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By J. H. Archibald

"IntroductionShot-saws are used for sawing rock throughout the dimension stone industry especially in granite quarry mills. Shot-saws, as currently designed, have an inherent wear problem which leads to slow cutting rates and repetitive blade changes which consumes much time. Because the saw blades are made from steel the abrasive shot used with them is limited to a certain hardness which effects the over-all efficiency of the sawing operation. Suggestions are made toward optimization of blade design and the sawing process. Blade DesignA common steel blade design is shown in Figure I. Note the perforations in the blade. These perforations or holes in the blade serve two or three purposes. The most obvious reason is to allow the abrasive shot a pocket in which to collect at the bottom of the blade, so that it can be distributed from these pockets into the cutting zone underneath the blade. The abrasive is fed to the saw in a slurry and usually comes in from the top. The blade must then cut a kerf wider than itself in order that the abrasive grains have a path leading from the top of the blade, down along its sides, and finally reaching the pockets and cutting zones. This circuitous path followed by the abrasive leads to side wear on the blades and high friction which can lead to blade buckling in severe cases. However, the fluidized path of the abrasives down the sides of the blade serves another purpose which is a positive gain if conditions are properly controlled. The abrasive slurry interacts with the perforations of the blade, the blade itself and the rock. This gap and the perforations in the blade, which are fluid filled, are sites of constant shearing motion. Eddy currents form in these gaps and pockets which tend to stabilize the blade by setting up balanced hydrodynamic forces which otherwise might not form in a non-perforated blade. A stable blade produces a more uniform cut in the rock. The third and final reason for the perforations are to allow the blade to wear in such a fashion that new pockets are always being formed and, consequently, new cutting surfaces between these pockets are also formed."

Jan 1, 1993

By C. C. Hamilton, G. R. Lane

Traditionally, mineral sands are evaluated by preparing several mineral products using a combination of heavy liquid-, magnetic-, and electrostatic methods. Whole-rock assays (WRA) are then conducted on ilmenite, rutile and zircon products in order to determine trace element contents, which may affect project feasibility. Combined methods can be time consuming, expensive and even outdated due to the use of banned and toxic chemicals such as clerici solution. Coupled with large field-sample quantities, these procedures can potentially introduce unacceptable sampling and related errors. Modern mineralogical analysis techniques can provide complete mineralogical inventories on a single THM product, reducing the amount of processing involved in satisfactory characterization of early exploration samples. A small exploration sample can be processed to produce a small THM concentrate using readily available gravity/density methods. In turn, the THM product is submitted for Whole Rock Analysis (WRA) and mineralogical inspection by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and microscopic evaluation. Modal mineralogy and textural data can be determined using optical methods, automated image analysis, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) based systems. Benefits of automation are reproducibility and the capability of rapidly analysing thousands of particles as opposed to manual optical methods. Automated systems include the use of Automated Digital Image Analysis (ADIS), and SEM-based systems such as the Mineral Liberation Analyser (MLA) and QemSCAN. For detailed mineral chemistry, microanalysis techniques ranging from electron microprobe (EMPA) to Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Laser Ablation Mass-Induced Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LAM-ICP-MS) are used. Examples of these automated and analytical methods are presented. ADIS at SGS-Lakefield Research uses optical characteristics to identify and measure mineral species in THM samples; rutile, pseudorutile, ilmenite and leucoxene can be distinguished. Analysis of a single THM product provides bulk modal mineralogy and grain size distribution of particles and the individual mineral grains. Textural information is also obtained detailing mineral associations as well as degree of alteration. Where textural and chemical resolution renders mineral identification ambiguous, SEM-based methods offer better resolution. Examples of this ambiguity are shown in this paper, which leads to QemSCAN as the preferred method where within-grain variability is concerned. Sampling and measurement strategies are followed to meet study objectives, providing a value-added framework for a sequential, cost-effective strategy, which will meet due diligence and bankable accreditation criteria. Studying a THM product by electron microprobe and LAMICP-MS may reveal potential fatal flaws related to mineral chemistry. Low detection limits in the range of 200 to 500ppm are possible using electron microprobe analysis for suitable matrixes (U, Th in zircon). For the detection of ultra low level elemental contaminants, LAM ICPMS is the most accurate method of evaluation. Elements including U, Th, La, Ce, Nb, and V in Ti-minerals can be determined down to 50 ppm.

Jan 1, 2005

By W. R. Leeder

"The Quintette coal property lies in the Rocky Mountain foothills of northeastern British Columbia (see Figure 1). Quintette and the adjacent Bullmoose property of Teck Corporation are soon to become the first commercial coal mines in the Peace River Coal Field, which is estir1ated to contain 10 billion tonnes of metallurgical coal reserves.Denison Mines Limited acquired the original Quintette coal licenses in 1969 and 1970. Exploration began soon after and the first feasibility study was conducted in 1975. Denison devoted the following six years to extensive planning and feasibility studies of the project. During this period, the provincial and federal governments also undertook studies to assess infrastructure requirements and economic viability of development in this part of the province. Many of the proposed mine sites such as Bullmoose and Quintette were at least 100 to 150 kilometres from the towns of Chetwynd and Dawson Creek, the nearest centres serviced by good highways and a railroad, and a complete network of services would have to be provided if such mines were to be developed. The overall project became known as the North East Coal Development.Concurrently with the feasibility studies, numerous technical and sales missions to Japan were made by representatives of Canadian industry and government, culminating in January 1981 with agreements for Quintette Coal Limited and Teck Corporation to supply a total of 115 million tonnes 8 million tonnes per year for 15 years of primarily metallurgical coal to the Japanese Steel Industry."

Jan 1, 1983

By Pengfu Tan

Xstrata Copper at Mount Isa in Australia has operated one copper Isasmelt furnace and four P-S converters. The phenomena of foaming occur in above 10% of converter operations. A thermodynamic model of copper P-S converter and a viscosity model of converter slag have been developed to simulate the slag blow and copper blow. The model predicts the chemistry and viscosity of copper skims during copper blow. The effects of oxygen potential, charge of dirty materials, slag carry-over, under-blowing, over-blowing, and temperature on the foaming and viscosity of copper skims have been discussed. Some improvements of the industrial operations have been presented.

Jan 1, 2006

By B. Caro Vargas

The Toulon South Tunnel in France is the second part of a project started 20 years ago. After the problems and delays suffered during the construction of the North Tunnel, due to a complex geologic context of highly fractured and soft rocks under a highly urbanized environment, a very dense automatic monitoring system was implemented to control the settlements of surface (more than 1000 points), the structures adjacent to the tunnel alignment and the underground galleries being constructed. The latest automatic instrumentation systems were installed, using for example AMTS capabilities in terms of ?automatic prismless settlement monitoring?. All the data (geotechnical, structural and geological) was gathered in a global automatic data acquisition system and continuously available on a web based interface. Three different threshold levels (notification, anomaly, alert) were set up, each one with a differential and an absolute value for settlements. Depending on the actual geological site conditions and the actual monitored settlements, different supporting systems and excavation techniques were used. Furthermore, the monitoring data was also used to predict and anticipate the future settlement, by comparing it continuously with the theoretical Peck settlement curves. This method allowed a better risk management by limiting the settlement on existing structures and helped to secure the Works progress schedule, for a project that lasts from July 2007 to March 2011. The implementation of this observational method application is presented in this paper.

Jan 1, 2012

By C Chambers

"AustraliaÆs mining sector faces challenges to its competitiveness; operating costs are being adversely affected as a result of volatile commodity prices and growing international market pressures.Diesel fuel-generated power used in typical remote mining projects is generally reliable and quick-to-deploy; however it is ongoing expensive operating cost.Many mines and communities in remote locations source electricity from diesel generation, and often pay over $300/MWh in fuel and carbon only (i.e. excluding CAPEX). These costs are expected to rise over time and are vulnerable to price shock events or supply chain interruptions in international markets.Solar photovoltaic (PV) and other renewables can be integrated with existing diesel units to provide a highly reliable power supply. Such renewables now provide a cheaper source of electricity while maintaining the mining industryÆs stringent reliability requirements; some renewables are now cheaper than diesel power ù supplying electricity at approximately $226/MWh.Also, significant funding and concessional rate financing have recently become available to support the development of remote solar-diesel (or solar-wind-diesel) hybrid systems, including: up to $2.2 billion of as-yet uncommitted grants through the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) and is now seeking mining industry partners, up to $10 billion of concessional financing for emerging renewable technologies through the Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) and this commences July 2013, ongoing revenue support through the Renewable Energy Target scheme, and other regional support programs administered by various governments.This paper explores: the business case for renewables - what applications and when to consider them, the potential operating cost savings if solar was integrated, the technical challenges and common pitfalls, and how to overcome them, and the upfront investment costs and whether the site is eligible for Government subsidy programs.CITATION:Chambers, C, 2013. Off-grid solar in the mining sector - Can renewable energy reduce your operating costs?, in Proceedings MetPlant 2013, pp 71-85 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jul 15, 2013

By A. El-Midany

Dolomite impurities are increasing in the currently mined phosphate deposits in Florida. Several research efforts have been conducted in various laboratories around the globe to find methods to economically removing the dolomite. However, a universal and cost-effective process is not now in commercial use. In this paper, a new process for dolomite/apatite separation is presented. The differential solubility of dolomite in slightly acidic solution is utilized to generate micro CO2 bubbles at the dolomite/water interface. Particle (dolomite)/bubble aggregates float to the surface leaving phosphate concentrate with low MgO content. Interestingly, up to 6.0 mm particles can be floated by such micro-bubble/particle aggregates. Different surface-active agents were tested to stabilize the bubbles. Results of these tests are presented, and the mechanisms involved are discussed.

Jan 1, 2009

By D. Chetty

The characterization of platinum group minerals (PGMs) from concentrator flotation circuits provides valuable information towards understanding PGM recovery under given milling and flotation conditions. Additional mineralogical characterization also provides information on ore variability, which may affect recovery. Considering the low grades involved, automated scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization of PGMs has enabled relatively quick analyses, compared with older, time consuming and less accurate optical microscopy methods. Over the years, parameters, such as species, size distribution, liberation, gangue and base metal sulfide (BMS) associations, have been used to characterize the PGMs in a process mineralogical context, to aid metallurgical interpretation. This paper considers whether flotation indices determined for PGMs can be empirically validated, using initial results from analysis of PGMs in a concentrate bank from a South African concentrator treating UG2 ore from the western limb of the Bushveld Complex. The aim is to determine whether floatability is adequately described by these parameters, or whether other mineralogical factors must be considered when assessing PGM floatability, and hence accounting for recovery vs. losses to tails. The data obtained to date, show that flotation parameters (including liberation index, BMS/gangue relationships and size distribution) have merits where large changes in PGM concentration occur, as observed in the first four cells of the concentrate bank. Larger data sets, however, are required to assess floatability, particularly where concentrate cell grades are similar, as observed in the last six cells of the concentrate bank. Furthermore, the floatability indices could be enhanced by the incorporation of selected associated gangue mineral information, chief amongst these being the content and mode of occurrence of naturally floatable talc and associated orthopyroxene.

Jan 1, 2009

By P Rubie, B Morgan, J Russell, C Stewart

The relationship between efficient liner exchange, concentrator availability and concentrator profitability is well documented. Russell Mineral Equipment’s (RME) relationship with OZ Minerals’ Prominent Hill site personnel enabled sound collaboration between the two parties. Both parties worked together to identify the sources of productivity and efficiency loss and developed solutions to reverse them.This paper chronicles the identification of production inefficiencies and the resulting removal of mill relining from the critical path through the materialisation of mill relining optimisation strategies. Furthermore, this paper outlines other recent mill relining optimisation strategies developed by RME and tested at Prominent Hill, to demonstrate and achieve further productivity, efficiency and safety improvements.CITATION:Rubie, P, Russell, J, Morgan, B and Stewart, C, 2017. Mill relining optimisation – a story of collaboration, in Proceedings MetPlant 2017, pp 335–345 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 11, 2017

By L. M. Kaas

Production planning techniques, particularly a production scheduling model are proposed for use in taconite mining in Minnesota. Applications of the scheduling model, on a two-year mine plan, which evaluates the equipment involved, are detailed. Data and tables are included. INTRODUCTION Fifty years ago Walter Swart, a mining engineer investigating the Minnesota taconites for the Jackling interests, made this report: "There is no doubt in my mind that this taconite mining is a game worth playing and that it can be played to a successful finish. It seems now only a question of men, money, methods and details."' The prosperous industry envisioned by Swart and other taconite pioneers is today a reality. Its growth has been spurred by technological advances in mining and beneficiation, depletion of natural ore reserves, and improvement of the economic climate. However, the massive problems that were solved to make this development possible are only a foreshadowing of the questions of "men, money, methods and details" that will be encountered in the future. The increasing demands for higher quality taconite pellets have already forced producers to examine better methods of quality control for their operations. THE NEED FOR PRODUCTION SCHEDULING The maintenance of fairly constant crude ore characteristics is of major importance to mill quality control. Through careful mixing of ore from storage bins, the concentrator staff can partially reduce the deviations of the feed analysis from the analysis desired. However, the limited effectiveness of bin mixing systems has caused some mining companies to utilize large capacity blending piles to reduce grade variations. Although the analysis of material being reclaimed from such a pile is relatively uniform, raw materials still must be scheduled from the mine into the pile in such a manner that the average analysis of all material is close to the feed analysis prescribed by the mill. PRODUCTION SCHEDULING MODEL Minnesota taconite mining companies have used three analyses to estimate how a certain ore will react to concentration. These factors are the crude magnetic iron content of the ore, the iron content of the plant concentrate produced from the ore at a standard grind, and the grindability index of the ore. The actual laboratory tests used to determine these factors have been described by Apuli.2 These data are obtained from analysis of diamond drill cores, and are the established criteria used by mine planning engineers to formulate taconite production schedules. Variations in the grade of mine output should be controlled by any production scheduling system. However, to be truly practical, production scheduling methods must also consider many of the less tangible variables that affect mine operation. These include pit layout, available equipment, and ownership of ore leases. The number and scope of the variables inherent in this type of mine planning suggested that a computer simulation could be used to solve the problem. The preparation of information for use with a computer simulation program was the initial phase of this project. Meaningful data was developed from logs of diamond drill cores. Analyses were related to their respective areas of influence by means of mine maps, Fig. 1. The three assay variables and tonnages for each area were punched on cards. In addition to these values, a location code number was punched in the first eight columns of the cards. This code is explained as follows: Column 1 Bench number Column 2 Quadrant location as determined by mine reference lines Columns 3-5 East-west coordinate Columns 6-8 North-south coordinate The heart of any simulation techniques is a well engineered mathematical model. To develop a model for taconite production scheduling, the relationship between the three assay variables had to be established. Because changes in each analysis factor affect the mill circuits in different manners, a weighting system was used to determine the relative im-

Jan 1, 1967

By James A. Schneider

The successful installation of long piles driven into very dense sands relies on the occurrence of the reduction in local friction with increased pile embedment, a phenomenon known as ?friction fatigue?. The underlying mechanisms controlling friction fatigue are poorly understood, with some design methods including an adjustment for the influence of pile diameter while others do not. This paper back calculates the installation resistance of 0.356m to 2m (14in to 78in) diameter open ended piles driven into very dense sands using wave equation analyses. Cone penetration test data are used to link soil properties to installation resistance. The study illustrates consistent interpretation of a variety of case histories of open ended piles driven in very dense sands using newly developed analysis techniques and normalized parameters. Results provide information on methods for incorporating friction fatigue into drivability studies as well as a discussion of mechanisms related to pipe pile installation resistance in sandy soils.

Jan 1, 2010

By C. D. Anderson

A variety of processing technologies exist for recovery from both primary and secondary sources of rhenium. Currently, there are no known primary rhenium deposits, thus, the method in which primary rhenium is produced is dependent on the commodity of which it is a byproduct, e.g., copper, molybdenum, uranium, etc. In addition, focus on the recovery of rhenium from secondary sources, such as alloy scraps and catalysts, is continually growing. This paper presents a review of both primary and secondary processing technologies for the recovery of rhenium. Key Words: Rhenium, Ammonium Perrhenate, Extractive Metallurgy

Feb 27, 2013

By Dany Pelletier, Yeves Breau, Ahmed Bouajila, Claude Gagnon

"In flotation circuits, direct measurement of the volumetric flow rate delivered by electromagnetic flowmeters is often difficult to obtain particularly due to piping and flow constraints. However, on-line material balance calculation could offer a reliable alternative to flow rate sensing. This paper describes an on-line material balance software package as applied to a copper flotation circuit for mass flow rate estimation mainly based on the output of an x-ray fluorescence onstream analyser. Rule-based procedures for the management of the main calculation modules are designed and integrated to a Comdale expert system. Attempts to diagnose the flotation process from mass flow rate data are also discussed.INTRODUCTIONThe need for improved process diagnosis, control and optimisation has become more evident for the mineral processing industry in the last decade. Therefore, new process variables need to be inferred or measured particularly in highly multivariable processes such as flotation. This process is subject to a wide variety of disturbances mainly generated by frequent and sometimes abrupt changes in physical and chemical characteristics of the ore and due to some irregularities in manual process operating procedures.A flotation circuit scheme is always a complex network counting more than two dozens of slurry streams. Information about those streams (%solids, metal content analysis, and flow rates) are important for process diagnosis, performance evaluation control and optimization (1,3).On-line sensing instruments such as x-ray fluorescence (XRF) on-stream analysers (OSA), gamma density gauges and electromagnetic flowmeters have been developed for the measurement of those variables. Unlike the other variables, stream flow rates could be determined by different ways:"

Jan 1, 2000

Reliable and discriminating small, laboratory scale methods of study have been developed and used successfully in the critical evaluation and interpretation of the carbonization characteristics of a wide range of raw and prepared materials, the variable factors in the coking process, and' the mechanical properties of the carbonized products. The simple and highly economic technologies have been successfully and effectively integrated with detailed surface and subsurface geological exploration programmes (particularly in the coalfields of the .Central Bowen Basin of Queensland) as well as with quality and utilization studies of a nUII!ber of representative Australian and Japanese coals. Previously, only the results of comparatively large, laboratory scale studies have provided information reasonably indicative of those to be anticipated hi industrial practice, but these suffer serious disadvantages in terms of economy of material, time and resources; they have been difficult or even impossible to use as an essential part of any normal or comprehensive exploration programme. On the other hand, although previously developed smaller scale laboratory methods derive considerable advantage from their flexibility, amenity to critical control and inherent potential for speed and economy, they have hitherto permitted no effective or direct comparison with the results of industrial practice or full scale assessment. Comprehensive study results achieved through technologies developed recently at the University 'of Sydney demonstrate that carefully controlled small laboratory scale methods of evaluation quite suitable for use in exploration and, other programmes may be used to predict with considerable accuracy and reliability (in some cases exceedingthat of pilot scale study) the principal strength index of one of the established and internationally recognized full sc:ale tests-the Japanese Industrial-Standard Drum Test. It is probable that further study may establish satisfactory correlations with the results of other standard industrial procedures.

Jan 1, 1969

Sustainable development is a critical discussion topic in the mining industry today. The topic is necessarily broad and complex, covering an entire spectrum of related areas, from geology to end-use products. The objective of this keynote address is to focus on the chemicals and chemistry aspects - especially research and technology transfer - in sustainable mineral processing. Chemicals came to play a critical role in mineral processing during the last century, and they will play an equally vital role in confronting the sustainability challenges of the 21st century, particularly in the areas of greener chemicals, water efficiency and water resource management; waste reduction and remediation; minimising environmental impact, safety and health risks (meeting and exceeding the requirements of regulations); energy efficiency; and converting mineral resources into reserves. This keynote address argues that the current research framework is no longer adequate to serve the goals of sustainable mineral processing. The problems studied are often too narrowly defined or irrelevant, while the research efforts are fragmented and the methods and approach employed are often too reductionistic to produce useful knowledge. A new framework for research is needed. This address further argues that a new framework based on a holistic or systems approach can best tackle the challenges of sustainable mineral processing. Central tenets of this approach include a recognition that, in complex systems, the behaviour of the whole system is more than the sum of the individual contributions, and that interactions occur in real time, often in subtle and complex ways. The focus is thus on the behaviour of the whole system. Indeed, a comprehensive understanding of the system through large-scale measurements should precede a study of parts or of idealised models of the complex system. The result will be a sound knowledgebase, better solutions to the challenges of sustainable development, and improved technology transfer. Developing such a framework will pose a formidable challenge, requiring significant time and effort as well as a confluence of diverse specialties and strategic collaboration. Fortunately, recent developments in the context of reagent optimisation provide us with a prototype of a holistic approach. We can also draw upon methodological innovations in the biological sciences, where the critical need for a systems approach is well recognised and significant advances have been made.

Sep 13, 2010

By Walter Durst

On October 16, 1978, the Harnback open cut of Rheinische Braunkohlenwerke, the largest open cut ever planned, was officially put into operation. It will outperform all of the large open cuts known at present, both in its dimensions and in its annual output of overburden and coal. Present plans are to commence coal mining in 1983, although target production will only be achieved in 1995when the annual output will be 50 million tons of coal. Considering an overburden: coal ratio of 6: 1, this will involve the removal of approximately 300 million bank cubic metres of overburden. For overburden removal and coal mining, this open cut will use bucket-wheel excavators exclusively. It is planned to employ eight excavators with a daily output of 240,000 bank cubic metres each (Fig. 1). The transport of the overburden and coal to the dump and the power station, respectively, will be effected by 30Q0-mm-wide conveyors, running at a speed of 6 m/sec. The overburden will be dumped by spreaders having a boom length of 100 m, capable of dumping 240,000 bank cubic metres per day (Fig. 2). Such giants, of course, can only be used for extreme conditions . Their employment indicates that huge quantities of material can be handled economically for long periods. However, the use of bucket-wheel excavators is economic when daily outputs of 5,000 bank cubic metres are involved, in particular if direct backcasting of the overburden is not possible.

Jan 1, 1979

The Detachment of Coarse, Composite Particles from Bubbles

Sep 13, 2010

By G. W. Jones

One of the major activities of the Bureau of Mines is the promotion of safety in mining and other industries, In this connection, the Bureau determines the explosion hazards' of combustible gases, vapors, and solids and investigates means of controlling and preventing explosions. Many dangers are likely to confront men who must enter a building immediately after it has been damaged. Rescue workers must watch constantly for common gases and vapors that may be present in dangerous concentrations in and about demolished, buildings. Fuel gas is the most common source of danger, although refrigerants, gases from furnaces, flues, fires, sewers, and industrial processes, and gas from bomb, explosions in confined places also constitute definite hazards. To rescuers and trapped casualties, these gases offer the hazards of (1) explosion, (2) toxic effects, including asphyxiation and death, and (3) displacement of air so that the oxygen content of the atmosphere is reduced to or below the danger level.

Jan 1, 1944

With the exhaustion of orebodies close to the main haulage shaft of the Emperor mine, an increased rate of development, aimed at earlier investigation of values disclosed by exploration drill holes has been attained with an overall reduction in unit costs.This paper describes the techniques used in rates of advance up to and exceeding 1,000 ft per 28-day period.

Jan 1, 1966

By T N. Little

The author contends that geoscience is presently under-utilised in the rock fragmentation by blasting process. Before we can set standards in this area, the following is required: mine geologists need to gain a better understanding of the blasting process and the blasting team needs to obtain a better appreciation of geology. Both groups need to be informed of what can be done to improve blasting outcomes, why it is necessary and how it can be achieved. By working closely together, both the geoscience toolkits and blasting expertise can be applied and focused on priority blast sensitive issues, with potential to improve mine economics and safety. Finally, and ideally, mine geologists need to take a leadership role in raw rock mass data collection and data management, and invited to take an active role in rock mass related behaviour data collection, integration and presentation.This paper attempts to provide insight into all these prerequisites for setting a new standard for collaboration and mutual learning in this strategic opportunity area. The potential for blasting to leverage downstream processes is highlighted. Blasting objectives and blast design principles are introduced along with the required rock mass related inputs. Some hazardous geological materials and environmental conditions are described, along with how they can affect operational complexity.Four case examples are used to illustrate the need for closer liaison between geology and blasting professionals. The first related to grade control blasting, aims to demonstrate how a blasting geology approach can add significant value. Case example two demonstrates how geological models and bench face analysis can assist with fragment control. The third and fourth case examples involve an overview of two case studies where timely geological and geotechnical knowledge input and intervention into blasting activities may have reduced losses due to blast initiated open pit slope collapses.CITATION:Little, T N, 2017. Geoscience input into blasting operations – let’s set a new standard, in Proceedings Tenth International Mining Geology Conference 2017, pp 375–384 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 20, 2017