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On Wednesday evening, Jan. 27, 1915, were held in the auditorium of the Engineering Societies Building the inaugural exercises of The Engineering Foundation, established by the United Engineering Society. The initial gift to the Foundation of $200,000, made by Ambrose Swasey, Past President of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, was formally accepted at this time. So far as known this is the first instance of a foundation devoted to engineering purposes. This meeting con-stituted also an appropriate tribute to the generous gift made to the Foundation and gave opportunity for expression of the satisfaction and approval which are felt by engineers everywhere at the establishment of a means of promoting the good of mankind through the work of the engineer along the broadest lines. Gano Dunn, President of the United Engineering Society and Past President of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, acted as presiding officer, and on the platform were seated representatives of the three societies constituting the United Engineering Society, and of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Members of the four societies and many other friends interested in the profession composed the audience.

Jan 3, 1915

By C. B. Auel

THE subject of this paper involves the crux of the industrial safety problem. It is not overstating the fact to say that "a plant can be made as safe as the management and the workers want it to be;" if such desire is not in evidence and it is not possible to maintain interest in the work of safety, there can be practically no headway beyond the first few steps. These first steps may be said to embrace simply the mechanical or equivalent guarding of tools and equipment and may be taken in a more or less perfunctory manner; but, it has been estimated, they will not effect a reduction of more than 25 to 35 per cent. in the accidents likely to occur in an unguarded plant. The question therefore may be pertinently asked, "Whose interest is meant in the title of this paper, employers', employees?, or both?" It has been repeatedly stated that no safety work of any importance can be carried on: in a plant unless the employer believes in the value of such work. Such statements are true, but have become threadbare with constant repetition and the public is led to believe, that employers differ from ordinary human beings, that their sympathy for their fellowmen has become dulled, and they can be awakened to a sense of the fitness of things with respect to safety, health, sanitation, working hours, etc. only by legislation. There will undoubtedly be found an employer, now and again, who measures down to such specification; but the speaker, in a number of years of close contact with large employers (and his experience has been duplicated by many others) has found that the employers are usually far in advance of the general public in matters affecting the welfare of their employees, including their safety, and not from a selfish viewpoint, but from the humanitarian, economic, etc. If, at times, there is an apparent lack of headway in the solution of some problem connected with employees' welfare, it is not so much due to indifference or a failure to be awake, on the part of the employer, as it is to a lack of knowledge of the way in which to proceed to its successful accomplishment. Further, employers are, only human and cannot follow. every one of the innumerable matters connected with an industry down to their minutest details; they must delegate certain individuals as their representatives, clothing them with the necessary authority to act. These representatives should be looked upon as the Management in their respective fields and the

Jan 6, 1925

By Wilson D. Michell

THE Magma copper vein trends east-west, dips 70° south, and cuts through a 6000-ft thickness of limestones, quartzites, shale, diabase, and schist. The vein is itself a fault with -a horizontal offset of 500 ft on the formation contacts in the two walls. There are two principal faults of large displacement and numerous smaller steep and flat faults that complicate the prediction of ore occurrence. A study of the geology, its systematic recording to facilitate ready reference, and graphic methods of interpretation of mineralization have aided the exploration, development, and mining of the ore. In making predictions of the distribution of mineable ore bodies and their shape in critical areas, studies are made of "mineralization contours" and "mineralization trends," which are developed on a longitudinal section of the vein from variations in the concentration of the combined base metal content as shown by assays of available openings in the mine.

Jan 1, 1947

By E. T. Laker, John C. Loretto

This chapter deals with the process piping aspects of moving slurries in mineral processing plants and the transportation of slurries such as tailings and concentrates over longer distances. The basic data required to select the process piping is given together with an example of line sizing and material selection. Alternative piping materials are discussed together with pumps and pumpbox design and the types of valves and other fittings available to the process piping designer. The long distance transportation of slurries is briefly discussed and a number of references given on this, including papers on actual installations.

Jan 1, 1978

By Thomas M. Barczak

The resultant load vector is the representation of the forces applied to a longwall roof support element by caving strata into a single, quantifiable measure of support resistance. The relatively complex kinematics of the shield support prohibit a determination of support resistance simply by summation of leg forces. A method is being investigated by the Bureau of Mines to determine the resultant load vector by instrumenting supports with pressure transducers and strain gages to measure leg, canopy capsule, and lemniscate link forces. This concept has been laboratory tested in the Bureau's Mine Roof Simulator. Functional relationships among variables have been assessed, and confidence intervals have been established for prediction of the resultant load vector parameters.

Jan 1, 1984

By E. A. Stevens

It has been ascertained in recent years that certain rocktypes, geological formations and structural conditions may be used as fairly reliable guides, when prospecting in recognized mineral belts or milling districts, with a reasonable certainty of discovering "pay-ore;" and that such is considered as a practically established conclusion may be inferred from a perusal of the recent reports of the U. S. Geological Survey and the literature of the several scientific societies discussing mining, geology, and kindred subjects. Cripple Creek is no exception to this conclusion, and the

Jan 1, 1903

By Emory Kemler

The problem of determining the most desirable operating conditions of an oil-well pumping unit, the selection of the proper material and size of sucker rods, and the design of the pumping unit, requires that the sucker-rod loads be known with a reasonable degree of accuracy. In production practice, it is also desirable to know the effects of operating speeds and strokes on a plunger motion, as well as on the rod loads. For a particular well, data on rod loads can be obtained by measuring the load in sucker rods with a dynamometer. This method is not satisfactory because it does not permit the various factors to be investigated independently. It is also impossible to measure the plunger motion simultancously with rod motion under operating conditions. The mathematical solution is impractical because of the simplifications that have to be made to get a solution and the tremendous amount of numerical work that is necessary after such a simplified solution has been attained. This paper shows how analogies and models can be applied to the solution of these problems. The loads set up in a sucker-rod string during the ordinary pumping cycle are made up of the weight of the rods, force required to accelerate the rods, weight of the oil and force required to accelerate the oil on the upstroke, rod friction, stuffing-box friction, plunger friction, friction of the oil in the tubing and rods, arid friction loss through the valves. The problem of determining the sucker-rod load is further complicated by the fact that the long oil column and the sucker-rod column act as springs, which affect the transmission of the polished-rod motion. A further complication is the fact that the motion cannot be transmitted at a speed greater than that of the velocity of sound in the material, and this means that there will be a time lag in the transmission in the motion, as well as a modification of its magnitude and a phase displacement.

Jan 1, 1936

By Emory Kemler

The problem of determining the most desirable operating conditions of an oil-well pumping unit, the selection of the proper material and size of sucker rods, and the design of the pumping unit, requires that the sucker-rod loads be known with a reasonable degree of accuracy. In production practice, it is also desirable to know the effects of operating speeds and strokes on a plunger motion, as well as on the rod loads. For a particular well, data on rod loads can be obtained by measuring the load in sucker rods with a dynamometer. This method is not satisfactory because it does not permit the various factors to be investigated independently. It is also impossible to measure the plunger motion simultancously with rod motion under operating conditions. The mathematical solution is impractical because of the simplifications that have to be made to get a solution and the tremendous amount of numerical work that is necessary after such a simplified solution has been attained. This paper shows how analogies and models can be applied to the solution of these problems. The loads set up in a sucker-rod string during the ordinary pumping cycle are made up of the weight of the rods, force required to accelerate the rods, weight of the oil and force required to accelerate the oil on the upstroke, rod friction, stuffing-box friction, plunger friction, friction of the oil in the tubing and rods, arid friction loss through the valves. The problem of determining the sucker-rod load is further complicated by the fact that the long oil column and the sucker-rod column act as springs, which affect the transmission of the polished-rod motion. A further complication is the fact that the motion cannot be transmitted at a speed greater than that of the velocity of sound in the material, and this means that there will be a time lag in the transmission in the motion, as well as a modification of its magnitude and a phase displacement.

Jan 1, 1936

By A. R. Kinkel

Robert T. Walker and Woodville J. Walker (Walker Engineering Corp., Salt Lake City)—Mr. Kinkel's article embodies, in condensed form, the results of the first detailed and complete geological survey that has ever been made of the long neglected but potentially very important West Shasta Copper-Zinc district, in Shasta County, California. In view of the difficulties of the terrain and the complexity of the geological structure, this represents a notable achievement, and it is with regret, therefore, that the writers find it necessary to differ from Mr. Kinkel's conclusions on two important points. The first has to do with the interpretation of two members of the stratigraphic column of formations in the district; for purposes of comparison, the description of these two members according to Mr. Kinkel is shown parallel to the description of these members according to the writers, see Fig. 14, Mr. Kinkel's nomenclature being used. The first member, which Mr. Kinkel terms the upper unit of the Balaklala rhyolite, consists of a single, massive, homogenous body of very silicious igneous rock, consisting almost wholly of quartz and albite, and averaging about 80 pct silica. Most geologists of the U. S. Geological Survey who have previously inspected the district have called it an alaskite. It is not a pile of several members, but is a single unit, without internal subdivisions. It has the form of a recumbent lens, approximately flat on the bottom and arched on top, several miles in diameter, and attaining a maximum thickness of 1000 to 1200 ft. It varies in texture from porphyritic to holocrystalline, and contains unusually large quartz phenocrysts up to 4 mm diam. Mr. Kinkel considers this formation to be a thick lava flow that is older than the overlying Kennett shale, while the writers interpret it as being intrusive, constituting a domed sill or laccolith that is younger than the Kennett shale. Their reasons are as follows: 1) This formation shows none of the features which within the writers' experience invariably accompany very silicious lava flows. Nowhere is it vesicular; nowhere does it contain any glass or its devitrified equivalent; nowhere does it contain flow breccia; and nowhere has it a ragged top, in spite of the fact that there is no evidence of surface erosion, which might have removed such a top.

Jan 1, 1957

By Charles Sanford, William B. Schmidt, Eugene Moroni, John Murphy, Richard Bullock

An industry/government team sponsored by the Dept. of the Interior completed a study tour of the underground coal mining industries in Great Britain and Germany to review new and emerging coal mining technology. The group found that differences in tradition, mining conditions, and industry capabilities have led to different approaches in technological developments, many of which have the potential for application in U. S. mining. Both countries are working to improve materials and procedures for roadside pack wall. The British are developing a pump-packing system in which bentonite, water, stone, and a special cement are pipelined to the pack area to form a low strength compressible pack wall. The German industry is using anhydrite or blotzdammer to form a high strength pack wall. Both countries are using full-face tunnel-boring machines. The German industry has had considerable success with shield-type longwall supports.

Jan 1, 1977

By W. R. Boehme

The laboratory test work compares various 6 x 16 mesh activated coconut carbons using a gold standard solution of 4 ppm dissolved in sodium cyanide. The carbon adsorption rate and maximum loading are measured for different feed solution ionic contaminates: silver, copper, thiocyanate, and ferrocyanide. Conclusions are drawn that among the activated coconut carbons tested, maximum loading and the effects of specific ions varied significantly. The work presented can be applied to 6 x 16 mesh carbon selection tests and specific ion monitoring for industrial carbon adsorption systems.

Jan 1, 1984

By R. W. Jenkins, O. J. Neslage

The need for mechanized drilling to decrease mining costs has resulted in the development of the jumbo from column-and-bar drill by carriages to hydraulically controlled jib jumbos. Resultant savings from use of improved jumbos have been high enough usually to retire the machinery investment within a year. The jib jumbo unit has been and applied successfully to development and preparation programs and flat-bedded stopes, and an even wider field is forecast for its use.

Jan 5, 1950

By Frank R. Milliken

Before the rather sudden economic downturn in recent months, shortages of materials were painfully felt throughout the US. The current recession has provided a temporary relief here and there-but energy fuels and a number of staples such as sugar are still in short supply. This is an unsolved and fundamental problem that will haunt us again as the economy turns up. There is an awareness that the nation faces a widening supply gap in many of its most basic materials-from asbestos to tungsten-as evidenced by recent studies and government reports, and by the Secretary of the Interior's annual warnings about the mounting seriousness of the problem.

Jan 3, 1975

By Adrian C. Dorenfeld, John T. Oleksy

Fuel problems of two lesser developed countries (LDC 's) are presented. In particular, the paper reviews cement technology and the fuel-intensive cement industries of the Philippines and South Korea. Based on current financial and cost data, analyses are presented of the proposed substitution of high-sulfur and slow-sulfur American coal in place of fuel oil. The analyses show that economic substitution of coal for oil is not only based on relative prices for coal and oil, as expected, but also to be an inverse function of degree of intensity of energy use, and a direct function of financial incentives such as accelerated depreciation, taxes on the savings made by the use of coal, and cost of capital.

Jan 4, 1979

By R. W. Raymond

ChaRles William HenRy Kirchhoff was born March 28, 1853, at San Francisco, Cal., where his father, Charles Kirchhoff, was at that time consul for his native country, Germany. A few years later, the family moved' to Hoboken, K. J., in which city the son received his preliminary education at the Hoboken Academy, proceeding later to Germany, where he was graduated in 1874 as mining engineer and metallurgist at the Prussian Royal Mining Academy of Clausthal, in the Harz. Upon his return to the United States, he became chemist of the Delaware Lead Refinery at Philadelphia, and retained that position for three years. But in 1877 he began what was to be an almost uninterrupted life-long association with David Williams, the publisher of The Iron Age, of New York, who established in that year, and continued for a brief period, a journal entitled the Metallurgical Review, on the editorial staff of which Mr. Kirchhoff received a place. The enterprise was doubtless an attempt to cover a wide metallurgical field outside of that which properly belonged to The Iron Age. But it was soon abandoned, and Mr. Williams wisely concentrated his energies upon the older journal, which, under his vigorous and skillful management, and the labors of the able editors and correspondents whom he selected, became one of the greatest institutions of its class in the world. From 1878 to 1881, Mr. Kirchhoff was assistant editor of The Iron Age. From 1881 to 1884, he was managing editor of the Engineering and Mining Journal; in 1884 he returned to The Iron Age, to become for five years its associate editor, and in 1889, on the retirement of James C. Bayles, editor-in-chief. This list of dates and employments, without further comment, sufficiently indicates, at least to the eye of an expert, that Mr. Kirchhoff had found his congenial career in trade journalism. His qualifications for this profession were somewhat exceptional. He possessed the scientific training, the knowledge of foreign languages and literatures, and the power of making and keeping friends, which enabled him to get early notice of technical novelties; he had the taste for statistics which made him both industrious and intelligent in their collection and use; and to these traits he added a mastery of the meaning of such accumulated data, and a sane, critical judgment of the situations which they represented, as well as of the sources and the figures themselves, which made his opinion weighty

Jan 1, 1917

By B. Paul

1. INTRODUCTION It is known that the elastic modulus of a metal may be considerably increased by dispersing

Jan 1, 1961

By Edward F. Divers

Face ventilation is generally the most critical area in the coal mine ventilation system. Various studies have repeatedly shown that good ventilation is by far the most effective and least costly method of controlling dust and gas problems created during face operations. The Bureau of Mines has recently developed and assisted in the development of several new concepts in face ventilation systems, and in methods to accurately evaluate these systems underground. A new type of scrubber and ventilation system design built into the auger support frame of a continu- ous miner was developed. The objective was to improve face ventilation and reduce respirable dust concentrations. With this arrangement, one scrubber is mounted into each side of the boom. Laboratory and underground tests of various scrubber discharge arrangements showed good to excellent dust and methane control. Combined face ventilation systems, using both blowing and exhaust curtain, potentially offer dust and gas control and deeper cutting. Bureau tests at a mine using a combined face ventilation system and remote- control-operated continuous miners showed excellent dust and methane control. The advancement of line curtain systems beyond permanent supports without exposing workmen to roof fall hazards can be accomplished only with specially designed extendable devices. Numerous concepts for line curtain extension have been developed and tested. For the past several years, the Bureau has been testing various types of extensible face ventilation systems. These extensible systems can generally be classified as floor-, roof-, machine-, and rib-mounted systems. In the past 6 years, approximately 40 systems have been evaluated for feasibility. From these, several have been selected as practical or innovative and are presented herein. A technique developed by the Bureau to accurately and safely evaluate the effectiveness of face ventilation is also presented.

Jan 1, 1982

By Robert L. Wilson

Computation of reserve tonnages, stripping ratios, and grade of ore has long been a revolting aspect of the young mining engineer's job. Weeks at the desk calculator may turn into months before a single job is completed. Then many additional hours are necessary to check the calculations. During the last decade, computing machines have been widely publicized as instruments which will accomplish fantastic feats. Tales of their magical qualities have overshadowed their most basic characteristics-that of being a labor-saving device. Prior to a discussion of the electronic calculator's use on a mining problem, it may be well to point out that these machines are neither magic nor will they replace the judgment of an experienced engineer. In short, the "mighty morons," as the computors are sometimes called, are excellent labor savers but must be used correctly. They are not a substitute for thinking.

Jan 6, 1961

By Paul A. Bailly

“For innovative leadership in bringing about a quantitative rationality to mineral exploration; for the impact his efforts and wide respect have made on national mineral policy issues; for his effective managerial role in major mineral discoveries; and for his lecture, ‘Managing for Ore Discoveries.’”

Jan 1, 1980

By E. G. Bailey

The bituminous coal industry faces a real problem, if it desires to retain the position in the power-generation field to which it is economi-cally entitled. More power is probably produced today for electrical energy, for steam-driven and steam-heating industries and processes, for transportation by rail, water, highway and air, collectively, than ever before, and yet the total bituminous coal production has decreased about 38 per cent, from 575,000,000 tons in 1926 to 357,500,000 tons in 1934. It is not the intention of the writer to recommend coal as a fuel for automobiles and airplanes, but rather to point to these forms of transpor-tation as being responsible in a very measurable degree for reducing the coal consumed by railroads. Petroleum products may still further reduce consumption of locomotive fuel through the extension of the use of Diesel-driven trains. Oil-burning steam-driven locomotives are replacing coal in some places, where railroads operating high-speed pas-senger trains are willing, temporarily at least, to pay a premium for the fuel, that is low in ash and produces less smoke and practically no cinders. In the navy and ocean-going passenger ships, oil is so firmly estab-lished, and has such definite advantages over coal as formerly fired, in steaming radius, in ease of bunkering, cleanliness, and reduction in firing labor, that very outstanding developments in the handling and burning of coal will be required in order to replace oil. For freighters on the Great Lakes, coal is the logical fuel, but there is great and immediate need of radical improvements in its use, else that market also may be lessened. It is not within the scope of this paper to discuss in detail bitumi-nous coal for either locomotive or marine use, but, rather, generation of power in stationary plants, consisting of electrical generating stations and that very large group of miscellaneous industrial plants, such as paper, rubber, textile, steel and other industries that use electrical, mechanical, and steam power, derived from either hydro or some form of fuel.

Jan 1, 1935