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Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa. Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Nov., '71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa. Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y. May, '72 1 6. Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., '72 1 7. Boston, Mass. Feb., '73 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa. May, '73 2 9. Easton, Pa. Oct., '73 2 10. New York N. Y. Feb., '74 2 11. St. Louis, Mo. May, '74 3 12. Hazleton, Pa. Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn. Feb., '75 3 14. Dover, N. J. May, '75 4 15. Cleveland, Ohio Oct., '75 4 16. Washington, D. C. Feb., '76 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa. June, '76 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa. Oct., '76 5

Jan 1, 1936

By George Sachs, S. M. Clark, George Espey

he tendency of a commercially drawn cartridge case to crack in the mercury test and the relation of cracking tendency to residual stress retained after drawing were studied. The fourth drawpiece (next to the final) of caliber 0.30 cartridge cases produced by Frankford Arsenal were selected as test pieces. These exhibited an exceptionally high cracking tendency, making a detailed study possible. To obtain fast cracking in the mercury test, about 0.0015 to 0.003 in. must be removed from the wall thickness of the drawpiece by pickling, and it must be subjected to the mercury test immediately after washing. Removal of the adhering mercury by annealing and subsequent squeezing of the case in a vise was used to reveal definitely the presence or absence of cracks. Various lots of apparently identically fabricated cases were shown to possess a different cracking tendency. Machining off or boring a hole in the base gradually reduced and eventually eliminated the cracking tendency. On the contrary, shortening of the wall (body) reduced the cracking tendency only if the wall became so short that the cracking zone was directly affected. By boring out the base and pickling from the outside and then splitting the resulting rings, it was possible to determine the approximate stress distribution in the base and in the adjacent part of the wall. Small compression stresses were present in the core and the major part of the base, while the surface of the base and the adjacent wall contained high circumferential tensile stresses. On the contrary, the wall when parted from the base contained only insignificant residual stress. The conception is advanced, that the stress distribution in a drawn cartridge case corresponds fundamentally to that of a tube (wall) shrunk on a disk (base). Such a stress distribution results from the tendency of the base to recover elastically by an increase in diameter from the biaxial compression during drawing while the wall exhibits little tendency to change its diameter after progressing through the die. This is confirmed by measurements which show the base diameter to be slightly larger than the wall diameter.

Jan 1, 1945

Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa. Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Nov., '71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa. Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y. May, '72 1 6. Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., '72 1 7. Boston, Mass. Feb., '73 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa. May, '73 2 9. Easton, Pa. Oct., '73 2 10. New York N. Y. Feb., '74 2 11. St. Louis, Mo. May, '74 3 12. Hazleton, Pa. Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn. Feb., '75 3 14. Dover, N. J. May, '75 4 15. Cleveland, Ohio Oct., '75 4 16. Washington, D. C. Feb., '76 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa. June, '76 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa. Oct., '76 5

Jan 1, 1942

Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa. Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Nov., '71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa. Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y. May, '72 1 6. Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., '72 1 7. Boston, Mass. Feb., '73 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa. May, '73 2 9. Easton, Pa. Oct., '73 2 10. New York N. Y. Feb., '74 2 11. St. Louis, Mo. May, '74 3 12. Hazleton, Pa. Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn. Feb., '75 3 14. Dover, N. J. May, '75 4 15. Cleveland, Ohio Oct., '75 4 16. Washington, D. C. Feb., '76 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa. June, '76 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa. Oct., '76 5

Jan 1, 1932

Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa. Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Nov., '71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa. Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y. May, '72 1 6. Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., '72 1 7. Boston, Mass. Feb., '73 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa. May, '73 2 9. Easton, Pa. Oct., '73 2 10. New York N. Y. Feb., '74 2 11. St. Louis, Mo. May, '74 3 12. Hazleton, Pa. Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn. Feb., '75 3 14. Dover, N. J. May, '75 4 15. Cleveland, Ohio Oct., '75 4 16. Washington, D. C. Feb., '76 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa. June, '76 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa. Oct., '76 5

Jan 1, 1932

By AUDLEY H. STOW

I. INTRODUCTION. THE general drift of the discussion as to the relative merits of pressure- and exhaust-fans has resulted, if we may judge from the prevailing practice, largely in favor of the latter. The subject has been hitherto treated, however, with special reference to highly gaseous mines, the effect of the form of ventilation upon dust-explosions having been too little considered. Even in mines containing practically no gas, dust-explosions may occur; and if, as I believe, pressure-fans are to be preferred for their effect upon dust, it may be worth while to reopen the debate, and to challenge the advisability of exhaust-ventilation under certain conditions. There are several forms of colliery-ventilation, which may be described as follows: Plain or simple pressure-ventilation, in which the fan acts as a pressure-fan, and the movement of coal is unobstructed at the surface by doors or equivalent devices in drifts or shafts, the traveling and haulage thus being in the return-current. Plain exhaust-ventilation, in which the fan acts as an exhaust-fan, the movement of coal being likewise unobstructed at the surface, and the traveling and haulage being in the intake. Obstructed pressure-ventilation, in which the movement of coal is obstructed at the surface, in order that the traveling and haulage may be in the intake. Obstructed exhaust-ventilation, in which the movement of coal is obstructed at the surface, in order that the traveling and haulage may be in the return. The apparent advantages in running a fan "pressure" during working-hours, and " exhaust" between shifts, seem to justify the recognition of this combination as a standard form of ven-

Feb 1, 1909

By R. J. Wysor

Discussion of the paper of R. J. WYSOR, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1916, and printed in Bulletin No. 106, October, 1915, pp. 2161 to 2170. LEONARD WALDO, New York, N. Y.-Will Mr. Wysor kindly give us more information as to the pyrometers used and the temperature measurement? R. J. WYSOR, So. Bethlehem, Pa.-We used standard Bristol pyrometers with bare fire ends. These were standardized both before and after the tests with salt and pure aluminum. We also interchanged the pyrometers. J. W. RICHARDS, So. Bethlehem, Pa.-Did you attain any results which gave you approximately the value of the heat insulation at any of the furnaces? R. J. WYSOR.-In the first installation we were afraid to put in the insulation throughout the hot-blast main for the reasons mentioned in the paper, but we used the insulating brick in two 8-ft. sections in straight lengths of our hot-blast mains. Owing to the high conductivity of the steel shell, the temperatures which were taken on the outside were not representative of the two temperatures resulting from heat flow through the insulating brick. I believe that when a hot-blast main is insulated

Jan 5, 1916

Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa. Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Nov., '71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa. Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y. May, '72 1 6. Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., '72 1 7. Boston, Mass. Feb., '73 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa. May, '73 2 9. Easton, Pa. Oct., '73 2 10. New York N. Y. Feb., '74 2 11. St. Louis, Mo. May, '74 3 12. Hazleton, Pa. Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn. Feb., '75 3 14. Dover, N. J. May, '75 4 15. Cleveland, Ohio Oct., '75 4 16. Washington, D. C. Feb., '76 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa. June, '76 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa. Oct., '76 5

Jan 1, 1934

Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa. Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Nov., '71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa. Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y. May, '72 1 6. Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., '72 1 7. Boston, Mass. Feb., '73 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa. May, '73 2 9. Easton, Pa. Oct., '73 2 10. New York N. Y. Feb., '74 2 11. St. Louis, Mo. May, '74 3 12. Hazleton, Pa. Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn. Feb., '75 3 14. Dover, N. J. May, '75 4 15. Cleveland, Ohio Oct., '75 4 16. Washington, D. C. Feb., '76 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa. June, '76 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa. Oct., '76 5

Jan 1, 1939

Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa. Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Nov., '71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa. Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y. May, '72 1 6. Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., '72 1 7. Boston, Mass. Feb., '73 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa. May, '73 2 9. Easton, Pa. Oct., '73 2 10. New York N. Y. Feb., '74 2 11. St. Louis, Mo. May, '74 3 12. Hazleton, Pa. Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn. Feb., '75 3 14. Dover, N. J. May, '75 4 15. Cleveland, Ohio Oct., '75 4 16. Washington, D. C. Feb., '76 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa. June, '76 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa. Oct., '76 5

Jan 1, 1944

Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa. Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Nov., '71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa. Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y. May, '72 1 6. Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., '72 1 7. Boston, Mass. Feb., '73 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa. May, '73 2 9. Easton, Pa. Oct., '73 2 10. New York N. Y. Feb., '74 2 11. St. Louis, Mo. May, '74 3 12. Hazleton, Pa. Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn. Feb., '75 3 14. Dover, N. J. May, '75 4 15. Cleveland, Ohio Oct., '75 4 16. Washington, D. C. Feb., '76 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa. June, '76 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa. Oct., '76 5

Jan 1, 1941

By J. French Robinson

A review of production in the Eastern District for 1930 is necessarily brief. Drilling operations were curtailed, due to economic conditions, which in turn reduced production. However, in spite of these conditions, there have been a few outstanding developments which surpass any of recent years. The development of a field in Chautauqua and Cattaraugus counties, New York, has been rapid and probably reached its peak of production in 1930. The gas in this field comes from the White Medina Sand (Silurian), at an average depth of 2600 ft. Some of the wells had an open flow of 20,000,000 cu. ft. of gas per day,' with an original rock pressure of 965 pounds2 per square inch. Another area developed during 1930 was the Tyrone field, in Tyrone Township, Schuyler County, New York. This field was discovered 2nd is practically controlled by the Belmont Quadrangle Drilling Corpn. of New York. The production is from the Oriskany Sand (Devonian), which is found at an average depth of 2100 ft. The field covers approximately 2000 acres, and to date has 14 producing gas wells. The largest well had an open flow of 15,000,000 cu. ft. and an original rock pressure of 740 Ib. The gas from this field is impregnated with sulfur, and requires washing before it is marketed. Because little is known of the Oriskany Sand, a brief description may be of interest. This sand outcrops at Oriskany Falls, New York, and has a thickness of 10 to 12 ft. Its texture is coarse grained, it is composed mostly of quartz and is a regularly bedded sandstone. At Yauger's Wood, in Cayuga County, New York, it is exposed and shows a thickness of 26 feet. The discovery of the Tyrone field led to much prospecting in the New York and the northern part of Pennsylvania, and as a result of this search, the Allegany Gas Co. struck a large gas well in Farmington Township, Tioga County, Pennsylvania, which created considerable excitement through the Eastern District. The gas was encountered at a depth of 4010 ft., and tested 20,000,000 cu. ft. open flow, with a shut-in pressure

Jan 1, 1931

ALBERT Ladd Colby, who died suddenly of influenza at Torquay, England, on Apr. 30,1924, was born in New York City, on June 26,1860. He was educated in the public schools of New York, at the College of the City of New York, and received the degree of Ph. B. from the Columbia School of Mines in 1881. He continued his studies at Columbia, acting occasionally as assistant to Prof. C. F. Chandler, until 1883. For the next three years he was Assistant Professor of Chemistry in Lehigh University; then head chemist and metallurgical engineer of the Bethlehem Steel Co., at Bethlehem, Pa., occupying the latter position until 1903. As head chemist his active and inventive mind devised several improvements in apparatus for increasing the rapidity and accuracy of the analytical work; as metallurgical engineer, he was, from time to time, in charge of the blast-furnace, open-hearth, bessemer, and puddling departments; he had entire charge of the inspection, assignment, and economic use of all metallurgical materials, and he early gave his attention to the formulation of specifications for metallurgical materials—an activity in which he long held a distinguished part in this country, and as a representative of his own country in England and Europe. He also sewed as expert for his company in patent suits, again laying the foundation for valuable service later as a consulting engineer. In this latter capacity he was excelled by few, if any, contemporaries in the iron and steel industry. His mind was ingenious, thorough, clear, and keen, both in the preparation of evidence and its presentation to the Court. He very quickly appraised the value of evidence, or of an answer to a question, and knew how to secure the infermation, either from the available literature of any language, or by special researches or plant studies. In the executive control of literary research for patent purposes, his long training, infinite capacity for digging through long series of articles in English, German or French, and clear formulation of the vital subject matter for the guidance of assistants, made him invaluable. He was also an adept in collecting information on special branches of his profession. For example, when the science of metallography began to assume importance, he made the first really comprehensive bibliography covering the literature of all siderurgical countries; for the newly formed International Nickel Co. he gathered all the information extant on the subject of nickel steel, both in the literature and in the minds of experts in America and Europe. Two books testify to the thoroughness of his work in this capacity, vie.: "American Standard Specifications for Steel,"

Jan 1, 1924

By Harry R. Hall

THE proposition to make pig-iron from magnetic concentrates and cobbed ore with charcoal-fuel weighing from 12 to 20 lb. per bushel is, on the face of it, not inviting; but the successful work that has been done under these adverse conditions warrants a permanent record in our Transactions, especially as it furnishes a comparison with, coke blast-furnace practice under similar conditions. The record of the furnace-practice is briefly summarized as follows:-The charcoal was made of hemlock, pine, spruce, balsam, maple, beech and birch woods. All the concentrates containing from 62 to 65 per cent. of iron would pass in. screen, of which about 34 per cent.. would pass an 80-mesh sieve. The cobbed ore, varying in composition from 32 to 47 per cent. metallic iron and from 23 to 32 per cent. of. silica, would pass through a I-in. ring, of which about 25 per cent. would pass a 1/8 in. screen. The furnace was blown in October 20,1903, with charcoal which was supposed to weigh when dry 18 lb. to the bushel. Some charcoal similar to this was stored in the stock-house for about a year and was then found to weigh 12 lb. per bushel. During the first 10 days of the blast, the furnace produced 362 tons of pig-iron, using 200 bushels of charcoal per ton of iron. From November 1st to 12th, the volume of the blast was increased gradually from 2,808 to 5,460 cu. ft. per minute, with practically no increase of output. The silicon-content of the resultant pig-iron averaged 0.75 per cent., with sulphur about 0.035 per cent. A supply of freshly-burned dry charcoal was then used which increased the silicon-content and lowered

Sep 1, 1905

By C. S. Smith, Chih-Chung Wang

TURNBULL and his collaborators1,2 have developed the theory of homogeneous nucleation as applied, inter alia, to solidification of liquid metals. Vonnegut³ and Turnbull4 have shown that if a liquid metal is subdivided into small droplets a vast majority of them will undercool very considerably before solidification, generally to as low as about 0.8 of the freezing temperature on the absolute scale. The nuclei effective at small degrees of supercooling in bulk metal seem to be internal or surface heterogeneities, relatively small in number. If the metal is subdivided, those droplets that happen to contain such nuclei will solidify at a temperature not greatly below the true freezing point, but only a small part of the whole volume will be affected and the majority of the drops will under-cool to the much lower temperature at which homo- geneous nucleation occurs as a result of fluctuations. It occurred to one of the authors that an appropriate subdivision to give effective freedom from random nuclei is produced during the solidification of many alloys that contain a minor amount of a phase of low melting point, and that one might then expect marked undercooling of the distributed phase. Experimental: The alloys selected for initial study were copper with minor amounts of lead and bismuth, and aluminum with tin. In all these alloys, the major component freezes at a temperature not much below that of the pure metal, and there is little further change in constitution on cooling until the lower melting point constituent freezes in an almost pure state. Cooling curves were taken using the controlled heat flow method permitting approximate specific heats to be obtained. Chromel-alumel thermocouples were used, with the standard emf tables, since extreme precision was not needed. The crucible (3/4 in. id, 5/16 in. wall) was made of B & W K-20 insulating brick. It held about 10 cc of the alloy being investigated. The cooling rate was 2.5" to 2.9°C per min under a controlled temperature difference of 20°. Approximate specific heats were computed from the inverse rate curves together with data from a blank run and from a standard run with a copper cylinder of known heat capacity. The alloys for investigation were made from high-purity metals (99.99+pct) and cast into graphite molds. The castings were machined to fit the crucible and to provide a hole for the inner thermocouple. Cooling curves were taken after heating to a temperature about 50" above the melting point of the minor, lower melting-point, constituent. Results The lead phase in an alloy of copper with 5 pct lead did not undercool more than 3" below the melting point of lead (327°C) either as cast or after annealing to produce a new dispersion of the liquid phase. A copper-zinc-lead alloy with 23.75 pct zinc and 5 pct lead undercooled more but showed no thermal effect below 319°C. A cast alloy of copper with 5 pct bismuth undercooled to 249°C (M.P. bismuth 27l °C), but once solidification started it was completed at the same temperature. This was anticipated, since the bismuth forms a nearly continuous phase between the grains of copper, and a solid crystal nucleated anywhere would rapidly* con- sume the entire network of liquid, unless the physical continuity of the liquid were broken through volume changes, inadequate fluidity, or gas evolution. Similar arguments apply in the case of copper-lead alloys, where the lead-rich liquid forms a network along grain edges, though not grain faces. In both cases there would be a few isolated particles

Jan 1, 1951

By M. D. Hassialis

THE object of a technical paper is to communicate new technical knowledge, the paper being the vehicle of communication and the existence of new knowledge its reason for being. It follows that the development of information worthy of communication, the criterion being novelty, is prerequisite to exercising the privilege of communication. The act of communication is achieved when the reader perceives the nature of the new knowledge, i.e., when he understands it. A paper achieving this objective is an acceptable technical paper. Development of new knowledge has as one of its purposes the increase of the existing state of knowledge and the enjoyment of the benefits derived therefrom. Technical knowledge is a collection of facts so ordered as to make apparent, relations existing between the facts. When the interrelations have been exposed the facts have been interpreted or explained Three broad, overlapping categories of technical papers may be recognized: papers consisting of (a) a report of facts, (b) an explanation of facts, or (c) a combination of a report and an interpretation. Ideally a technical paper should belong to one of the last two categories but current practice is to accept papers belonging to any of the three categories. Based on a small sample drawn from the scientific and engineering literature, the relative frequency of the three types is a: b: c:: 20:1:14. If the sample be limited to engineering literature, the ratios become a:c::2:1; type (b) being nonexistent. This large departure from the ideal is a consequent of the

Jan 1, 1948

By David B. Reger

New discoveries of gas in the southern counties featured the petroleum industry in West Virginia during 194;. Drilling for oil increased slightly over 1944 and a small increase of initial production resulted. Out of 28 wildcats drilled, there were 16 gas discoveries and 12 dry holes. No commercial oil was found in the 28 wells.

Jan 1, 1946

By D. M. Clippinger, J. J. Eidel, J. E. Frost

At Ithaca Peak, one of three peaks situated on Duval Corporation's Mineral Park property, a 'Single pulse of quartz monzonite magma intruded the isoclinally folded Precambrian Cerbat complex consisting of schist, quartzfeldspar gneiss, and amphibolite. The magma reacted with the Precambrian rocks, yielding a quartz-diorite rim. As the magma crystallized within the rim, it produced, progressing in'ward, annular bodies of quartz monzonite porphyry, quartz porphyry, and a distinctive quartz porphyry containing abundant podiform, tabular, and irregular quartz masses. These quartz masses are spatially associated with discontinuous crenulate and tabular quartz veinlets. Following crystallization, the Ithaca Peak stock and part of the surrounding Cerbat complex were fractured, producing a stockwork of predominantly northwest and northeast-trending fractures. The stockwork was then mineralized during a period of decreasing temperature by: ( 1) quartz-pyritechalcopyrite veinlets without distinct selvages and with distinct alteration envelopes in which orthoclase was altered to quartz and sericite; (2) quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite veins and veinlets with distinct selvages and without distinct alteration envelopes; and (3) pyrite-chalcopyrite- galena-sphalerite veins. The Ithaca Peak stock was pervasively sericitized or argillized. The Mineral Park property is surrounded by a zone of propylitization Alteration and mineralization are coextensive in space and were, at least in part, coincident in time. The Mineral Park property possibly was elevated and exposed twice prior to its present exposure. The protore has been enriched by a factor of three. The Ithaca Peak supergene ore body is conformable with present topography and lies above the present water table. The shape of the ore body was controlled by erosion and oxidation of the previously enriched mineralization. Hematite, goethite, and jarosite present at the surface indicate a high primary pyrite environment, but it is possible to recognize that a small proportion of veins and veinlets contained greater amounts of chalcocite and chalcopyrite than pyrite. The igneous facies on Ithaca Peak are the products of differentiation within a solidifying rim according to Bowen's Reaction series. The innermost facies contain more quartz and orthoclase than the outer facies. Late magmatic quartz in the case of Ithaca Peak contains small amounts of pyrite and molybdenite. It is suggested that this quartz-sulfide mineralization, may also have been the product of differentiation the product of differentiation, may indicate that the later hydrothermal mineralization may also have been the product of differentiation.

Jan 1, 1968

By D. V. Carter, D. C. Williams

Four oil discoveries were made in east and east central Texas during 1940, three of which represented new fields. In the Chapel Hill field, Smith County, oil was found where formerly only gas and distillate were produced. The three oil fields discovered are: Hawkins, Wood County; Pittsburg, Camp County; and Tehuacana, Limestone County. Important extensions were made to the following fields: Bazette, Navarro County; Long Lake, Anderson and Leon Counties; Cayuga, Anderson, Freestone and Henderson Counties; Opelika, Henderson County; and Talco, Titus and Franklin Counties. At the close of the year 54 oil and gas fields were producing in the district. There were 13 other fields, 11 oil and 2 gas, which have been abandoned. The East Texas field led the district in the number of completions for the year. During the year about 622 wells (oil and distillate wells included) were completed and 80 wildcats were drilled. Production and Proration During the year 170,424,685 bbl. of oil (distillate production included) were produced in the district—a decrease of 2.6 per cent from the 175,053,729 bbl. (distillate production included) during the preceding year. The district's production for the year 1938 was 182,369,484 bhl. As usual, most of the district's annual production was in the East Texas field, which produced 139,095,694 bbl. (distillate production in- cluded) during 1940, or 81.6 per cent of the total oil produced as compared with 141,333,317 bbl. (80.7 per cent) for 1939. The December estimated daily average production in the district was 424,565 bbl. The district accounted for 34.9 per cent of the state's annual production, compared to 36.7 pcr cent of the state's 1939 production. The decrease in production for 1940 may be attributed to changes made in proration schedules. Any material changes in the district's annual production may be considered for the most part as a reflection of proration-schedule changes affecting the East Texas field, since it is by far the most important field in the area. The entire state was subject to 71 shutdown days for the year; the East Texas field to 131; and the Rodessa field (Cass County, Texas, portion) to 5 days. No important changes were made in field rules and regulations during the year regarding the allocation of oil in individual fields in this district. Discoveries The Hawkins field is in southeastern Wood County in and principally north of the town of Hawkins. Development to date indicates that the field is somewhat of an elongated anticline trending slightly east of north and the proved oil area appears at this time to cover approximately 4000 acres. The oil production has been secured from the Woodbine sand, Upper Cretaceous; a considerable quantity of gas has been encountered in the Sub-Clarksville formation (Eagleford shale) in the higher part of the structure. It appears that a free gas

Jan 1, 1941

By D. C. Williams, D. V. Carter

Four oil discoveries were made in east and east central Texas during 1940, three of which represented new fields. In the Chapel Hill field, Smith County, oil was found where formerly only gas and distillate were produced. The three oil fields discovered are: Hawkins, Wood County; Pittsburg, Camp County; and Tehuacana, Limestone County. Important extensions were made to the following fields: Bazette, Navarro County; Long Lake, Anderson and Leon Counties; Cayuga, Anderson, Freestone and Henderson Counties; Opelika, Henderson County; and Talco, Titus and Franklin Counties. At the close of the year 54 oil and gas fields were producing in the district. There were 13 other fields, 11 oil and 2 gas, which have been abandoned. The East Texas field led the district in the number of completions for the year. During the year about 622 wells (oil and distillate wells included) were completed and 80 wildcats were drilled. Production and Proration During the year 170,424,685 bbl. of oil (distillate production included) were produced in the district—a decrease of 2.6 per cent from the 175,053,729 bbl. (distillate production included) during the preceding year. The district's production for the year 1938 was 182,369,484 bhl. As usual, most of the district's annual production was in the East Texas field, which produced 139,095,694 bbl. (distillate production in- cluded) during 1940, or 81.6 per cent of the total oil produced as compared with 141,333,317 bbl. (80.7 per cent) for 1939. The December estimated daily average production in the district was 424,565 bbl. The district accounted for 34.9 per cent of the state's annual production, compared to 36.7 pcr cent of the state's 1939 production. The decrease in production for 1940 may be attributed to changes made in proration schedules. Any material changes in the district's annual production may be considered for the most part as a reflection of proration-schedule changes affecting the East Texas field, since it is by far the most important field in the area. The entire state was subject to 71 shutdown days for the year; the East Texas field to 131; and the Rodessa field (Cass County, Texas, portion) to 5 days. No important changes were made in field rules and regulations during the year regarding the allocation of oil in individual fields in this district. Discoveries The Hawkins field is in southeastern Wood County in and principally north of the town of Hawkins. Development to date indicates that the field is somewhat of an elongated anticline trending slightly east of north and the proved oil area appears at this time to cover approximately 4000 acres. The oil production has been secured from the Woodbine sand, Upper Cretaceous; a considerable quantity of gas has been encountered in the Sub-Clarksville formation (Eagleford shale) in the higher part of the structure. It appears that a free gas

Jan 1, 1941