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By R. D. Carpenter, R. R. Smith, E. E. Sougstad

The Union Carbide Nuclear Co., in treating low-grade tungsten and molybdenum-copper ores at the Pine Creek mill near Bishop, Calif., employs flotation for the initial extraction of the valuable mineral constituents. These minerals consist of scheelite, molybdenite, and several of the copper sulfides including chalcopyrite, bornite, and possibly chalcocite. They occur in a gangue consisting mainly of quartz, pyroxene, and garnet, with minor amounts of calcite and fluorite. This assemblage of minerals presents an unusual grinding problem because of their diverse physical characteristics. Feed for the circuit is prepared from -6-in. ore by screening on a rod deck screen to remove the -5/8 - in. material. The+5/8-in. fraction is crushed in open circuit with a 5 1/2-ft Symons shorthead crusher operated at a closed- side setting of approximately 3/8 in. The screen undersize and the conecrusher discharge are then combined to constitute the feed to the grinding circuit. The ore is ground in 6 by 5-ft grate discharge ball mills operated in closed circuit with 54-in. spiral classifiers. The classifier overflow goes directly to the flotation section of the plant. Studies of the flotation circuits have shown that the maximum recovery of the tungsten, molybdenum, and copper minerals occurs in the particle-sue range from 100 mesh to approximately 400 mesh. Further, practice has shown that the ore minerals are effectively reduced to this size range if the total ore is ground to -48 mesh. The general objective of the grinding circuit then is to reduce the feed to -48 mesh with the production of a minimum amount of slimes. The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain how well the grinding circuit was carrying out this objective. The method used was to sample the various products in the grinding section, size these products accurately, and analyze the resulting sue distributions. SAMPLE PREPARATION AND SIZING TECHNIQUES Representative samples of the different grinding circuit products, namely, new feed to the ball mill, ball mill discharge, classifier overflow, and classifier return, were taken over a 24-hr period. The samples were then dried without being filtered to avoid loss of slimes. The percentages of solids in the different products were the following: new ball-mill feed, 95%; ball mill discharge, 82%; classifier overflow, 52%; and classifier return, 84% solids. Particle sizes were determined on each product by wet-screening an

Jan 1, 1962

By AIME AIME

FEATURES of the second fall meeting of the Petroleum Division for 1941, held at the Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, Oct. 29-30, were the forum on the Paloma Plan on Thursday after- noon, the large attendance from east of the Rockies, and the dinner on Wednesday evening sponsored by the Southern California Section and at which President Suman spoke on the strategic minerals and metals situation. The attendance was large and the technical fare uniformly good ; the presiding officers had the proceedings well in hand at all times and kept things humming. Some- times it was necessary to taper off the discussion because of pressure on time. All this was due to careful groundwork before the respective sessions. These presiding officers deserve citation: L. W. Huebel, Howard Pyle, E. K. Parks, Carlton Beal, E. G. Trostel. R. W. French, Jr., John Dodge, and H. N. Marsh. The Los Angeles local commit- tees and the Southern California Section deserve much credit for the arrangements, which were recognized by suitable resolutions at the end of the meeting.

Jan 1, 1941

Discussion of the paper of ROSWELL H. JOHNSON, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 98, February, 1915, pp. 221 to 226. A. C. LANE, Tufts College, Mass.-About a year ago Mr. Washburne read a paper on the same characteristic oil-sand waters, discussing their chemical character, and the possibility of their chemical character being modified by adsorption in passing through the shale. We are used to consider circulation as being in one stratum, and I have often gone so far as to think that 2,000 or 3,000 ft. clown I could recognize the chemical character as in part connate to a given water. For instance, the St. Peter sandstone, far underneath oil sands, seems to retain' a relatively fresh and peculiar character. I am, therefore, tempted to ask the writer if in his experiments lie has made any test to see whether the chemical character of these waters is also changed, where there is any adsorption, so that the water passing through these fine-grained beds should leave behind its salt as well as its oil. In many cases salt-waters are associated with oil and-gas. A second question has occurred to me. In these days when we hear a good deal about oil flotation, may it not be well to repeat these experi-ments with pyritic concentrates, and see if they observe precisely the same with regard to the selective accumulation of oil and gas. ROSWELL H. JOHNSON.-I thank Profesor Lane for bringing this question forward. I recognize its importance, but. am not able to say I have any data upon that point. It is also very interesting in connection with Dr. Day's hypothesis of fractional filtration, and we may very easily get something happening to the water corresponding in some degree to what we get with oil. D. B. REGER, Morgantown, W. Va.-Mr. Johnson in his paper states his belief that the oil is formed originally from organic matter in the shale, and is forced out of the shale into the porous reservoir of the sand above the shale. He states further, that as you go deeper iii the measures where there is an increasing overburdens, the oil becomes less and the gas increases in large proportion, or lie says that the oil is forced back out of the sand by pressure, into the shale.

Jan 5, 1915

By B. Blumenthal

THE present investigation was planned as a survey of the lead-rich portion of the ternary lead-antimony-silver system by thermal analysis. Since, however, a rigorous application of the conventional thermal analytical method is time consuming, an attempt was made to speed up the investigation by reducing the time required for a single thermal analysis. This was done by increasing the rate of cooling to 12° to 18°C. per minute, since such a rate does not permit even an approach to equilibrium conditions, the melt was stirred vigorously by a stirrer operating at the high rate of 665 r.p.m. This proved to be effective in obtaining cooling curves with distinct points of arrest and of excellent reproducibility, which satisfactorily compare with those obtained at a rate of 1" to 2°C. per min. with or without slow stirring (Fig. I). By this method the lead-rich end of the lead-alltimony system and a series of ternary alloys in sections parallel to the lead-antimony side of the ternary system were investigated and it was observed that the two branches of the liquidus curve of the binary alloys did not intersect at the euteotic temperature. An equivalent effect mas observed in the ternary system. The eutectic temperature of the binary lead-antimony system was found to be 252.0°C., which confirms the recent in- vestigation by Pellini and Rhines,1 who determined the eutectic temperature to be 2 51.5°C. The observation that the curves of primarY crystallization of the lead-antimony system do not intersect at the eutectic temperature was previously made by Dean.2 Dean explains the phenomeilon by assuming the existence of a compound Sb4pb. He felt that supercooling was not the cause of the phenomena because he was unable to influence them by inoculation. The X-ray investigation by Solomon and Morris-Jones,3 the metallographic investigations by Stead,4 Charpy,5 Gontermann,6 and Dean, Zickrick and Nix,7 and the numerous investigations of physical properties, definitely disprove the occurrence of any compound. The work of Dean was not confirmed by Broniewski and Sliwoski,8 whose experiments did not show any irregularity and who report a eutectic composition of 13 per cent antimony and a eutectic temperature Of 2500 to 252°C. at a rate Of coo1ing of about 6°C. Per min. Abell Redlich and Adler9 then report a eutectic composition of 12.1 per cent upon reviewing the previous publications and adding a few of their own cooling curves. In 1934 Quadrat and Jiriste10 found from careful analyses of the bottom portion of slowly cooled hypereutectic melts that the eutectic only 11 .4 to 11.5 per cent antimany. (Previous analyses by Stead4 .in 1891 gave 13 per cent.) Weaver,ll however, reported in 1935 that cooling cunres indi-

Jan 1, 1944

By B. Blumenthal

THE present investigation was planned as a survey of the lead-rich portion of the ternary lead-antimony-silver system by thermal analysis. Since, however, a rigorous application of the conventional thermal analytical method is time consuming, an attempt was made to speed up the investigation by reducing the time required for a single thermal analysis. This was done by increasing the rate of cooling to 12° to 18°C. per minute, since such a rate does not permit even an approach to equilibrium conditions, the melt was stirred vigorously by a stirrer operating at the high rate of 665 r.p.m. This proved to be effective in obtaining cooling curves with distinct points of arrest and of excellent reproducibility, which satisfactorily compare with those obtained at a rate of 1" to 2°C. per min. with or without slow stirring (Fig. I). By this method the lead-rich end of the lead-alltimony system and a series of ternary alloys in sections parallel to the lead-antimony side of the ternary system were investigated and it was observed that the two branches of the liquidus curve of the binary alloys did not intersect at the euteotic temperature. An equivalent effect mas observed in the ternary system. The eutectic temperature of the binary lead-antimony system was found to be 252.0°C., which confirms the recent in- vestigation by Pellini and Rhines,1 who determined the eutectic temperature to be 2 51.5°C. The observation that the curves of primarY crystallization of the lead-antimony system do not intersect at the eutectic temperature was previously made by Dean.2 Dean explains the phenomeilon by assuming the existence of a compound Sb4pb. He felt that supercooling was not the cause of the phenomena because he was unable to influence them by inoculation. The X-ray investigation by Solomon and Morris-Jones,3 the metallographic investigations by Stead,4 Charpy,5 Gontermann,6 and Dean, Zickrick and Nix,7 and the numerous investigations of physical properties, definitely disprove the occurrence of any compound. The work of Dean was not confirmed by Broniewski and Sliwoski,8 whose experiments did not show any irregularity and who report a eutectic composition of 13 per cent antimony and a eutectic temperature Of 2500 to 252°C. at a rate Of coo1ing of about 6°C. Per min. Abell Redlich and Adler9 then report a eutectic composition of 12.1 per cent upon reviewing the previous publications and adding a few of their own cooling curves. In 1934 Quadrat and Jiriste10 found from careful analyses of the bottom portion of slowly cooled hypereutectic melts that the eutectic only 11 .4 to 11.5 per cent antimany. (Previous analyses by Stead4 .in 1891 gave 13 per cent.) Weaver,ll however, reported in 1935 that cooling cunres indi-

Jan 1, 1944

By Joseph E. Pogue

The outstanding features of 1926 in the petroleum industry included the following: 1. Stocks of all oils (crude and refined) were reduced, making the first annual decline since 1918. 2. Domestic crude oil production increased steadily during the last 11 months of the year, accelerating during the fourth quarter, and ending the year at the highest level ever attained. 3. Three new major oil fields were developed—Panhandle, Spindle-top and Seminole. 4. Important advances were registered in production technique, tending to retard the declines of old wells and to maintain the flush periods of new wells. 5. The problem of gaining greater economic control of production through unit operations and gas conservation received growing recognition by the industry and the Federal Oil Conservation Board. 6. The rate of drilling was sharply increased during the second quarter of the year and suffered only a very slight retardation during the closing months. 7. The runs of crude oil to stills were maintained above normal throughout the year and underwent acceleration during the fourth quarter. 8. The gasoline situation was marked by a continuous and substantial increase in the rate of production of cracked gasoline, and by an improvement in the statistical position of the commodity. 9. Prices of both crude petroleum and its principal derivatives were characterized by more profitable levels and greater stability than for a number of years past; and, while showing declines during the fourth quarter, prices did not recede sufficiently to slow down materially either drilling or refinery operations. Change in Stocks The keynote of 1926 was a reduction in stocks of all oils to the extent of approximately 24,000,000 bbl., or 4.4 per cent., of which roundly

Jan 1, 1927

By Frederic Becket

IN a recent article,1 which described the softening effect of columbium in plain high-chromium steels, the authors stated that their investi-gations had shown columbium to be also a particularly valuable inhibitor of intergranular corrosion in steels of the 18 per cent chromium, 8 per cent nickel type. It is the purpose of the present paper to record some of the results obtained through the introduction of columbium to the austenitic chromium-nickel steels. The damaging effects of this type of corrosion have become so widely known as to restrict considerably the applications of the steels under consideration, and therefore there is little question of the importance of the goal to be attained. Numerous contributions concerning the susceptibility of the aus-tenitic chromium-nickel steels to intergranular corrosion have appeared during the past few years, and among others who have dealt construc-tively with the subject are such well-known authors as Strauss and Houdremont of Germany, Hatfield of England, and Bain in the United States. Different theories have been propounded as to the cause of intergranular corrosion, and various remedial measures have been proposed, the majority of which involve the use of addition agents. Titanium is the addition agent at present most generally employed, as suggested by Houdremont and modified as described by Bain, Aborn and Rutherford.2 Little has been published on the effects of holding these steels for long periods at the relatively lower temperatures in the presence of

Jan 1, 1934

By R. J. Bethancourt, D. M. Collingwood

The use: of a pilot waterflood is very desirable where all of the pertinent data necessary to initiate a full scale waterflood are not. available. This paper attempts to take a specific case and .show the step by step process of starting with a pilot waterflood and progressing to a full wale flood as results are obtained. INTRODUCTION Many of the older fields of Soutlwest Texas are approaching depletion by primary produrtion methods. As primary protlllc:inp operations on individual properties approach their economic limit. conflicting considerations face management: cm the one hand. plugging and abandonment of wells for equipment salvage; on the other hand, further investment in secondary recovery installtions, equilent, and well workovers in the interests of conservation anal additional oil reserves. In main instances, where primary production by pressure depletion and gas solution drive has been comparatively good, there still exists the possibility of an economic secondary recovery by waterflood. This is not necessarily true to the same degrre of all such fields. nor all portions of large fields. To properly evaluate the economics of a prospective water-11ot1cI requires a considerable amount of precise geological. statitical. and physical data Such information on the older field.; is often very limited. and in the case of the property discussed in this paper was considered inadequate to justify investment in an overall waterflood. Primary production was estimated at :39 per cent of the original oil in place, yet sand conditions of permeability and homogeneity, and position in the field appeared to be favorable for a limited margin of profit from a carefully controlled waterflood. Thus a pilot waterflood, with its minimum initial financial risk, followed by extension as favorable results were obtained, seemed to be the answer for the Sun Oil Co L. Wiederkehr lease in the Nortl Government Wells Field, Duval County. Texas DESCRIPTION OF RESERVOIR Approxinately 8,200 wells have been drilled in Duval County. As of March 1, 1952, there were 3,350 producing oil wells in 92 different fields, with very few flowing wells (Fig. 1.) Sun Oil Co. operates the I.. Wiederkehr lease located in the North Government Wells Field in Duval Countv. 85 mile. west of Corpus Chriti and 100 miles south of San Antonio. The lease has been subjected in part to a controlled five spot waterflood. The North Government Wells Field is roughly 7 miles long and 3 miles wide, with numerous overlapping producing zones. The L. Wiederkehr lease of 3.085 acres. Has seven producing zones from 700 to 7.500 ft. The lease is in the northern section of the field where it is widest, and has 710 acres productive from the North Government Wells .and. (Fig. 2.) The North Government Wells sand, Jackson group. Eocene age, at an average depth of 2.250 ft (minus 1.750 subsea). has a thickness range of 25 ft on the east side of the L. Wiederkehr lease to 4 ft on the west side. It has a slight overall dip to the North and East of some 33 ft to the mile.

Jan 1, 1953

By James T. Waber, Allen C. Larson, Karl Gschneidner, Margaret Y. Prince

The original graphical method proposed by Darken and Gurry for predicting which elements are soluble in a given element was slightly modified and was used to predict terminal solubilities in 1455 known binary combinations. it was found that the modified Darken and Gurry method had a reliability of 61.7 pct in predicting extensive solid solubility (greater than 5 at. pct) and of 84.8pct in predicting limited solid solubility (less than 5 at. pct), an over-all reliability percentage of 76.6. Using the same experimental data, it was found that using only the simple Hume-Rothery size-effect criterion was 50.1 pct reliable in predicting extensive solid solubility, only slightly better than a purely random choice. and 90.3 pct reliable for predicting limited solid solubility, an over-all reliability percentage of 67.6. THE first rational rules for determining a priori whether two metals are not freely soluble in the solid state were announced by Hume-Rothery and coworkers.1,2 These well-known rules have been accorded a special place in metallurgical literature. Since the "electronegative" and "relative valence effect" rules of Hume-Rothery were only qualitative in nature it was difficult to use them in a quantitative analysis. The next major step was made by Darken and gurry3 and apparently went unexplored for a number of years. They prepared graphs illustrating the influence of both electronegativity and size difference on the solubility of elements in silver, magnesium, and aluminum, and they drew elliptical figures, whose maximum width was ±15 pct of the solvent radius and the maximum height was ±0.4 electronegativity units. The purpose of the present paper is to assess and compare the effectiveness of using the simple size-factor and the Darken-Gurry criteria to predict which elements will be soluble and insoluble in a given solute. In 1957, waber4 prepared Darken-Gurry plots for determining the solutes that were likely to be soluble in 6 and plutonium and introduced an inner ellipse as an aid to determining which elements should be soluble to a considerable extent. As illustrated in Fig. 1, the major axis of the outer ellipse corresponded to ±0.4 electronegativity units (OD) while the minor axis corresponded to ±15 pct of the radius of the solvent phase (OB). This simultaneous "action" of the two Hume-Rothery criteria was used to indicate which elements would have little or no solubility in the host lattice, namely those elements whose points lay outside this ellipse. An inner ellipse, "centered" over the same point of the solvent was drawn with ±0.2 electronegativity units (OC) and ±8 pct (OA) as the major and minor axes. Solutes with points lying within the inner ellipse were expected to be capable of forming extensive solid solutions with the host element. Use of this method of applying the earlier Hume-Rothery criteria was moderately successful for plutonium. For 6-phase plutonium, only one element out of the eight predicted to be extensively soluble was known to be almost insoluble, and of the sixteen elements predicted to have more restricted solubility, five were known to be essentially insoluble. The success of discerning solubility in the E phase by this method was comparable. One prediction made on the basis of this analysis was that the heavier rare earth metals, such as holmium, erbium, and thulium, should be soluble in the 6 phase, whereas the lighter rare earth elements, such as lanthanum or

Jan 1, 1963

By Edwin S. Johanson, Ronald H. Wolk, Clarence A. Johnson, Harold H. Stotler, Katherine C. Hellwig

The H-Coal process, an ebullated bed reactor system for converting coal to liquid fuel, is described. Results from long-duration continuous flow bench-scale operations with Wyoming Wyodak, Arizona Black Mesa, and Utah Kaiparowits Plateau coals are presented. Economic data on the conversion of these coals to liquid products are given. The potentials of the H-Coal process in regard to coal from western producers is stressed.

Jan 1, 1974

By R. Ingerson

Bore surfaces of used guns commonly show a pattern of cracks in various degrees of development. It has been suggested that these cracks may aid erosion by providing channelways for the gases, eventually leading to the tearing out of blocks of metal. Under the general studies of gun erosion conducted at the Geophysical Laboratory it appeared desirable to consider this factor, and to determine the resistance to surface cracking offered by gun steel and by various other materials that might be used in the bores of guns. Method and Apparatus In order to make such a determination it is necessary to have (I) an arrangement in which the surface to be studied can be subjected to conditions similar to those in a gun with respect to temperature, pressure (developed by explosion gases), composition of the gases and length of time the surface is exposed to the gases; and (2) a specimen that can be examined readily after any number of shots, and then fired again, if necessary. The first of these conditions can be met by using an explosion vessel designed by H. S. Roberts of the Geophysical Laboratory. Fig I shows a cross-section of the apparatus. The "gun" G from which the charge is fired is made from the receiver of a caliber 0.30 army rifle, M1903, and the charges are prepared in caliber 0.30 cartridge cases. The test specimen S is held in place by a cone-shaped plug P and by a steel bridge B which is bolted to the outside of the explosion vessel on either side of the section shown. The plug, in turn, is held in place by a screw collar C. Maximum pressure is controlled by a brass rupture disk R. Part of the explosion gases flow past the two flat areas on S. Temperature and composition of gases, and the time before the rupture disk breaks, can be controlled by amount and kind of powder used, and pressure can be controlled by using rupture disks of different thickness. While the explosion vessel used was not designed so that temperature and pressure could be measured, in other vessels of closely similar size and shape containing proportionate charges of the same kind of powder as that used for standard testing procedure, values of 2700°K and 50,000 psi were obtained. Since the orifices past the flat areas on the plug are small compared to the rupture disk hole (I:I6), most of the gas goes out through the rupture disk when it breaks. The amount that goes by the plug depends on (I) the pressure attained before the rupture disk breaks and (2) the time it takes for this pressure to be built UP. The second condition (examination at will after any firing) is met by using for specimens short rods that have flat areas ground on opposite sides. These flat

Jan 1, 1949

By R. Ingerson

Bore surfaces of used guns commonly show a pattern of cracks in various degrees of development. It has been suggested that these cracks may aid erosion by providing channelways for the gases, eventually leading to the tearing out of blocks of metal. Under the general studies of gun erosion conducted at the Geophysical Laboratory it appeared desirable to consider this factor, and to determine the resistance to surface cracking offered by gun steel and by various other materials that might be used in the bores of guns. Method and Apparatus In order to make such a determination it is necessary to have (I) an arrangement in which the surface to be studied can be subjected to conditions similar to those in a gun with respect to temperature, pressure (developed by explosion gases), composition of the gases and length of time the surface is exposed to the gases; and (2) a specimen that can be examined readily after any number of shots, and then fired again, if necessary. The first of these conditions can be met by using an explosion vessel designed by H. S. Roberts of the Geophysical Laboratory. Fig I shows a cross-section of the apparatus. The "gun" G from which the charge is fired is made from the receiver of a caliber 0.30 army rifle, M1903, and the charges are prepared in caliber 0.30 cartridge cases. The test specimen S is held in place by a cone-shaped plug P and by a steel bridge B which is bolted to the outside of the explosion vessel on either side of the section shown. The plug, in turn, is held in place by a screw collar C. Maximum pressure is controlled by a brass rupture disk R. Part of the explosion gases flow past the two flat areas on S. Temperature and composition of gases, and the time before the rupture disk breaks, can be controlled by amount and kind of powder used, and pressure can be controlled by using rupture disks of different thickness. While the explosion vessel used was not designed so that temperature and pressure could be measured, in other vessels of closely similar size and shape containing proportionate charges of the same kind of powder as that used for standard testing procedure, values of 2700°K and 50,000 psi were obtained. Since the orifices past the flat areas on the plug are small compared to the rupture disk hole (I:I6), most of the gas goes out through the rupture disk when it breaks. The amount that goes by the plug depends on (I) the pressure attained before the rupture disk breaks and (2) the time it takes for this pressure to be built UP. The second condition (examination at will after any firing) is met by using for specimens short rods that have flat areas ground on opposite sides. These flat

Jan 1, 1949

By G. E. McElroy

MUCH attention has been directed to mine-air flow in recent years, more especially in Great Britian where there is frequent reference to a theory of fluid flow developed by English engineers. Briefly stated, this theory is that for similar passages of the same relative roughness, in which fluid flow occurs, the conditions of flow are exactly the same for equal values of the product W D V/ µ, where W = density of the fluid, D = diameter of the passage through which flow occurs, V = mean velocity of flow, and µ = absolute viscosity of the fluid flowing. This, the "Reynolds Criterion" of fluid flow, had its origin in the work of Prof. Osborne Reynolds' more than 40 years ago. Later, Lord Rayleigh amplified the theory2 which has been conclusively proved for small pipes by the experiments of Stanton and Pannel3 over a large flow range, and by Lacey4 over a somewhat more limited range. Concordant results on small pipes have also been obtained by numerous other investigators with single fluids over more or less limited ranges of flow. According to this theory results in one medium, such as water, are immediately applicable to another, such as air; and experimental results on models are (theoretically, at least) applicable to full-scale designs. This is of great importance in aeronautics and can be of considerable value in mine ventilation research. Hodgson, in a recent paper,5 has outlined the application of this theory to mine-air flow and recent English experiments" on the resistance of a timbered mine airway have been expressed in this form.

Jan 10, 1926

By C. W. Gibbs, E. K. Parks

In 1929 the Standard Oil Company of California commenced the development of a device for obtaining temperatures and pressures in flowing and shut-in wells and of suitable running equipment for such a recorder. Although simple in principle, the recorder has required much experimental work in its development. The various problems have now been solved to such an extent that it is believed that the apparatus affords a sturdy and reliable means for obtaining information regarding depth pressures,—apparatus that may be turned over to a well gang for routine operation. As an example of the rough usage the device will withstand a recent incident may be cited. Owing to failure of the lowering line at the conclusion of a run a recorder was dropped some 6300 ft. through 2 1/2-in. tubing filled with gassy oil. The device was fished out undamaged and with the pressure record intact, although the instrument had been subjected to a pressure greater than 2300 lb. per sq. in. for some 24 hr. after impact at bottom. Description of Recorder The instrument is of the continuous recording loaded spring type (Fig. I). Temperature is not recorded continuously but is obtained by maximum recording thermometers in an auxiliary thermometer well. The entire instrument assembly, from bottom of the recorder to top of the socket, is 6 1/2 ft. long and weighs less than 25 lb. The maximum outside diameter of the recorder shell is 1 1/4in., and all attachments need be no larger. This permits lowering the device inside 2-in. tubing. The operating principle is simple. The well pressure acts upon a piston A resisted by the extension of spring B. The spring deflection is recorded by a stylus C upon paper within the recording drum D. Springs.—To improve accuracy at lower maximum well pressures five interchangeable spring assemblies are used. These have maximum pressure ranges of from 250 to 5000 lb. per sq. in. Piston diameter is the same in all cases, and each spring is designed for a deflection of about 5 in. for maximum pressure loading. A complete spring assembly there-

Jan 1, 1934

A price list of publications of the Geological Survey, complete to May, 1931, and with separate monthly notices of publications to (late, will be sent upon application to The Director, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. A leaflet is issued each month listing new publications; it will be sent upon application to the Director, as well as Circulars containing information about topographic maps. Book publications of the Survey include (1) Annual Reports, (2) Monographs, (3) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins, (5) Water Supply Papers, (6) chapters and volumes of Mineral Resources of the United States, (7) Folios of the Geologic Atlas of the United States and the World Atlas of Commercial Geology, (8) Topographic Folios and Topographic Maps that bear descriptive texts. Monographs, Folios of the Geologic Atlas of the United States and the World Atlas of Commercial Geology, and Topographic Folios and Topographic Maps, are not distributed free. A publication of one of the other classes can be distributed free only until the end of the fiscal year following that in which it was issued. No person can obtain more than one free copy of the same publication, and general requests for free publications, such as all of any series or all on any subject, can not be granted. In ordering publications one is requested to give both the series designation, as Bulletin 738 or Professional Paper 122, and the title. Give full address, plainly written, including county. Prepayment is required and may he made by postal, or express money order payable to the official charged with the sale of the publications. requested, as indicated in the discussion of each classification following; or it may be made in cash-exact amount -at sender's risk. Postage stamps are not accepted in payment for publications.

Jan 1, 1933

By K. P. Mukherjee, K. P. Gupta, J. Bandyopadhyaya

Even though a lot of work has been done in the past to establish phase equilibrium in the Cu-Si system a re cent investigation casts some doubt about the existence and crystal structure of some of the phases that form in the composition range of 15 to 25 at. pct Si in Cu. The present investigation was carried out using high temperature X-ray diffraction technique along with other standard techniques to study the phases in this composition range. The high temperature 6 phase appears to be tetragonal with parameters a,, = 8.815A, c, = 7.903A, and co/ao = 0.896. The reported bcc E phase exists at room temperature and at least up to 780°C and appears to undergo a transformation near 600°C. The phase appears to be cubic but not of the bcc type. The ? phase appears to undergo a transformation, as has been indicated by earlier investigators, and the low temperature form of .? phase is tetragonal with parameters a, = 7.267A, co = 7.8924, and co/ao = 1.086. THE Cu-Si binary system has been investigated by several investigators1" and several intermediate phases,?,e,?' at lower temperatures and ?,ß,0,e, and ? at higher temperatures, were observed between terminal solid solutions of copper and silicon. Even though the existence of the e phase and the transformation in the ? phase were reported in many early works, in a recent study of this system Nowotny and Bittner6 doubted the existence of the e phase and phase at 550°C. Among the high temperature phases, the 6 phase was reported to have a complex cubic structure with parameter a, = 8.805A.7 Nowotny and Bittner, however, suggested that the structure of the 6 phase might be of CsCl type. In order to check these contradictory reports the present study was taken up to investigate the Cu-Si binary system in the composition range of 17 to 25 at. pct Si. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Weighed amounts of copper (99.99 pct) and silicon (99.9 pct) were induction melted in recrystallized alumina crucibles under argon gas atmosphere. The alloys containing 17, 18, 20, 21, 21.2, 22, and 24 at. pct Si were annealed in evacuated and sealed quartz capsules at 700°C for 3 days and subsequently water quenched. Other than this annealing, the 21.2 at. pct Si and 24 at. pct Si alloys were annealed at 550°C for 10 days, the 17 at. pct Si alloy was annealed at 750°C for 3 days, and the 22 and 24 at. pct Si alloys were annealed at 780°C for 2 days. All annealing temperatures were controlled to within *l°C. Alloys after quenching were subjected to metallographic and X-ray diffraction investigation. A solution containing 5 g FeC13 + 10 cc HCl + 120 cc H2O diluted with six times its volume with water was used as etching reagent. A 114.6 mm diam Debye Scherrer camera was used for obtaining diffraction patterns. The 17, 21.2, and 24 at. pct Si alloys were subjected to high temperature diffractometry using a Tempress Research High temperature attachment and a GEXRD VI diffractometer. For the 6 phase (17 at. pct Si alloy) powder specimen from a 750°C annealed alloy was reheated to 750°C in the high temperature attachment for 1½ hr before taking a diffraction trace. A 550°C annealed and slowly cooled phase (24 at. pct Si) alloy was first reheated to 550°C. a diffraction trace was made after annealing it for 2 hr, and subsequently it was heated to 716OC and kept at this temperature for 2 hr before taking a diffraction trace. For the e phase (21.2 at. pct Si alloy) a 550°C annealed and slowly cooled specimen was heated first to 425°C and annealed at this temperature for 2 hr before taking a diffraction trace. Subsequently, the specimen temperature was raised to 495", 540°, 603", 635", 682", 720°, and 748°C and homogenized at each temperature for 1 hr before taking diffraction traces. The powder specimen temperature was controlled to within +2oC at each temperature and argon gas, purified by passing it at slow rate through a fused CaC12 column, hot (800°C) copper and titanium chips and finally through a P2O5 column, was used to prevent oxidation of the powder. For all X-ray work copper-radiations at 25 kv, 15 ma (for Debye Scherrer technique), and 40 kv, 20 ma (for diffractometer tech-nique) were used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION At 700°C the alloys containing 17 to 21 at. pct Si showed two phases while the 21.2 at. pct Si alloy was found to be single phase. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the two-phase alloys were consistent with the phase (ßP-Mn type structure) and the phase (21.2 at. pct Si) patterns. The diffraction patterns of the 17 at. pct Si alloy quenched from 750" and 700°C were identical. According to the accepted Cu-Si phase dia-gram4,5,10 the 17 at. pct Si alloy at 750°C should be in the (k + 6) two-phase region and very close to the -phase boundary. The identical patterns possibly resulted from the decomposition of the 6 phase on

Jan 1, 1970

By Otto H. Henry, Edward L. Badwick

Up to the present time, according to Hansenl and Haughton,² the constitution of the bismuth-indium system has not yet been published. The generally accepted value for the melting point of indium, as listed in most scientific journals and textbooks, is 155°C. Recently, however, H. M. Davis3 has determined a new melting point for indium of 157.3²C O.l°C. Since bismuth has been used in preponderance as an alloying element in the majority of low-melting alloys, and indium has been used with considerable success in lowering the melting points of low-melting alloys, 4,6 an interest has been developed in the application of these two metals, making a complete knowledge of the constitution of its alloys desirable. In this investigation, the melting point of indium reported by H. M. Davis has been found to be substantially correct. A value of 157. ²°C ± O.5°C was determined. The two eutectic compositions have been placed at 34 and 50 pct bismuth with their respective eutectic temperatures as 72.4°C ± 0.5°C and 90°C ± 0.5°C. The bismuth-indium phase diagram has been determined by thermal and microscopic analysis and is shown in Fig I. Thermal Analysis Granulated bismuth and indium shot, having a guaranteed purity of 99.99 and 99.95 pct, respectively, were melted in a carbon crucible by means of a laboratory heater. To minimize oxidation of the alloys, a heavy mineral oil (Nujol) having a high- flash point was used. A platinum-platinum rhodium thermocouple of fine wire encased in a thin-walled Pyrex glass tube, about 1/8 in. in diameter, was connected to a type K potentiometer for temperature measurements. The thermocouple was calibrated against the melting points of tin, bismuth, and the silver-copper eutectic and the boiling point of water. Since the temperature readings could be reproduced to 0.²°Cl and the accuracy of the temperature standards in this range is slightly better than 0.5°C, it scems reasonable to assume that the temperature readings are reliable to approximately 0.5°C. The cooling rate could be controlled by varying the amount of insulation surrounding the crucible. Three or four layers of asbestos paper, 1/16 in. thick, sufficed to give a cooling rate of from I° to ²°C per minute. Undercooling was slightly noticeable. This condition was minimized by vigorous stirring, since the advantage of using slower rates was too small to justify the greater expenditure

Jan 1, 1947

By Otto H. Henry, Edward L. Badwick

Up to the present time, according to Hansenl and Haughton,² the constitution of the bismuth-indium system has not yet been published. The generally accepted value for the melting point of indium, as listed in most scientific journals and textbooks, is 155°C. Recently, however, H. M. Davis3 has determined a new melting point for indium of 157.3²C O.l°C. Since bismuth has been used in preponderance as an alloying element in the majority of low-melting alloys, and indium has been used with considerable success in lowering the melting points of low-melting alloys, 4,6 an interest has been developed in the application of these two metals, making a complete knowledge of the constitution of its alloys desirable. In this investigation, the melting point of indium reported by H. M. Davis has been found to be substantially correct. A value of 157. ²°C ± O.5°C was determined. The two eutectic compositions have been placed at 34 and 50 pct bismuth with their respective eutectic temperatures as 72.4°C ± 0.5°C and 90°C ± 0.5°C. The bismuth-indium phase diagram has been determined by thermal and microscopic analysis and is shown in Fig I. Thermal Analysis Granulated bismuth and indium shot, having a guaranteed purity of 99.99 and 99.95 pct, respectively, were melted in a carbon crucible by means of a laboratory heater. To minimize oxidation of the alloys, a heavy mineral oil (Nujol) having a high- flash point was used. A platinum-platinum rhodium thermocouple of fine wire encased in a thin-walled Pyrex glass tube, about 1/8 in. in diameter, was connected to a type K potentiometer for temperature measurements. The thermocouple was calibrated against the melting points of tin, bismuth, and the silver-copper eutectic and the boiling point of water. Since the temperature readings could be reproduced to 0.²°Cl and the accuracy of the temperature standards in this range is slightly better than 0.5°C, it scems reasonable to assume that the temperature readings are reliable to approximately 0.5°C. The cooling rate could be controlled by varying the amount of insulation surrounding the crucible. Three or four layers of asbestos paper, 1/16 in. thick, sufficed to give a cooling rate of from I° to ²°C per minute. Undercooling was slightly noticeable. This condition was minimized by vigorous stirring, since the advantage of using slower rates was too small to justify the greater expenditure

Jan 1, 1947

[PRESIDENT SAMUEL A. TAYLOR, . . . . District 3 . . . . PITTSBURGH, PA. PAST PRESIDENTS WILLIAM KELLY, District 5 . IRON MOUNTAIN, MICH. J. V. W. REYNDERS District 3., NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT E. DEGOLYER, NEW YORK, N. Y. TREASURER CHARLES F. RAND, NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY H. FOSTER BAIN, NEW YORK, N. Y. ASSISTANT SECRETARY THOMAS T, READ, NEW YORK, N. Y.]

Jan 1, 1928

By H. Margolin, E. Ence

In order to understand the effect of zirconium on properties of Ti-Cu-A1 alloys, Ti-Zr alloys were examined for the presence of ordering or compounds at the following compositions in weight percent: 24.1 pct Zr (lZr:GTi), 32.2 pct Zr (lZr:4Ti), 38.8 pct Zr (lZr:3Ti), 49.0 pct Zr(1Zr:ZTi). Alloys were prepared as 15-g buttons by non- consumable arc melting under argon atmosphere from Bureau of Mines titanium (Bhn 63) and Reactor Grade zirconium (Bhn 150). Weight losses during melting did not exceed 1 pct of the initial button weight. Prior to heat treatment, buttons were hot-rolled at 600" to 700°C to rods of about 6 mm diam. Contamination after hot-rolling was found to extend to a depth of less than 0.5 mm. Specimens for heat treatment were wrapped in molybdenum sheet, annealed in argon-filled quartz capsules, and quenched by breaking the capsules under iced brine. Annealing times were as follows: 700°C — 7 days; 600°C— 14 days; 575°C-1 and 2 months; 525°C-2 months; 500°C-2 months. Prior to heat treatment, all Ti-Zr alloys were vacuum annealed at 900°C to remove hydrogen. The reanneal of 575°C specimens for an additional month produced no observable microstructure changes. The results obtained by microstructure and X-ray diffraction are shown in Fig. 1, together with data of Hayes et al.' No other phases than a or P were found. Small amounts of retained P were detected by X-ray in the 49 pct Zr alloy. The data of the present investigation suggests that ß and a transus boundaries are at considerably lower temperatures than those of Hayes et al. The work of Hayes et al. is based on sponge titanium and Bureau of Mines zirconium, both of which contained 0.15 pct 0. Since melting was performed in

Jan 1, 1962