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Jan 1, 1902

J. MURRAY RIDDELL, Chairman Guy N. BJORGE, Vice-chairman Alluvial Mining CLINTON BERNARD , H. R. NORSWORTHY BENERE H. GRANT O. B. PERRY

Jan 1, 1938

At its meeting on February 21, 1933, the Board of Directors the following resolution defining and expressing the policy of the Institute with respect to official participation or action in controversial matters: WHEREAS, the Board of Directors at its last meting passed the following resolution: "The Board of Directors, having been appealed to by several Local Sections for advice concerning the attitude and policy of the Institute relating to the endorsement of candidates for public office, the following statement of policy is formulated:

Jan 1, 1936

At its meeting on February 21, 1933, the Board of Directors the following resolution defining and expressing the policy of the Institute with respect to official participation or action in controversial matters: WHEREAS, the Board of Directors at its last meting passed the following resolution: "The Board of Directors, having been appealed to by several Local Sections for advice concerning the attitude and policy of the Institute relating to the endorsement of candidates for public office, the following statement of policy is formulated:

Jan 1, 1941

By C. B. Dudley

In a work published in 1838, De Morgan, the author of the article on " Probabilities," in the Encyclopedia Metropolltimn, says: " The method of least squares is not yet introduced iutb the affairs of common life,.....that many thi~gs which are denlonstrable only by the higher branches of mathematics are looked upon as useless." And he mentions an instance in which "a method was suggested for estimating the relative importance of boroughs, by considering their population and ~wntributions to the revenue con)-

Jan 1, 1881

PROF RICHARD ÅKERMAN Stockholm, Sweden PROF RICHARD BECK Friberg, Germany ANDREW CARNEGIR New York, N.Y. DR. JAMES DOUGLAS New York, N.Y. PROF HATON DE LA GOUPILLIERE Paris, France SIR ROBERT A. HOFFER Leoben, Austria PROF HENRI LOUIS LE CHATELIER Paris France M FLORIS OSMOND Paris, France ALEXANDRE POURCEL Paris, France JOHN E. STEAD Middlesborugh, England DR. ING H. C. EMIL SCHROEDTER Dusseldorf, Germany JAMES M. SWANK (Associate) Philadelphia, Pa. PROF DIMITRY CONSTANTIN TSCHERNOFF St Petersburg, Russia CHARLES D WALCOT Washingtion D.C.

Jan 1, 1910

ION exchange is one of hydrometallurgy's new tools, new in application, vet old in principle. Cation exchange between solution and a solid exchanger has been known for more than a century, but ion exchange is still in its infancy for metallurgical use. Still hampered by cost of media, it is faced with much development of actual physical handling. Growing consumption of the rarer metals and need to treat leaner ores are pushing extractive methods ahead. Public concern with stream pollution, or legal requirements, are forcing a clean-up of waste discharge. Industries are finding it vital to make some recovery from heretofore waste material to help pay costs of discharge treatment.

Jan 5, 1953

The volumes of Transactions, which are published annually, contain the list of officers, rules, etc., the Proceedings, and the papers revised for final publication. (In this revision, after the preliminary publication, authors are permitted to use the largest liberty; and the changes and additions made in papers are sometimes important. It should be borne in mind by those who study or quote a paper in the preliminary edition, that they may not have in that form the ultimate and deliberate expression of the author's views. It should be added, however, that in the majority of cases there are no important changes.) These volumes are for sale as follows, in paper covers:

Jan 1, 1917

By C. Richard Tinsley, Ta M. Li

Accelerated development of the deep-ocean and continental margin resources may be the ultimate answer to meet rapidly increasing material demands to the year 2000. The mineral-rich oceans that have been described as "vast" and "nearly inexhaustible" have to date remained virtually untapped. Mineral Dependencies Trigger US Interests A lack of known domestic reserves of selected commodities and a climbing mineral trade deficit that reached a record $19 billion in 1974 are two factors that have sustained US interests in deep-ocean and offshore mining over recent years. But the lack of federal leadership in formulating ocean mining policy is said to have significantly discouraged the major capital commitments necessary to develop these resources.

Jan 4, 1975

The Howe Memorial Lecture, in memory of Henry Marion Howe, Past President of the Institute, was authorized in April, 1923, as an annual address to be delivered by invitation under the auspices of the Institute by an individual of recognized and outstanding attainment in the science and practice of iron and steel metallurgy or metallography, chosen by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of the Iron and Steel Division. The following were the Howe lectures and lecturers for the years indicated 1924 What is Steel? By Albert Sauveur. 1925 Austenite and Austenitic Steels. By John A. Mathews. 1926 Twenty-five Years of Metallography. By William Campbell. 1927 Alloy Steels. By Bradley Stoughton. 1928 Significance of the Simple Steel Analysis. By Harry D. Hibbard. 1929 Studies of Hadfield's Manganese Steel with the High-power Microscope. By John Howe Hall. 1930 The Future of the American Iron and Steel Industry. By Zay Jeffries. 1931 On the Art of Metallography. By Francis F. Lucas.

Jan 1, 1923

By R. K. Bowden

In an effort to gain a better understanding of shale joint behaviour, normal-only and shear creep tests were performed on artificially prepared shale joints. Pre- and post-test surfaces were examined for changes in morphology. This paper discusses both of these programs and the results derived from them.

Jan 1, 1984

By Clifton W. Livingston

So many factors influence blasting results that theories and rules are usually dismissed as impractical; the practice prevailing today is arrived at by cut and try. Usually the first step is to experiment with drillhole patterns and spacing until an arrangement is found that gives best results. The next step is to experiment with different types of explosives and sequences of blasting until the most satisfactory degree of fragmentation is achieved and until no further reduction in cost is immediately apparent. Improved fragmentation is generally attributed to the type of powder used, the sequence in which the holes are blasted, or the use of millisecond delays. Various types of drill rounds have been evolved in tunneling operations, underground development headings, and stoping, and various patterns of blasting in open pit mines and quarries. These practices usually are carried from mine to mine or from district to district, and great skill is exercised by those experienced in the art of blasting.

Jan 1, 1960

By R. S. Shrode, R. F. Bunting

Transportation is one of several important increments in the total market cost of most commodities. On a national average it has been reported that transportation accounts for about 25% of the total cost of a product at the market place. And industrial minerals are no exception. In fact, the proportionate cost frequently exceeds the 25% average. Further, it may actually determine the economic value of a deposit. Transportation possibly may be thought of as a specialized subject, of concern only to a traffic manager and of only nominal interest to the mining engineer, the geologist or other technically oriented member of a mineral producers' staff. However, in the industrial minerals field, interest is not commonly confined to exploration, development, production or marketing, but is in contrast an overlapping one. In a very real sense this broad area of interest in the total economics of the business is the specialty of the industrial minerals man. And transportation is a vital part of the total picture.

Jan 1, 1970

By Calvin C. Brown

A university is a place to build minds and develop leaders. It provides the tools necessary for the development of new ideas which come from the inquisitive mind and is one of the stepping stones to management responsibilities for the truly ambitious. However, it is not always a financially sound investment! Lately, there have been several articles published on the economic advantages of a college education. These articles tend to average wages together according to education and years of service. Their tabulations generally include the chairman of the board, various vice presidents and plant managers and do not reflect the achievement of the average graduate. They consistently fail to include an analysis of the investment a college education requires. In reality, the bright high school graduate would make more real money over a 20-year period if he went directly to work "on the hill" than he would if he graduated from college. Furthermore, he would find little difference between his wages and those of the college graduate in the period from 20-30 years after high school graduation.

Jan 1, 1971

By C. F. Floe, M. Cohen, M. B. Bever, V. G. Paranjpe

P. Coheur and L. Habraken—We read this paper with great interest and are glad to congratulate the authors for their valuable work, supplying an important contribution to the mechanism of tempering on the carbides in vanadium steels. We are in a good position to appreciate this work since we have been studying, for more than a year, Cr-Mo steels of a composition similar, but less highly alloyed (namely 0.1 pct C, 3 pct Cr, 1 pct Mo). Our results are quite in concordance with the authors', however, we wish to point out that it is very interesting to use equally the electron microscope in order to observe the variations of microstructure in steels. We have studied simultaneously the evolution of the carbides in situ with the electron microscope, and, after extraction, again with the electron microscope, and then with X-rays. The first results which we have obtained have been communicated at the Congress of Delft (July 1949) and at the "Journees de la Metallurgie" in Paris (October 1949). These may be summarized as follows: After tempering with varying either the tempering temperatures or the tempering times, the carbides show two evolutions. The first one is connected to the carbides existing in the steels, principally in the boundaries of the grains. For some groups of steels these carbides may coalesce and for other groups they may

Jan 1, 1951

The thirty-ninth meeting of the Boston Section was held at the Engi- neers? Club on Monday evening, Dec. 4, 1916. Thirty-three members and guests sat down to dinner; There were present as section guests; Dr. L. D. Ricketts, and Prof. Bradley Stoughton, President and Secretary of the parent society, and each was called upon to speak. Mr. Stoughton spoke of the growth of the Institute during the past year and described the very numerous and important activities, of which the junction of the American Society of Civil Engineers with the other three societies is perhaps the most important. Dr. Ricketts, the advertised speaker of the evening, spoke on Recent Progress in Mining and Metallurgy of Copper Ores. In discussing the improvements in mining, he traced the mining methods from square- set mining to the modified Ohio System now so successfully used at Inspiration: In metallurgy, he described the growth of reverberatory-smelting ant1 allied problems such as the utilization of the waste heat for generating steam. He laid stress on the importance of sampling and bedding of

Jan 6, 1917

By N. J. Grant, D. S. Bloom

P. Coheur and L. Habraken—We read this paper with great interest and are glad to congratulate the authors for their valuable work, supplying an important contribution to the mechanism of tempering on the carbides in vanadium steels. We are in a good position to appreciate this work since we have been studying, for more than a year, Cr-Mo steels of a composition similar, but less highly alloyed (namely 0.1 pct C, 3 pct Cr, 1 pct Mo). Our results are quite in concordance with the authors', however, we wish to point out that it is very interesting to use equally the electron microscope in order to observe the variations of microstructure in steels. We have studied simultaneously the evolution of the carbides in situ with the electron microscope, and, after extraction, again with the electron microscope, and then with X-rays. The first results which we have obtained have been communicated at the Congress of Delft (July 1949) and at the "Journees de la Metallurgie" in Paris (October 1949). These may be summarized as follows: After tempering with varying either the tempering temperatures or the tempering times, the carbides show two evolutions. The first one is connected to the carbides existing in the steels, principally in the boundaries of the grains. For some groups of steels these carbides may coalesce and for other groups they may

Jan 1, 1951

By Roger G. Rowe

In late 1980, Exxon Minerals Company performed rock mechanics testing on oriented 150 mm drill core from their 75Fi tonne massive sulfide deposit near Crandon, Wisconsin. Instrumented samples from depths of 300 meters indicate premining horizontal stresses in a north-south direction (parallel to pillar faces) to average 12,300 kPa, with the perpendicular plane yielding an average stress of 14,630 kPa. Rock strength versus sample size was compared using uniaxial compressive strengths from 47 mm, 95 mm and 150 mm core. Massive sulfide averaged 153,300 kPa, 139,845 kPa and 75,330 kPa respectively, while the hanging wall and foot- wall averaged 92,000 kPa, 76,560 kPa and 57,960 kPa respectively. Point load compressive strengths were calculated using formula suggested by both Hassani et al., 1980 and Broch et al., 1972. Values calculated using the Hassani formula closely resembled pre- existing point load and uniaxial compressive strengths, while values calculated using the Broch formula were 50 percent low.

Jan 1, 1982

By A. A. Terchick, J. C. Anderson, D. T. King

During 1972-1973, U.S. Steel acquired an existing southern West Virginia high volatile coal mine property including a 150 tph heavy media feldspar jig preparation plant. Expansion of production from the property required an increase in plant capacity to 300 tph, replacement of the feldspar jig with a hydrocyclone circuit, and inclusion of a water clarification thickener system. The rugged and restrictive nature of the terrain adjacent to the plant facility indicated prohibitive construction costs and severe site congestion would be encountered if a conventional water clarification thickener were installed. A high-loading, small-volume thickener, developed initially for the sugar beet industry by the Enviro-Clear Co. of New York, was investigated by U.S. Steel Research for possible coal preparation application, utilizing bench scale and small scale pilot plant evaluation methods. Results of testing at existing U.S. Steel preparation plants indicated predictable successful application of the Enviro-Clear thickener, so a 35-ft-diam unit was installed. The two-phase thickener system, utilizing presettled bottom sludge as a filter-clarification media, has successfully performed since commissioning in April 1973, producing clarified water competitive with conventional thickener systems with freedom from usual thickener operational problems.

Jan 1, 1976