinc are the only suitable elements which cause a lowering of the melting point of gallium. Indium and silver also lower the melting point of gallium, but are of little interest for use in nuclear power plants. Of the elements reported not to lower the melting point of gallium, there is some ambiguity on the behavior of copper. Weibke3 obtained solidus arrest temperatures of 29°C for Cu-Ga alloys from 60 to 90 pct Ga, 0.8C lower than the generally accepted melting point. This may be the effect of a eutectic close to gallium, or, more likely, the result of impurities, or experimental error. The seven elements listed in Table I whose effects were not known were of potential interest if they lowered the melting point of gallium. Their effects were determined experimentally for this reason. Binary alloys containing nominally 2 pct of each of these elements were prepared in the form of 2-g melts by placing the components in a graphite crucible and holding them in an argon atmosphere at 370°C for 5 hr. These melts were then subjected to thermal analysis. In all cases. the solidus temperature was the melting point of gallium. Since these elements (As, Ca, Ce, Mg. Sb, Si, and T1) did not lower the melting point of gallium, they were not considered further as components of a eutectic-type alloy. Ga-Sn-Zn Alloys Preliminary considerations of this system for low-melting alloys were encouraging. All three binary systems were of the simple eutectic type. The composition and melting points of the eutectics were as follows: Sn-9 pct Zn (199°C), Ga-8 pct Sn (20°C), and Ga-5 pct Zn (25°C). Therefore, the probability of a ternary eutectic was high. For reasons to be discussed later, aluminum could not be used as an alloying constituent, leaving the Ga-Sn-Zn system as the only one of interest for low-melting gallium-

Jan 1, 1953

By W. J. Kennedy

Energy management in industry has recently achieved notice as a way to reduce costs without decreasing production. The same approach used in industry can be used in mining, even though the processes are different. This approach is based upon a three phase system of data collection, implementation, and monitoring, all aimed at gathering and evaluating information in such a way as to have a maximum impact on energy costs. This approach has these advantages: (1) attention is directed toward the part of each mining system where the most energy is used, (2) input is collected systematically from all persons involved in the operation of each system, and (3) a means of monitoring the progress toward established goals is created. The mining systems considered are truck haulage, conveyor haulage, blasting and crushing, and lighting. After describing the general procedure, the authors have described a specific method for improving the efficiency (and hence the energy consumption) of round-trip truck haul age systems.

Jan 1, 1982

By L. M. Wang

Chengmenshan Copper Mine Concentrator adopts the new process of preferential?bulk stage floatation and utilize reground, largely increase the mineral processing index of the copper and the sulphide concentrates. In addition, the paper describes the remarkable economic benefit of the new process through the comparison of the new and the old processes.

Jan 1, 2014

By A. Cochardt, D. H. Feisel

HE success of the sintered aluminum powder material (SAP)' in raising the maximum useful temperature of aluminum alloys has stimulated effort in investigating similar systems in which the metallic matrixes have higher melting points. Examples of such systems which have been studied are nickel-alumina,2, 3copper-silica,4 copper-alumina,4 titanium-cerium oxide,5 and 80/20 nickel-chromium,8 cobalt,= and molybdenum7 matrixes with various hardeners. Conventional precipitation-hardened high-temperature alloys are often thermally unstable in service. The original fine particles that are responsible for good strength properties grow in size at elevated operating temperatures, a process termed "over-aging." This growth of precipitated particles causes a gradual loss in strength properties. A previous paperb describes the factors that govern the process of overaging, and estimates the time required for overaging of a nickel-alloy matrix dispersion-hardened by various precipitates such as are found in current high-temperature alloys, and by alumina. These calculations indicate that nickel-base alloys hardened with Ni3Al, Tic, or TiN are quite unstable at 1340" F (727°F). Such alloys should overage within a few hours at that temperature. A nickel-base alloy hardened with alumina, on the other hand, should behave differently. It should not overage appreciably within a thousand years. It was further shown8 that the thermal stability of the oxide-hardened alloy is mainly due to the low solubility of oxygen in equilibrium with alumina in the nickel-base matrix. Since the oxygen solubility is small, little oxygen can diffuse, and structural changes require very long times. This paper illustrates the effects of time and temperature on the structural stability of nickel alloy matrixes hardened by dispersions of Ni3A1, Ni3Ti, Tic, and alumina, and of nickel-chromium matrixes hardened by alumina. Hardness measurements and metallography have been used as a measure of structural stability. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Using the best information from published phase diagrams,'-l4 compositions of the Ni-Al, Ni-Ti, and Ni-Ti-C alloys were determined so as to have 5 vol pct of precipitate at 1350° F(732°C), the temperature selected to illustrate the effect of time on structural stability. Table I lists the chemical compositions of these alloys. Standard laboratory melting and alloying techniques were used in preparing ingots of the F-Series of alloys. The cast ingots, 1 3/4 in. in diam, were forged to 3/8-in. diam rods.

Jan 1, 1960

By Karla Carolina Alves da Silva

Esse trabalho tem por objetivo, propor a utilização de um dispositivo, criado na UFPE, para estudar a fadiga funcional e mecânica num atuador de Ti-Ni com memória de forma. Inicialmente, fios de Ti-Ni com efeito memória de forma, com 0,89 mm de diâmetro, foram submetidos a um tratamento térmico de homogeneização por 24 horas a temperatura de 500ºC e têmpera em água a 25ºC. Posteriormente, os mesmos foram submetidas a calorimetria diferencial de varredura para obtenção das temperaturas de transformação. De posse desses dados, foram confeccionados atuadores com a forma de mola helicoidal. Utilizando o dispositivo proposto, esses atuadores foram submetidos às deformações cíclicas, com expansão total de 10mm, num banho térmico programável, a temperatura constante de 85ºC, na condição supereslástica, essa etapa é denominada neste trabalho de ciclo rápido. Com o objetivo de analisar o efeito dessas deformações cíclicas sobre as temperaturas de transformação e a capacidade de recuperação de forma dos atuadores foi realizada um segunda etapa, aqui denominada de ciclo lento. Nessa etapa, os atuadores foram solicitados à esforços de tração equivalentes a tensão de cisalhamento no fio de 70 MPa, dentro do intervalo de temperatura entre 15°C e 85°C, e tiveram o deslocamento e as temperaturas de transformação monitorados por um sensor LVDT e por um termopar respectivamente. Os ciclos rápidos e lentos são intercalados periodicamente. Dessa forma, observou-se a influência da ciclagem termomecânica na degradação do efeito de memória de forma.

Aug 16, 2017

By S. Y. Ezz, K. El•Guindi

A vertical tube, 8 m long and 2.5 cm in diameter, electrically heated to 650°C throughout the majority of its height, was used to study the-effect of ore feed rate and hydrogen flow rate on the reduction of fine iron ore particles. A correlation could be obtained between the combined effect of the amount of reducing gas and reduction time and the per-cent reduction. The results suggest that a method based on the reduction of fine iron ores while falling through up-streaming hydrogen cannot be recommended for industrial application.

Jan 1, 1969

By C. W. Drury

It is practically fifteen years since stellite was first introduced into industry, and since then the progress made in its manufacture has been so rapid and the number of successful applications so varied that it was considered a review of the more important phases would be of general interest. Stellite is a cobalt-chromium-tungsten alloy, containing approximately 2. 75 per cent carbon. The high percentage of carbon is necessary for the requisite hardness and resistance to wear at ordinary temperatures, whereas the tungsten is essential to impart hardness at a red heat. Chromium imparts hardness and strength, and cobalt renders the alloys more resistant to oxidation. The metals cobalt and chromium are completely soluble in all proportions, both in the liquid and solid state, the equilibrium diagram showing a minimum in the solubility curve at approximately 50 per cent cobalt and l,340°C. Cobalt and tungsten are completely soluble up to 40 per cent tungsten, which is beyond the limit of the; tungsten content of stellite alloys. In the presence of carbon, carbides are formed, which are essential in stellite possessing good cutting or wearing properties.

Jan 1, 1930

By M. Hakan Morcali, Onuralp Yücel, Haldun Gürcan, Serdar Aktas, Semih Özbey, Alper Keskin

"This work presents a method for the precipitation of cobalt sulfate by alcohols, specifically ethanol and methanol. The effect of the initial concentration of cobalt, the volumetric ratio of alcohol to cobalt sulfate solution, the addition of sulfuric acid and ammonia, and the effects of common ions on the precipitation percentage were investigated. The performances of ethanol and methanol were compared in terms of the precipitation percentage of cobalt sulfate, and explanations for different performances are offered. In the sulfate-based solution, the alcohol was shown to displace water ligands from the first coordination sphere of the cobalt(II) cations, which led to the precipitation of the cobalt ions as cobalt sulfate heptahydrate. SEM analysis revealed that the particle sizes of the powders produced by this method are smaller than those of commercially available cobalt sulfate. The scientific literature contains no data on the solubility of cobalt sulfate in ethanol. In this study, the solubility product constant (Ksp) for cobalt sulfate was experimentally calculated to be approximately 1.15 x 10-5.IntroductionCobalt sulfate, which is one of the most important compounds of cobalt, is used in the electroplating and electrochemical industries. The addition of cobalt sulfate to nickel-plating baths makes the treated metals brighter, harder, smoother and more ductile (Armstrong et al., 1988). It is also used as a desiccant for lithographic inks, varnishes, paints and linoleum, as well as in storage batteries, e.g., nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) rechargeable batteries (Kang et al., 2010). Cobalt sulfate is employed as a coloring agent in ceramics, enamels and glazes to prevent discoloration and as a copigment for the decoration of porcelain. In addition, cobalt sulfate has been used in animal feeds as a mineral supplement (Budavari et al., 1996; Kirk and Othmer, 1999).In the past, brewers used cobalt sulfate to prolong the life of beer foam (Kesteloot et al., 1968). Ranchers have dosed livestock with cobalt sulfate or used fertilizer enriched with this mineral to ensure that their animals obtained sufficient amounts of the trace mineral, which is essential to the production of vitamin B12. Cobalt sulfate has also been used in veterinary medication to prevent and treat cobalt deficiency in ruminants, which causes a reduction in feed intake and body weight, accompanied by emaciation, anemia and debility.Cobalt sulfate is a water-soluble bivalent cobalt salt. Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate dehydrates entirely at 420° C, and the dehydrated salt forms red monoclinic crystals."

Jan 1, 2015

By N. Morrison, I. Holl, R. Welyhorsky, A. Hempstock

ABSTRACT: The Victor diamond mine is located in the James Bay lowlands, 90 km west of the First Nations village of Attawapiskat. The project was the first of its kind in northern Ontario. The process plant was designed to produce a 95 to 98% by weight diamond concentrate through three stages of comminution, dense medium separation, and proprietary X-ray technology for final recovery. The plant was commissioned over a period of six months, commencing prior to substantial completion of construction. Through effective planning of the commissioning phase, the Victor mine start-up was safely completed nine months ahead of schedule.

Jan 1, 2011

By Juan Francisco y Medina, Antonio Nieto

La responsabilidad social empresarial (RSE) como estrategia para hacer frente al riesgo social existente y potencial se ve limitada por su incapacidad para cuantificar el riesgo. El índice desarrollado en este trabajo toma en cuenta factores cuantificables, tales como la competencia por el uso del agua, el suelo y la mano de obra, que permiten evaluar escenarios con riesgo de conflicto, e informarse sobre los componentes específicos a los que se debe dar prioridad para reducir el riesgo social. Los resultados del valor del índice se han comparado con casos sociales reales de ocho operaciones mineras auríferas diferentes de todas partes del mundo.

Dec 31, 2020

By Colonel Oattis E. Parks

The quantity of coal recovered by diamond coring techniques is not sufficient in many instances to make meaningful coking and/or ash fouling tests. Quantities in excess of that obtained by conventional coring techniques, usually in amounts exceeding 500 pounds, has been designated bulk sampling. During the past three years, AMAX Coal Company has utilized five methods of bulk sampling. It was our desire to obtain a bulk sample that was diagnostic of the seam by the most expedient and economical method. From the beginning all of our efforts have been directed to methods which would extract the required coal from slim boreholes which provide quick and inexpensive access to the coal seam, regardless of depth, terrain and accessability. In our efforts and investigation several large diameter cores have been taken from thick coal seams at relatively shallow depths in easily drilled rocks. On the other hand, for deeper thin seams multiple large diameter coring is more expensive and time consuming. It is somewhat less expensive when multiple cores are taken from a single slim borehole utilizing deflection coring, although considerable skill is necessary.

Jan 1, 1973

By Murray F. Hawkins

Horner1 and van Everdingen8 ave shown that the pressure drop within the wellbore, as a result of having produced the well at a constant rate q for time t, where t is sufficiently large, is: van Everdingen observed that better agreement between theory and well performance can be obtained if, instead of assuming the permeability is kc everywhere about the well, it is assumed the permeability near the well-bore is substantially reduced as a result of drilling, completion and/or production practices. In order to account for the additional pressure drop he introduced the dimensionless quantity S, the skin effect factor, so that Eq. 1 becomes: Eq. 2 might have also been obtained as follows. Assume a zone of altered permeability k, exists about the well out to a radius r and beyond that the unaltered, external permeability k. The additional pressure drop required to overcome this skin of reduced permeability may be calculated with sufficient accuracy using the incompressible flow equation; for Browns-combe and Collins1 have shown almost no difference between compressible and incompressible steady-state flow, in the vicinity of the wellbore, and the small volume of fluid in the vicinity of the wellbore makes unsteady-state mechanics unnecessary. Then. The sign of this skin pressure drop will be positive or negative depending upon whether the altered permeability k, is smaller or larger, respectively, than the external permeability k... Adding the pressure drop of Eq. 3 to Eq. 1 to find the total pressure drop: Comparing Eq. 4 with Eq. 3 it is seen that the skin effect may be defined by: be determined from pressure build-up tests1,3,4,5,6,7,8 The average permeability kavg including the altered and external permeabilities, can be determined from PI tests, and may be defined approximately on the basis of steady-state flow, as was done by Thomas' in defining the damage factor, by: The productivity ratio is the ratio of the average to the external permeability, kavg/ke or This equation shows that the productivity ratio and the skin effect are not uniquely related, because of the uncertainty in the drainage radius, and also, in many instances, the wellbore radius. Fortunately, they enter in the logarithm. The curves of Fig. I are plots of Eq. 8 for values from 100 to 50,000. The points represent the skin effects and corresponding productivity ratios from a large number of well tests, taken from Fig. 15 of Ref. 5 or Fig. 13 of Ref. 9. While some of the data

Jan 1, 1957

By J. W. Cunningham, M. J. Stultzman

THE demand for improved materials for high-temperature service has increased during the last few years. Iron,- nickel,- and cobalt-base alloys have been investigated extensively and many alloys with outs'tanding high-temperature strength have been developed. Considerable research has been directed toward improved methods of processing these alloys. The vacuum furnace as a tool for the purification and improved control of high-temperature alloys has been studied extensively and production units are in operation. The research covered by this paper studied the effects of casting in air, vacuum, or argon upon the elevated-temperature properties of two nickel- and two cobalt-base alloys. The alloys investigated were Stellite 31, He 1049, Udimet 500, and Guy Alloy. MELTING AND CASTING PROCEDURES Two heats of each of the four alloys under investigation were melted and investment cast under the following conditions: 1) Stellite 31 was melted and investment cast in air and in vacuum, with an argon atmosphere for pouring. 2) He 1049 was melted and investment cast in air and in vacuum, with an argon atmosphere for pouring. 3) Udimet 500 was melted and investment cast in vacuum with and without additions of zirconium and boron. 4) Guy Alloy was melted and investment cast in vacuum and in argon. The heats were all melted in induction furnaces equipped with preformed magnesia crucibles of 50-lb capacity. The air-melting furnace was powered by a spark-gap converter of 40 kw capacity. The vacuum-melting furnace was powered by a motor-generator set of 100 kw capacity. The argon heat of Guy alloy was melted in the vacuum melting furnace under an argon atmosphere. Virgin materials were used for preparing all heats except the air heats of Stellite 31 and He 1049. The charge for the air heat of Stellite 31 was a commercial blend of shot. The charge for the air heat of He 1049 was Stellite 6 shot plus those virgin materials necessary to give the desired composition. All of the materials used were of the same grade used com-

Jan 1, 1960

By A. R. Marder

Fe-C alloys have been investigated at temperatures below the eutectoid transformation to determine whether the superplasticity phenomenon exists for these materials. As a result of void formation at the carbide-ferrite interfaces that led to void coalescence and premature failure, the large elongations characteristic of superplustic matem'als did not develop. It had generally been assumed that the conditions for obtaining superplasticity include: a) T/Tm =0.5, b) a strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress that results in m s 0.3, and c) fine-grain structure. Although superphsticity was not observed in the alloys studied, stress-strain rate measurements indicated that an additional condition for the existence of superplasticitv in Fe-C allovs is that the fine-wain structure be equiaxed in agveement with previous results on Zn-Al al1oys. MANY investigations have been made on the hot deformation of iron-base alloys in order to obtain an understanding of the variables that may affect high-temperature strength and ductility.'-6 However, only a few papers have studied the effect of carbon content on the high-temperature properties of iron-base alloys. Peretayat'ko and Zaikov and Wallquist and carlen4 studied the effect of carbon on strength in the y temperature range, and recently Robbins, Shepard, and sherby6 studied the influence of carbon on the torsional behavior of iron in the a and cu-plus-cemen-tite temperature ranges. In addition to studying hot deformation behavior, current investigations have also been concerned with the phenomenon of superplasticity in nonferrous materials, and, in particular, ferrous alloys. Superplasticity is identified by the increased resistance to necking that results from a high strain rate sensitivity of the flow tress. ackofenr proposed the strain rate hardening coefficient m = d log a/d log e as a measure of strain rate sensitivity and showed that m must be "-0.3 for superplasticity to exist. In addition, a fine-grained microstrcture,- a eutectic or eutectoid ornosition,- and a test temperature in the creep range (TITm > 0.5)" have also been advanced as necessary conditions for superplasticity. Although many workers""23 investigated superplasticity associated with the allotropic transformation in iron and the eutectoid transformation in steel, and recently chadler " and orrison have studied superplasticity in the a - y phase region, no one has measured the superplastic effect in the a + cementite temperature region. Therefore, the purpose of this investiga- tion was to determine the effect of carbon content, microstructure, and test temperature on the strain rate sensitivity of Fe-C alloys at temperatures below the eulectoid transformation. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Fe-C alloys with carbon contents of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 wt pct were prepared as 100 lb 54 in. ingots by vacuum-induction melting. The compositions are listed in Table I. All the ingots were soaked at 2100°F for 2 hr prior to rolling to 4 in. plate. The minimum finishing temperature for rolling was 1800°F. The plate was sheared in 10-in. lengths and tensile bars were rough-machined prior to heat treatment. The samples were heat-treated according to the schedule in Table I1 in order to obtain a fine-grained microstructure consisting of finely dispersed carbides in a matrix of small ferrite grains. All the tensile specimens were heat-treated prior to finish machining, and tensile testing was accomplished on an Instron machine in conjunction with a clamshell furnace. The buttonhead specimen configuration is shown in Fig. 1. An inert atmosphere, helium, was maintained during testing with a steel tube shroud in a bell jar arrangement. Predried helium was continually purged over the buttonhead specimens and exhausted through ceramic fiber at the bottom of the tube to keep oxidation at a minimum and to prevent

Jan 1, 1970

John J. Porter, Cincinnati, Ohio (communication to the Secretary *):—The remarks of Mr. Firmstone concerning the presence of nickel in Oriskany ores, call to my mind some additional evidence on this point. In 1903, while engaged in the determination of zinc in a number of samples of ore from the Oriskany mine of the Alleghany Ore & Iron Co., I was surprised to discover the presence of nickel and cobalt. As far as I was then able to discover, their present;! had up to this time remained unnoticed. The amounts ranged from 0.05 up to 0.10 per cent. of the combined oxides, and while no attempt was made to separate the metals, the presence of both nickel and cobalt was conclusively proven. Since that time I have learned that traces of these metals are of quite general occurrence in Virginia iron-ores, and more especially in the ores of the Potsdam formation from the western slopes of the Blue Ridge. In certain manganese-ores from this formation, I have found as high as 0.50 per cent. of nickel and cobalt oxides. Any one interested in this subject will find further information in a volume l written by Andrew 8. McCreath, and printed in 1884 for distribution by the Norfolk & Western railway. A number of complete and accurate analyses of Virginia iron-and manganese-ores are given, and practically all show nickel and cobalt in appreciable quantity. Still another source of information on the occurrence of nickel in iron-ores in the United States, for which I am indebted to Charles Catlett, is found in the Tenth Census. Several analyses of Oriskany ores are given: all of which show the presence of nickel, with less cobalt, while the single representative from the Potsdam formation shows nickel, with no cobalt.

Jan 1, 1909

By James E. Mauser

This report deals with the investigation of a continuous process for producing pure zirconium. It covers the construction, operation, and maintenance of the semicontinuous reactor. The report covers a study of test variables, such as reactor temperature and reluctant charge weights, and evaluates the results, such as billet metal hardness, residual billet salt content, and suitability of a purified billet as a consumable electrode for arc melting. The purpose of this project was to develop an inexpensive and continuous process for producing pure zirconium. The process developed, termed the semicontinuous reactor process, produced billets of compacted zirconium sponge. The metal was produced by reducing zirconium tetrachloride with sodium and magnesium beneath molten byproduct salt. Hydraulic rams at each end of a vertical reaction tube compacted the sponge and ejected it as a billet. These billets were purified by heat under vacuum to remove entrapped salt. The goal was to utilize the purified billet directly as a consumable electrode for arc melting.

Jan 1, 1961

By Silvio Hernández Aquije

El presente artículo señala el plan de exploración e inventario del vanadio en el Perú. El vanadio de depósitos industriales se ha encontrado en los carbones denominados asfaltitas que se hallan repartidos a todo lo largo de la rama occidental de la cordillera de los Andes. Sin embargo, no se le ha encontrado en otras fuentes comerciales como es el caso de los vanadatos del tipo de la vanadinita. En ese sentido, el autor plantea una exploración con sonda diamantina en los filones vanadíferos de la Región Central de la Cordillera de los Andes, ya que se puede adaptar a todas las condiciones que puedan presentarse en el terreno. Para ello, se trabajará sobre una área en la que hay seguridad da encontrcrar buenos filones de asfatitas vanadíferas.

May 1, 1954

[Page Vernal Mortensen, RMCMI President 1982-1983 2 RMCMI Officers 1982-1983 4 Treasurer's Report 198 1-82 5 Remembrance of Deceased Members 6 Roster of Advertisers 7 President Ira E. McKeever's Address 9 1982 New Member Listing 10 "Which Shall it be - Pity or Pride?" Keynote Address, Dr. William S. Banowsky 17 "Don't Desert the American Dream - Fulfill it!" Carl Terzian 22 "The Image of the Coal Industry" Symposium, Charles W. Margolf, Chairman 33 The Honorable Michael Enzi 34 Harris D. Sherman 38 Robert Golten 40 Ralph Looney 43 "Sure You Have an Image - But What Kind?", Carl Terzian 46 Resolutions 77 Advertisements 79 Acknowledgment, Appointment 111 Invitation to 1983 RMCMI Meeting 112]

Jan 1, 1982