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By R. C. A. Thurston

"The lack of notch ductility in structural steel in general, and in ship plate in particular, has been the object of widespread attention in the metallurgical world since the spectacular collapse of the ill-fated S.S. Schenectady in 1943. Numerous investigations have been carried out, many new tests have been developed, and a vast amount of useful data has been published, with the result that our knowledge is now far more advanced than it was at the time of this disaster. Interest has focused largely on the medium strength steels, and the various factors which cause a normally ductile steel to behave in a brittle manner in the presence of a notch and at relatively .low temperatures have been thoroughly studied.The literature available on high-tensile steels, however, is less extensive and the present paper is intended to supplement this information. Notch toughness tests have been carried out, at the request of the R.C.N., on a high-tensile manganese steel in the form of commercial ship plate. One of the newer tests, the tear test, and the Charpy V-notch impact test, were used to examine the characteristics of plate for the construction of an ice-breaker. About 250 plates, mainly in the thickness range from 11,4 in. to 1 % in., were tested. An an-alysis of the results obtained is presented, certain aspects of the tear test are discussed, and the correlation between the two types of test is studied. On the basis of information available from casualty ships, the plates, with few exceptions, were considered to be satisfactory."

Jan 1, 1959

By Lianjun Liu, Ying Li, Qianyi Zhang

"Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 by H2O for production of Cl fuels (CO and CH4) was studied using copper and iodine co-modified TiO2 (Cu-IffiO2) nanocomposites, with copper deposited on the surface and iodine doped in the lattice. The nanocomposites were prepared via a combined hydrothermal and wet impregnation process. All I-doped samples demonstrated visible light activity. Under UV-vis irradiation, co-modification of Cu and I significantly increased TiO2 photoactivity compared with bare TiO2 or those modified with only one species.IntroductionThe photoreduction of CO2 into fuels on photocatalysts such as TiO2 has been regarded as an important approach to solve both energy shortage and globe warming problems [1]. However, the wide band gap and fast recombination ofphotoinduced hole (h+) and electrons (e"") limited the application of TiO2 in CO2 photoreduction reaction. Extensive research has been conducted to improve the photocatalytic ability ofTiO2 by depositing or doping foreign ions that can enhance charge transfer and/or creates intra-band-gap states to induce visible light absorption at the subband- gap energy. Compared with mono-doping, co-doping of metal/nonmetal species has been reported to have higher photocatalytic activity for TiO2 [1-3]. Our previous studies showed that Cu deposited on TiO2 [4] or iodine doped in TiO2 [5] significantly enhanced the catalytic efficiency for CO2 photoreduction and increased the response to visible light. We hypothesize that there could be a synergetic effect if TiO2 is co-modified by both Cu and I species resulting in further improvement in CO2 reduction efficiency. In this work, we synthesized and characterized Cu-IffiO2 samples and investigated their activity toward CO2 reduction under visible and UV-vis illumination, respectively.Experimental MethodsMaterialsTitanium tetra-isopropoxide (TTIP, 98%) and isopropanol (C3HsO, 99.8%) were purchased from Acros Organic. Iodic acid (HIO3,99.8%) and Copper Chloride (CuCh, 99.9%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. All other chemicals were analytical grade and used without further treatment."

Jan 1, 2012

By L. A. Readdy

Pilot Hole "X" was drilled to test the formations through which the ventilation shaft for the proposed U.S.B.M. demonstration oil shale mine will be drilled. The history of the drilling of Pilot Hole "XI' is presented. This historical summary provides the details of method used during the drilling of this hole. Problems encountered during drilling are discussed. The quantities of drilling mud and other materials used to drill the hole are documented.

Jan 1, 1977

The effects of detonation of downlines and downline-booster systems on lodse-poured charges of 94% porous prilled ammonium nitrate/6% fuel oil (AN/FO) were determined. Detonation stability was indicated by the initiation-failure pattern of detonating fuse witness lines located at intervals along the charge. Steel tubing was used as the confining medium. Charge diameters (d) varied between 2-21/32 and 8.1/8 in. and specific charge weights (w) of downlines between 4.0 and 93.2gr/ft. The axes of charge and downline were colinear. The minimum value of w required to cause initiation of AN/FO increased with d. When initiated by a downline only, the charge'underwentlowòorder detonation. When downline-booster systems are used, the detonation wave in the downline cuts all equatorial planes in the charge before the detonation wave in the surrounding AN/FO. If the downline itself does not cause initiation, therefore, the explosive ahead of the main detonation wave is crushed, and hence desensitised, by the radially-expanding compression wave and gases generated by the downline. In a given equatorial plane, the fraction gftharge undergoing detonation decreases with an increase in the booster-plane distance. The longitudinal limit of nation increases significantly with d, but surprisingly little with a decrease in w. In the presence of a downline, the blasting performance of AN/FO charged _

Jan 1, 1970

The coal-bearing regions of Colorado cover approximately 29,600 square miles, which is 28.4 percent of the state's total area. The most important coal-bearing regions are located in the north western and west-central parts of Colorado. Coal resources vary from lignite to anthracite. More than 70 percent are bituminous; 23 percent subbituminous; 5 percent lignite; and less than 1 percent anthracite. The state's coal reserves total about 17.2 billion tons, 3.5 percent of national reserves. Approximately 8.8 million acres of coal rights in the state are owned by the Federal Government; on about 72percent of this land, the Federal Government controls both the coal and the surface rights. It is estimated that approximately 4.2 billion tons of coal reserves are under federal ownership in Colorado. Permitted acreage of mines in Colorado ranges from 40 to 13,114 acres. Differences in elevation create many climatic zones in Colorado. Local annual precipitation can average less than eight inches in some areas in extreme western Colorado to more than 30 inches in certain mountainous areas. Generally, precipitation rates are low at most mine sites, making revegetation difficult. Colorado gained primacy when its regulatory program was conditionally approved December 15,1980. The Abandoned Mine Land Program was approved June 11, 1982.

Jan 1, 1992

By G. F. Raymond, W. P. Armstrong

"At the time of this study, the Valley mine was producing 23 000 tonnes of ore per day from a large, low-grade porphyry copper orebody. Sulphide mineralization, principally bornite and chalcopyrite, occurs in a stock work of quartz veins in one phase of the Guichon Creek batholith. The property was explored from 1967 to 1982, and was placed in production in 1983.Using a three-parameter lognormal approximation developed by G.F. Raymond at Similkam een and Mount Isa Mines, a geo- statistical conditional probability ore reserve was estimated prior to mining. Comparisons with blasthole kriging and milled ore for the first 17 months of production showed close agreements at all cut-offs between conditional probability estimates and mineable ore. This was not true of either kriging or polygon estimates. An important part of this work was identifying and correcting for bias in both exploration and blasthole samples.IntroductionCominco's Valley lake deposit is a large, low-grade, porphyry copper orebody in the Highland Valley of British Columbia. Total indicated plus inferred ore reserves are 700 M tonnes at ore grade of 0.47070 Cu. At the time of writing, ore milling is at a rate of 23 000 tI d through the old Bethlehem mill. Mining is in 10m horizontal benches using 9.8 m3 shovels and 90 tonne trucks. Since this paper was written, Valley and nearby Lomex have been combined into Highland Valley Copper with a combined oreproduction of about 120 000 tI d.Copper mineralization, principally bornite and chalcopyrite, is regularly distributed throughout the deposit as disseminated low-grade within a granodiorite host rock, and as higher grade veinlets within a stock work of near-vertical quartz veins generally 10 cm or less in width. It is likely that problems with sample variability and sample bias are mainly related to mineralization within quartz veining. Valley geology has been described in detail by Allen and Richardson and by Osatenko and Jones (2). The exploration sampling program and identification of diamond-drill sample bias have been discussed by Armstrong and Newman'»."

Jan 1, 1988

By S. K. Sharma, R. Markandeya, G. Venkateswara

"In this study, a three level Box- Behnken factorial design combined with Response surface methodology (RSM) for modeling of process parameters of Multi Gravity Separator (MGS) for recovery Iron values from sub grade iron ore, Deposit No. 5, Bailadila complex has been developed. The three significant operational parameters of MGS, Drum rotational speed (RPM), Drum inclination (degrees) and quantity of wash water (LPM) were considered in the experimental work. Other parameters like feed percent solids, shake frequency and shake amplitude were maintained constant. The ‘as received’ sub grade iron ore sample is admixture of lump and fines and chemically assayed 40.80% Fe, 40.90% SiO2, 0.24% Al2O3 and 0.22% Loss on Ignition (LOI). The obtained results were evaluated with the Box-Behnken factorial design, RSM and also Quadratic programming(QP). Second order response functions were produced for Fe in terms of grade (%) and recovery (%) of the concentrate fraction. Taking advantage of QP, it was observed that maximum grade of 62.21% Fe achieved at an inclination of 4.3degrees, 2.7LPM of wash water and at a drum speed of 198 RPM. Similarly a maximum Fe recovery of 65.37% weight can be achieved at 4.3degrees inclination, 2.6LPM wash water and at a rotational speed of 212 RPM Predicted values of responses obtained using model equations were in good agreement with the experimental values. The influence of the process variables of the multi gravity separator concentrator on grade and recovery of concentrate fraction were presented and discussed."

Jan 1, 2014

By R. Melley, P. Wissner

The paper looks at the basic theory of tri-bological wear and the role played by the lubricant and its additives. It presents the argument that the “real cost of lubrication” is not the purchase price of the oil or grease, but rather the costs associated with not using the correct lubricant. A number of examples are presented, covering oils, greases and additives, in which a detailed evaluation of the application has shown that when all of the benefits of using the best lubricant/additive are evaluated, the savings achievable greatly surpass the incremental cost of the superior lubricant. One of the emerging classifications of costs in industry today are those associated with environmental protection. Two of the examples used describe the replacement of more conventional lubricants with environmentally acceptable products, compounded to compete in all aspects of serviceability, but which have the added bonus of being not only biodegradable but also of being of low toxicity.

Jan 1, 1997

By George Krauss, M. Cohen

The reverse martensitic transfomzation (i.e., the conversion of martensite to austenite on heating) was investigated in Fe-Ni alloys containing 30.5 to 33.5 wt pct Ni. The reversed austenite was found to be sufficiently distorted to exhibit marked differences in mechanical properties and to undergo recovery and re crystallization on further heating. In particular, the yield strength of the reversed austenite was as much as 2.5 times higher than that of the virgin austenite: with five cycles of the direct and reverse martensitic transformation, the yield strength was 2.6 times higher. There was an accompanying decrease in strain-hardening capacity and in stable ductility or uniform elongation. The recrystallization was observed to follow sigmoidal kinetics, but was characterized by an abnormal1y large temperature dependence which was evidently due to carbon segregation at the migrating grain boundaries. Upon recrystallization, the strength Properties reverted to those of the virgin austenite, but the ductility did not fully recover until the annealing temperature was further raised to dissipate the carbon segregation at the grain boundaries. The transformation of reversed austenite to produce second-generation martensite resulted in an unusually imperfect structure, thereby leaditg to additional strengthening. Horlleuer, the martensitic phase was much less responsive in this respect than was the austenite. MOST martensitic transformations are capable of undergoing a reverse transformation back to the austenitic phase on heating.&apos; This reaction, like the direct transformation to martensite on cooling, is usually athermal. In analogy with the Ms andMf temperatures for the martensitic transformation (where M, > Mf), the reverse transformation is characterized by the As andAf temperatures (where As<Af). It is well-known that the finish (Af) of the martensite-to-austenite reaction on heating may occur at a temperature where austenite is not stable relative to other phases in the equilibrium diagram.&apos; Reverse martensitic transformations have been found to influence the properties of the parent austenitic phase in a number of ferrous alloys. The austenite thus produced after one or more reversals is significantly altered in strength, microstruc-ture, diffusivity, and annealing characteristics compared to well-annealed, virgin austenite. The first detailed observations of such phenomena were made by Wasserman3 on an Fe-30 wt pct alloy. He found that the reversed austenite (i.e., austenite formed by the reverse martensitic transformation) was much stronger than the original austenite, and the second-generation martensite (i.e., martensite produced from the reversed austenite) was somewhat stronger than the first-generation martensite. On heating the reversed austenite, recrystallization occurred in a manner similar to that of a cold-worked metal; the Laue spots sharpened and the strength decreased.4 In recent years, Russian workers have shown considerable interest in these reverse martensitic transformations. Most of such investigations5-10 have been concerned with the stabilization of reversed austenite relative to subsequent martensitic transformation, and because of its unusual nature, this phenomenon will be discussed in detail elsewhere." On the other hand, the annealing behavior of reversed austenite and the attendant variation in properties have received little attention beyond the experiments of Wasserman.3,4 Gridnev eta1.,8 in one of the few such studies. followed the hardness change of reversed austenite as a function of time at three annealing temperatures. The marked strengthening of austenite achieved by the reverse martensitic transformation has been referred to as "transformation strengthening" by Wasserman3,4 and as "phase hardening" by Malyshev et a1.7,9,10 to differentiate it from hardening produced by cold working. Both groups of investigators noted that further strengthening of the austenite could be attained by repeated or cyclic transformations, but the first cycle resulted in the most pronounced effect. Evidence of the altered microstructure of reversed austenite has been reported by Maximova and Nikonorova6 and by Edmonson and KO.12 The former found that reversed austenite was much more sensitive to etching than the original austenite, and the latter authors observed a (&apos;ghost" structure resembling martensite in certain areas of the reversed austenite. Enhancement of the self-diffusion rate in reversed

Jan 1, 1962

By R. D. Lrwin, W. M. Mullins, S. Venugopa, J. C. Malas

"Physical models for acoustic emission (AE) are introduced and expressions are derived to predict AE activity from such parameters as applied stress, strain and strain-rate. These models are then incorporated into a visco-plastic finite-element simulation program, and the acoustic emission event rate generated during metal forming operations are predicted. Simulation results are presented for upsetting operations on a typical C-Mn type steel for various friction and die geometry conditions. The AE model predictions compare well with the limited available experimental results reported in the literature and demonstrate that AE signatures can be reliably simulated. The signatures predicted for metal forging are fairly insensitive to processing parameter changes. This suggests that AE event rate monitoring may not be well suited to process monitoring for forging. However, the size of the features is conjectured to influence the frequency content of the AE signals. Thus, since current simulations include only the ability to predict the number of events for a set of processing conditions, future work is required to simulate the duration and magnitude of acoustic events. Fourier analysis techniques may then be applied to investigate correlation with microstructural features.IntroductionThe open loop control system method for deformation processing design, as described by Malas et al. [1 ], consists of several steps in series to achieve the final design. The first step uses microstructure development models to determine the optimum deformation path to achieve the desired final microstructure. The second step, the process model, calculates the processing parameters required to achieve this deformation path. Finally, the metal-working system uses the required processing parameters to produce the part. Figure 1 shows this in block diagram form"

Jan 1, 1997

By R. E. Head

[This paper embodies the data obtained by a detailed statistical, microscopic analysis of the composite mill feed concentrate, and tailing from the Magne and Arthur mills of the Utah Conger Co. for 1 month in 1929. It is one of a series of papers by the same authors5 dealing with the mineralogical characteristics of the ore and concentration products from various well-known plants. The work was done in the cooperateive microscopic service laboratory at Salt Lake and represents the results of cooperation between the United States Bureau u of Mines, the Utah Copper Co. and the University of Utah.]

Jan 1, 1935

By V. R. Degner

The trend in both the metallic and non-metallic mining industry is toward processing increasing y higher tonnages of lower grade ores, thereby resulting in a growing interest in progressively larger volume individual machines in the flotation circuit. Because of the relatively high cost of large flotation machine development and evaluation, it is important to establish a rational basis by which the existing smaller flotation machine experience can be extrapolated to establish the configuration of the next larger family of flotation machines with a minimum of development modification in the field. This paper reviews the R&D approach used in translating smaller flotation machine experience to establish the configuration of a 1000 cu ft (2B.3 cu m) induced air machine. Internal cell hydrodynamic principles, which governed this extrapolation, and cell (liquid) surface and froth management considerations will be reviewed, and prototype machine mill tests will be summarized.

Jan 1, 1978

By R. S. Sanford

The Claim Point chromite deposits are at tidewater near the southern tip of the Kenai Peninsula in southwestern Alaska, The United States Geological Survey had a field party in the region from July until September 1940 under P. W. Guild, assistant geologist; maps and geological data were assembled and made available to the Bureau of Mines. A preliminary investigation of the deposits at Claim Point by the senior author during July 1941 was followed by surface sampling and core drilling to determine the quantity and grade of the ere, The Geological Survey was represented at the project by George O. Gates, geologist. Cores were checked and the structural data revealed by drill cores were interpreted. The principal chromite deposits have been sampled and delimitated by trenching and core drilling. Other deposits were trenched and sampled but were too small or too low-grade to warrant core drilling.

Jan 1, 1949

By L. Li, K. Jiang

China is the world largest producer and consumer of zinc. Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (BGRIMM) is one of major research and engineering institutes for nonferrous metallurgy in China. This paper (presentation) introduces the development of China’s zinc smelting industry, key production processes and main producers. The process research and development are reviewed as well as BGRIMM’s R&D activities in the last decade. China&apos;s refined zinc production was 4,829kt in 2012, accounting for 38.6% of world production. Primary production was 4,722kt. There are around 150 refined zinc producers in China. The traditional fluid bed roasting - leaching jarosite is still a dominant process for primary production and its production accounts for about 60% of country&apos;s total production. However, the direct leaching process is gaining market share. Seven direct leaching plants with 330kt/a capacity, including autoclave leaching and the Outotec direct leaching, have been put into production by June 2013. Five autoclave leaching projects with 590kt/a capacity are in the pipe line and are expected to be commissioned in 2014 and 2015. To cut the production cost and improve smelter economics, process research to optimize the production flow sheet, to improve the iron removal and to enhance the recovery of co-existed rare metals were carried out. The development trends of China’s zinc smelting industry from the view of cutting production cost, improving energy efficiency, increasing comprehensive utilization are discussed accordingly.

Jan 1, 2014

By Elisabetta Tedeschi, Razieh Nejati Fard

Deep-sea mining is in the future perspective of mining industry and it is currently in the technological development phase. The focus of this study is on the electrical power system that provides sufficient energy for the mining equipment at the seafloor, excavating Seafloor Massive Sulfide (SMS) deposits. SMS deposits usually exist at water depths between 1500 m and 4000 m. Despite the similarities of SMS deposits excavation to the open-pit terrestrial mines, more energy is required to drill and crush the ores in the hyperbaric conditions [1], which can be done whether by static trench cutters [1] or by mobile mining crawlers [2]. In addition, the ores vertical transportation by subsea pumps requires several MW electrical power that can be supplied by all-electric subsea motors or hydraulically from water injection motors located on the surface. The power requirements can be fulfilled by an offshore or subsea power network. As the SMS mines are usually in remote locations, the straightforward solution will be an isolated offshore grid mounted on a vessel or platform similar to the most of offshore Oil & Gas projects. These power systems resemble the onshore microgrids for industrial purposes operating in island mode. However, in contrast with the onshore power networks, there are space and weight limitations in offshore infrastructures, which impose the design compactness to be a priority. In addition, having a very high reliability is necessary in the design approach of the offshore projects due to the extraordinary high expenses corresponding to repair and maintenance. The other design criterion is to improve the power system efficiency in order to reduce the size of the power equipment cooling apparatus, operational costs and CO2 emissions produced by diesel/LNG onboard generators. There are a few studies considering power system distribution for seafloor mining industry. Among them, [3] has investigated the AC and DC alternatives for SMS mining in 2400 m water depth by considering Solwara 1 project scenario introduced by Nautilus Minerals Inc. [2]. In this study, a power system design tool will be presented taking into account various water depth, power consumption levels, different distribution configurations (AC and DC) and the aforementioned design criteria.

Jan 1, 2018

By Alvin Schallis

The. problem of supplying enough magnesia for the American war effort has become highly important. Before hostilities began, only about two-thirds of our, require vents came from domestic sources; now they must supply almost all the magnesia we need. A further burden is placed upon our own supply by the fact that more and more magnesia is being required, not alone to pace the war tempo of general industrial activity, but also to replace chrome ore in refractories and to make magnesium metal. The domestic magnesite and brucite industry is equipping itself to satisfy much of this greater demand for magnesia, but the remainder must be obtained elsewhere. The principal sources of magnesia are magnesite, brucite, dolomite or high-magnesium limestone, natural brines, sea water, salt-works bitterns, magnesium silicates, and magnesium salts. Although dolomite is tae subject of this paper, it should be considered in perspective with all these highly competitive sources of magnesia.

Jan 1, 1943

By M. Sagheer

An 8.5-km (5-mile) conveyor has gone into operation in western Turkey to eco¬nomically transport crushed lignite from the mine area to a power plant. This conveyor has replaced trucks as the principal mode of transporting the lignite. One principal element of Turkish govern¬ment policy is the country&apos;s commitment to increase electricity supplies for mining and other industries. Lignite is an important source of electric power supply in Turkey. Production was about 48 Mt (53 million st) in 1987, amounting to more than 20% of the total power supply in Turkey. In the western Anatolia supply network, it plays a major role for power generation. Deposits are located in the Soma region of western Turkey. The lignite is of low quality, deposits are scattered, and the terrain is dif¬ficult and hilly. These conditions demand an economical and technically feasible method of transporting the raw material from mining areas to the central thermal power plant. The Soma power plant is located about 120 km (75 miles) northeast of Izmir, near the coast of Aegean Sea. An overland conveyor of a unique design has gone into commercial operation at the Soma power plant facilities of the Turkish state electricity organization, Türkiye El¬ektrik Kurumu (TEK). The conveyor re¬places truck transport to ensure economical use of the lignite deposits. Computer-aided design (CAD) added more precision, qual¬ity, and flexibility of engineering in design activities. It also helped quick realization of the project that was executed in cooperation with the German company Krupp Industri¬etechnik and the Turkish firm Gama Endüstri AS. Unique features The conveyor includes several major features rarely combined in a single flight: Overland long distance conveyor. • Horizontal curves. -Steep vertical concave and convex curves to match the difficult terrain. Down-hill conveying. Frequency converter drives with vari¬ able belt speed. Generating operation mode to backfeed the energy to the network. Layout The 8.5 km (5 mile) long conveyor takes the -200 mm (-8 in.) lignite from the primary crushing plant located near the mine to the central, final crushing plant located in the stockyard area near the power station. The drive and belt tensioning assemblies are situated near the tail end of the flight. The high voltage switchgear is housed in a room in the primary crushing plant build¬ing upstream from the conveyor flight. The frequency converters are installed in the low voltage switchgear room located below the control room within the primary crushing plant building. Conveyor design The conveyor includes two 4 km (13,120 ft) radius horizontal curves, one left-hand and the other right-hand. The minimum radii

Jan 1, 1989

By Gregory Molinda

Extremely difficult ground conditions were encountered in the main belt entry in a room and pillar mine in West Virginia. Several generations of supplemental support, including cable bolts, cribbing, and Heintzmann jacks and beams failed to halt roof falls that threatened workers safety and the life of the mine. Polyurethane (PUR) was injected into 27 intersections in the roof and the results were monitored by borehole video camera. The mine had averaged 2-3 falls in the beltway per year and, since the roof injection, no roof falls have occurred. Pre- and post injection monitoring of test holes showed that stability can be achieved without filling all of the existing void spaces. Video logging showed that the project goal of building a beam from 2-6 ft into the roof was successful. Pre-injection monitoring of roof fractures uphole can delineate the zones to target for reinforcement, and avoid pumping PUR into large voids to little effect. Multiple-¬injection zones can be identified, and the entire intersection drill hole array can be optimized based on knowledge of the fractured zones. In addition, pre-monitoring can prevent excessive hydrofracturing in solid zones. Polyurethane injection is a proven method of rock stabilization in even the weakest, most broken ground. Optimization of the injection design by pre-injection video diagnostics can greatly contribute to the successful and efficient roof stabilization.

Jan 1, 2004

By Scott W. Hazen

This Bureau of Mines report presents the results of a study and statistical analysis of part of the initial exploration churn-drill sampling and some of the subsequent underground diamond-drill-core sampling in the North are body at the San Manuel copper mine, Arizona. These data were derived from regular exploration and mine sampling, not from special samples obtained solely for statistical analysis. The study was conducted as part of the Bureau&apos;s continuing program on sampling-methods research. The major objective of the study was to investigate the feasibility of using the techniques of statistical analysis in evaluating sample and assay data and computing grade and tonnage of Ore from porphyry-type copper deposits. It was recognized that using existing data acquired over a period of several years by different methods would introduce problems and limitations for precise comparisons. However, it was expected that the study would provide some general conclusions and certainly a number of preliminary conclusions on the nature of the mineral characteristics and their effect on sampling procedures, the requirements for sampling deposits of this type, and the comparative results of churn-and diamond-drill sampling in the same area of the deposit. All of this information would be essential for future sampling-methods research for computing grade and tonnage of ore.

Jan 1, 1963

By C. J. Wilhelm

The Bureau of Mines, under its cooperative agreement with the Kansas State Board of Health, has been conducting a study of the various methods of oil-field brine disposal in the oil fields of Kansas. A previous report5/dealt with this problem in the Ritz-Canton field, McPherson County, Kans. A preliminary survey of the Arkansas River drainage area in western Kansas was made during November and December 1934 and January 1935, and a second survey was made approximately one year later during the months of December 1935 and January and March 1936. In addition to the data on the production of oil and &apos;brine in the various fields and the methods used for handling the brine, the surface drainage and character of the surface soil in the various oil-producing areas were studied.

Jan 1, 1936