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By W. H. Hough, P. B. Leavenworth

Development during 1942 led to the discovery of 26 new fields in the Texas Gulf Coast, as compared with 27 during 1941. Of these, 19 are classed as oil fields, 4 distillate fields, and 3 gas fields. Production from the new fields amounted to 614,467 bbl. to October 1942. Producing Sections.—Discoveries in I942, compared with the previous two years, classified by producing formations, are shown in the following table: It is interesting to note the increase in Wilcox discoveries due to the extensive geophysical campaign that has been con. ducted since 1940. Drilling.—During the year 688 wells were drilled, of which 574 produced oil or gas and 114 were dry. This represents a considerable decline in activity over the previous year, when 1405 wells were drilled in the area, of which 1081 were producers and 324 failures. Jackson County continued to hold the lead, with 222 wells completed. Production.—-Despite curtailed drilling, production amounted to 118,009,451 bbl. for 1942, indicating a slight increase over the 113,726,893 bbl. produced during 1941. The statistics in Tables I and 2 include condensate and distillate as oil production, because many Gulf Coast fields produce oils with a wide variation of specific gravities, all of which are commingled in pipe lines. Table 3 shows by counties most of the activities referred to. The number of wells drilled includes only field wells; not wildcats. Outstanding Fields of 1942 The Texas Gulf Coast covered in this report has 270 more or less active oil and gas fields, including the new discoveries of 1942. Of these the most outstanding from the standpoint of production are listed in Table 4. Each of these fields produced one million barrels or more during 1942. Some of the fields where new extensions are occasionally referred to as separate fields, such as West Columbia and New West Columbia, or Thompson and South Thompson, are combined to give a more accurate outline. Two interesting facts may be noted from this list of some 26 oil fields: (I) that the Lolita field, Jackson County, is the only discovery since 1938 to produce more than one million barrels annually, although there have been 79 discoveries since Jan. I, 1940; (2) that 20 of these 26 fields produce from the Frio. New Fields ALief, Harris County.—Pure Oil Company's No. I Mike Albanese was drilled to 8637 ft. in Cook Mountain shale. After numerous tests the well was completed on Apr. 20, 1942, in a Yegua sand at 7919 to 7924 ft. for 54 bbl. of 52' gravity oil and 3,335,000 cu. ft. of gas through

Jan 1, 1943

By Robert S. Dewey

Drilling in West Texas during 1942 was substantially less than in the previous year. In all. 1267 Wells were drilled, as compared with 2325 wells in 1941. Of these 1267 wells, 1052 oil wells, 10 gas wells and 69 dry holes were drilled in proven fields and 36 oil wells, one gas well and 99 dry holes were wildcat operations. Of the 36 wildcat wells completed as oil producers, 16 led to new field discoveries, three found new productive horizons in old fields, and 17 extended the productive limits of established fields. Where semiwildcat drilling took place along established productive trends, there was often no sharp demarcation between wildcat wells that extend field limits and normal development to fulfil lease obligations, other than the arbitrary classification of a well as a wildcat if it was drilled at a distance of 2 miles from a producing oil well. The dry hole drilled on the edge of a field may have proved a more hazardous operation than a semiwildcat drilled several miles from production but favorably located on structure. The percentage of successful wildcatting ranges from 26.5 down to 14 per cent, dependent upon the degree of inclusion of the semiwildcat operations. Irrespective of which figure was used, the West Texas area maintained its better than average exploratory position. No doubt a number of factors may have influenced the extent of the 1942 development. Among those arising from the economic dislocation attendant on the war effort, the following are worthy of note. Owing to inductions into the armed forces and shipyard competition for mechanically trained men, experienced drilling personnel was sharply reduced, thereby increasing drilling costs and well-completion hazards. Replacement labor has not met the same standard of responsibility or workmanship to which the oil industry has grown accustomed. Increased military consumption of aviation gasoline and other crude products, coupled with decreased domestic consumption of lower-octane gasoline, has stimulated the market demand for the types of sweet crude most readily processed with available refinery equipment to meet war requirements, and has depressed the market demand for the sour West Texas crudes. As a majority of the purchasers of West Texas crude normally ship a substantial portion of sour crude to the refineries on the Atlantic seaboard, the loss and diversion of tanker service between Gulf Coast and north Atlantic ports have further curtailed the market demand for this type of crude oil. As some purchasers of crude oil were able to move by pipe line their West Texas trunk-line capacity to Midwestern refining centers, they were not impelled to curtail purchases of West Texas crude. The varying ability of the purchasers of crude oil to market West Texas crude was reflected back to various fields to which they were connected, causing an unequal distribution of production as among fields and operators. The pipe-line runs from the West Texas-New Mexico area decreased from approximately 354,000 bbl. Per day in January to about 265,000 bbl. in December 1942. .Approximately 2,991,000 bbl. of West

Jan 1, 1943

By David B. Reger

Wildcat drilling for new supplies of gas and the expansion of previously discovered oil and gas pools were the principal petroleum activities in West Virginia .during 1942. Much of the new gas exploration is still uncompleted and still indecisive but various wildcats made substantial extensions to existing pools. Out of 53 wildcats drilled 27 resulted in commercial gas and 6 in commercial oil. Four of the oil discoveries also had commercial gas. No strictly new pools of oil or gas can safely be described as discovered but several scattered oil and gas wells previously drilled have been confirmed as the openers of definite pools; also, various completions closed wide gaps between apparent gas pools already discovered. The proved oil territory of the state was increased about 4850 acres and the proved gas territory about 51,000 acres. The new proved oil reserves should about balance withdrawals and the new gas may represent a substantial increase. Aside from the drilling in four rather lively pools, oil activity was slight because of unfavorable operating conditions and prices. Gas drilling also declined for reasons beyond the control of the operators. The account of operations, as gathered from trade journals and other reporting services, shows that 797 new wells were drilled, providing 119 new oil wells with 2762 bbl. of daily new production; 536 new gas wells with 1,228,501,000 CU. ft. of daily open flow: and 142 dry holes. Also... 76 old wells were drilled to deeper sands, with 71 bbl. and 26,034,000 cu, ft. of added production. On the new wells the oil average was 23.21 bbl. per well per day; and the gas average was 2,270,406 CU. ft. per well per day. On new wells the ratio of dry holes to completions was 17.82 per cent. On deeper drilling the ratio of failures was 21.05 per cent. Production of oil for the year was estimated by the Oil ad Gas Journal as 3,492,000 bbl., as compared with 3,378,000 bbl. in 1941. Production of natural gas for the year is estimated by the author as 220,000,000,000 cu. ft., as compared with the U. S. Bureau of Mines final figures of 207,000,000,000 cu. ft.* in 1941. General State op Industry Leasing of wildcat acreage increased considerably. The total land of all classes under lease may now exceed 5,000,000 acres. Taking into consideration completions, abandonments and corrected figures or estimates, Table I shows cumulative and late annual statistics. New Pools and Extensions Table 2 shows the principal areas of drilling activity during 1942. Various consolidations of territory, hitherto treated as separate pools, have been made. in addition to these active pools, extensive drilling was done in numerous other areas where pool boundaries can hardly be defined. Summary or Exploration Table 3 gives a summary of important wildcat or exploratory wells drilled during

Jan 1, 1943

By M. R. Pickus, I. W. Pickus

ORDINARILY age-hardening is thought of as being associated with a limited solubility of one metal in another. Much less has been written about the type of age-hardening that attends the formation of superstructures. Solid solutions generally have a disordered or random arrangement of atoms; that is to say, in a unit cell, such as that of the face-centered cubic lattice, there is no distinction between atomic sites. Atoms of a given metal may occupy cube corners or face centers. Under certain conditions, however, some alloys develop what is known as an ordered structure. In this case, cube corners would be occupied by only one type of atom and face centers by another type, Associated with this ordering process are many interesting changes in physical and electrical properties. Moreover, in many instances the alloys become susceptible to age-hardening. From the evidence now to be described, it appears that age-hardening in 14-carat gold alloys is due to the formation of both a super-structure and a precipitate. Alloys of the metals gold, silver and copper were known in antiquity. The available knowledge regarding their constitution has been ably summarized and extended by Sterner-Rainer,1 Janecke,2 Carter,3 Wise,4 and Coleman.5 Despite the long familiarity with these alloys and the numerous investigations of their properties that have been made, there is still much that remains unexplained. It has been known for a long time that the hardness of these alloys is closely related to the rate of cooling, Similar changes have been observed in the binary gold-copper system,6 one alloy of which corresponding to the formula Cu3Au, has been the subject of a careful and competent report by the English investigators, Sykes and Evans.7 They have established the fact that the shift of atoms from the ordered to the disordered condition takes place in some critical temperature range. At temperatures above the critical range the structure is random, and at temperatures below it the structure is ordered. No difference between these two structures is revealed by the microscope. Both have a face-centered cubic lattice and complete solubility, so that there is no evidence to suggest that the changes in properties are associated with a phase change, The more slowly the alloy is cooled, the higher is the degree to which the ordering process proceeds and the more marked is the increase in hardness. As experimental data were accumulated on 14-carat gold alloys, several contradictions arose. Certain observations tended to confirm the existence of a superstructure, while other observations seemed to be inconsistent with such a transformation. PRESENT INVESTIGATION As a focal point about which to develop this subject, it is expedient to consider first

Jan 1, 1943

These inspection standards have been prepared for use in the Federal inspection of bituminous and lignite mines. They are a revision of "Tentative Coal-Mine Inspection Standards," published as Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7204 in February 1942 and employed a guide for Federal inspections. Numerous changes have been made in the original standards owing in part to recognition of shortages of some types of safety equipment due to the war, in part because of need of additional standards to cover certain mine conditions' arid' practices, and in part to conditions not foreseen when the original standards were prepared. About one-fourth of these standards are marked with an asterisk (*) as being of particular importance in preventing accidents in many coal mines; however; failure to carry out the suggestions made in such of the other standards as are applicable may also' lead' to the loss of lives.

Jan 1, 1943

By Arno C. Fieldner

Six years ago, I addressed the annual meeting of the American Society for Testing Materials on "Fuels of Today and Tomorrow."3/ Since then, our country has been drawn into another great war of veritably global extent, with unprecedented demands on fuels, foods, and materials in general. My purpose in this address is to review the changes in fuel supply and demand since 1937 and to give you my views on the outlook for the future. CONDITIONS IN. 1237 Daring 1936 the United States produced and consumed one-third of the world production of coal, two-thirds of the petroleum, and about 95 percent of the natural gas. Two-thirds of the oil produced in all countries since the discovery well was drilled in 1859 had come from American wells. With the exception of the three depression years 1931, 1932, and 1933, new oil reserves were being discovered since 1924 well in excess of our increasing rate of consumption. Discoveries of natural gas, likewise, were tremendous in volume, and this fuel was being transported to most parts of the country by pipe lines; some of them more than 1,000 miles long. We had all kinds of mineral fuels in abundance and at prices that did not stint anyone in the maximum utilization of the mechanical devices that were being developed on every hand. No one suspected that the time might come in a few years when, gasoline would be doled out to some of us at the rate of 1-1/2 gallons a week or that many of our fuel-oil furnaces would have to be converted to burn coal. Of course, these restrictions are due to unusual war conditions, such as lack of coastwise tanker transportation, unprecedented demand for aviation gasoline, and the shortage of rubber for automotive tires. However, these shortages do call our attention to the vital part of petroleum reserves in our country's future position among nations. Therefore, it is of special interest to review briefly the relations of recent supply and demand with respect to our various mineral fuels.

Jan 1, 1943

By William B. Hetherington

Communities are the foundation upon which the whole structure of society rests and upon which the nation builds its hope for the future. They are not established to serve any one particular generation, nor any one element or group, but should be erected to render a lasting service to all who are to follow. They play a very vital and important role in the lives and welfare of the people, in their industrial, business, and social relations, and in the economy of the nation, of which they are the fundamental assets. Communities and civic governments are destined to be vital factors in the national welfare in the days that are to come. Any improvement in national or world conditions must have its origin within the communities. Any attempt at solution of the community problem must give some consideration to the fundamental elements which exist in every community, and to the underlying principles, and ways of life and thought, upon which community life is based. The community is, in its essence, a number of people living and working more or less closely together, sharing common rights, privileges, conveniences, and comforts, which would be impossible for the individual to obtain for himself by his own efforts alone, or in any other way than by the mutual exchange of persona! services and resources. In this way, men have increased the returns from their labour and commerce, have raised the standard of their living, with better social, educational, and recreational facilities, and enjoy a greater personal security.

Jan 1, 1943

By Harry H. Angst

The history and efficiency of 40-ton capacity dump trucks for surface waste removal at the New Cornelia opencut copper mine, at Ajo, Ariz., are summed up in this paper. Tabulations of truck performance, together with detailed cost figures, prove the value of truck transportation for certain special operations at a large mine. Emphasis is given to the fact that truck transportation not only reduces the haulage costs but also reduces the breaking ground and shovel-loading costs per ton. The New Cornelia opencut copper mine is in the desert. The climate is ideal for seven months of the year, but the five summer months are uncomfortably hot. 'She elevation is 1820 ft. above sea level and the annual rainfall is approximately 6 inches. The ore body is a monzonite-porphyry deposit. The waste-rock capping consists of hard rhyolite, conglomerate and porphyry. All the material is hard and cannot be excavated without blasting. The rhyolite and conglomerate waste is very blocky. The weight of the rock in place is 2.16 tons per cubic yard. The average mine production per day is 22,090 tons of 012 and 18,000 tons Of waste rock, the latter consisting of surface rock and material within the ore body too low in grade to send to the concentrator. The rock is loaded by electric shovels with 4½-cu. yd. dippers. The primary transportation of ore to the concentrator and waste to the dumps is by 30-yd. dump cars and oil-burning steam locomotives; therefore truck haulage of waste is a minor factor of the New Cornelia operation. However, as New Cornelia was one of the first mines to use large-capacity dump trucks for haulage, the results obtained are of interest. Equipment On the south side of the New Cornelia is a hill rising about 500 ft. above the normal surface elevation, roughly 1000 ft. in diameter at its base, called locally Arkansas Mountain peak. Exploratory drilling in this area developed additional ore that could be made accessible for open pit operation only by moving the mountain face a maximum distance of 400 ft. to the south. The slope of the mountain adjacent to the pit averaged 35°, and the small area involved precluded the use of train haulage for the removal of the 4,000,000 tons of waste estimated above the normal pit elevation. A study of dump-truck haulage at Boulder Dam and San Gabriel Dam led to the decision to use large-capacity end-diii~lp trucks rather than smaller trucks, for the following reasons: I. The truck would have to withstand the impact of hard, heavy chunks, some of them weighing as much as 10 tons, which would be dumped from the 4½-cu. yd. dipper. 2. The coarse, rocky, abrasive material would soon damage a light truck body. 3. The body of a small truck could not be efficiently loaded with coarse rock.

Jan 1, 1943

By R. S. Douglas

THE Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting and Power Company, Limited, is engaged in the mining and concentrating of copper ores, and, incidentally, in the mining of coal and the production of electric power. The Company has been engaged in these various operations both on the mainland of British Columbia and on Vancouver island for the past forty-five years. This paper will attempt to cover their present operations in the Similkameen mining district of southern interior British Columbia. GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE DISTRICT The Interior Plateau in southern British Columbia ranges in elevation from 3,000 feet to 6,000 feet. In the vicinity of Princet0n, a depression in the Plateau forms a well defined basin which is floored with a series of nearly flat-lying Tertiary sediments containing some workable seams of lignite. From this basin, the upland surface rises gradually t0ward the south, from an elevation of 2,000 feet at Princet0n to 4,000 feet at Copper mountain, and 6,000 feet in the upper parts of the Similkameen basin, where it merges into the rugged and diversified t0pography of the Cascade system, with glacier inhabited peaks rising to over 9,000 feet. The valleys of Similkameen river and its tributaries are wide, having flaring sides and gentle slopes, and are separated one from another by subdued rounded spurs, of which Copper mountain is typical. The drainage of this district is taken care of by Similkameen river and its larger tributaries, such as Pasayten river, and Wolfe, Friday, and Whipsaw creeks. The name Copper mountain is applied to a gently arched, nearly flat-topped spur between the deep valley of Similkameen river to the west and the shallower valley of Wolfe creek tO the east. The mountain is appro-priately named from the number of copper deposits occurring on its sides and summit, some of which have been developed int0 an important producer, known as the Copper Mountain mine.

Jan 1, 1943

By John Blackshaw

NEW sources of supply of tungsten concentrates became necessary when the flow from the Far East was blocked in 1942. In Canada, one source has been noted in the workings of the Hollinger mine at Timmins, Ontario. For many years, a small amount of scheelite had been removed with the gold ore, and an appreciable tonnage of scheelite still remained in the mine. At the request of the Dominion Government, a plant was built to recover this scheelite in the form of a concentrate that could be used by the alloy-steel industry without further preparation. The plant began operating early in March, 1942, and a small tonnage of ore, carrying scheelite and gold values, has been treated daily since then. The possibility of recovering the scheelite had been considered on several previous occasions. Each time the proposal had been given up because the total profits from the enterprise were estimated to be insufficient to repay the capital cost of building the recovery plant. At the time the plant was built, additional information had been gathered about the tonnage and grade of the scheelite ore in the mine, and several thousand tons of ore grading higher than 0. 25 per cent WO3 (tungstic trioxide) were known to be available.

Jan 1, 1943

By Oliver Bowles

The use of fire as a source of heat was the first step from primitive existence toward modern civilization, and heat has performed functions of inestimable importance throughout the ensuing ages. The first commercial steam engine invented in 1698 demonstrated that heat was an important source of power, and heat has since become the motivating force for railroad trains and steamboats as well as for machines in multitudes of factories. Aside from its function of supplying power, heat is an agent of vast importance in chemical reactions and engineering processes. Because of the high temperature of steam under pressure, losses by radiation from boilers and pipes become excessive unless the radiating surfaces are covered with insulating materials. Insulation is important also for hot-water pipes and many other types of equipment from which heat may radiate. Radiation losses from heated surfaces increase rapidly

Jan 1, 1943

By A. R. T. Denues

"INTRODUCTION The orienting phases of the current investigation of cushioned blasting in the Explosives Division of the Bureau of Mines were indicated in a previous publication (5) 3/. Pertinent literature reviewed therein indicated a highly controversial field. This emphasized the need for experimental studies of many factors that affect the health and safety of miners and the efficiency of mining operations. Results of some orienting tests showed marked effects on practical hazards. Further, they emphasized the necessity and importance of the contemplated investigation. The scope and general plan of these practical inquiries into the safety of cushioned blasting were indicated.This investigation of cushioned blasting relates to the various means employed to reduce the intensity of application of energy from explosive actions in boreholes. It has been suggested (from p. 19 of reference 5) that the divisions of this work would correspond to the salient hazards affected by cushioned blasting. These include the ignition hazard, hazards from poisonous gases, and other practical hazards in the blasting technique. The ignition hazard was resolved into two components of approximately equal weight. These include studies of effects upon (1) the incendivity of blown-out shots and upon (2) the occurrence of such shots. Experimental studies of effects on the incendivity of blown-out shots were first undertaken. Questions of the best procedure for making these evaluations have been adduced, and the interpretation and utilization of the results of gallery testing seemed to require detailed attention; some preliminary general considerations of such testing were therefore necessary."

Jan 1, 1943

The following observations on the mineral composition of the lead-zinc ores at Captain's Flat, New South Wales, are based upon the examination of a collection of specimens made during a brief visit to the mine in January, 1942, in conjunction with earlier studies of specimens and mill products, which have 'been the subject of various Mineragraphic Reports, Captain's Flat is about 35 miles south of Canberra, and is connected with the main line from Goulburn to Bombala by a branch line to Bungendore, 23 miles away from the mine.The geology of the mine has been described by Kenny and Mulholland2 and by Harper.3 The country consists of Silurian sediments, which have been invaded by a composite sill of quartz-felspar-porphyry. Both sediments and sill have been folded gently, the axial lines of the folds trending north and south. In the vicinity of the orebodies the folds are steeper, and thru,st faults are associated with the anticlines. The intense compression and shearing that accompanied the faulting has converted the adjacent porphyry to schist. The Captain's Flat orebodies occur along such a zone of shearing and faulting, on the eastern limb of a steep, north-pitching anticline. At their southern end the orebodies are enclosed in the slates underlying the porphyry, but the northerly pitch of the fold carries the slate to greater depth in the northern part of the mine, where the orebody lies beween schistose porphyry on the hanging wall and massive porphyry in the footwall.THE OREBODIESThe orebodies occur along a N.-S. strike length of 4,200 ft., and from the point of view of mining, fall into three sections: the Elliot's Section to the north, the Central Section, and the Keating's Section to the south. The Keating's Section is separated from the Central Section by 500-600 ft. of mineralised ground of so low a grade as' to be called barren, and is offset about 125 ft. to the 'east of the Central body by an oblique fault striking N.300E. Elliot's Section and the Central Section are connected by persistent veins and stringers of lead-zinc ore, but although these are...

Jan 1, 1943

By J. S. Johnson, W. C. McCulloch

All phases of plant operation must be synchronized so that the A number of interruptions in the flow of material may be reduced to a minimum. In the majority of plants operating under a labor agreement, time lost during the operating shift cannot be made up with overtime. With the work week restricted to 35 hr., the ratio of productive time to total time justifies extra effort in keeping the plant operating at capacity during the productive shift. This does not apply when central plants with adequate storage are operated by multiple shifts. In such installations the problems become similar to those of any factory or mill where added units, parallel circuits, or excess capacity serve to maintain the average production during intervals of maintenance shut- down. These plants, by special agreement, may run continuously, barring mechanical interruptions. The control of plant operation is in those procedures that are practiced to obtain from the run-of-mine product a high recovery of clean coal products to meet adopted trade standards and consumer specifications at the lowest possible cost. Correlation of all factors for continuous operation requires more than mechanical perfection in the plant. The run-of-mine coal must be delivered to the preparation plant without delays and the clean coal and refuse products taken away. Power supply and water requirements must be adequate. Signal systems must be established for emergency stops and to facilitate resumption of coal flow.

Jan 1, 1943

By Leo F. Reinartz

It was with humility that I accepted the invitation of the Board of Directors of our Institute to deliver the Twentieth Howe Memorial Lecture. Many previous lecturers could speak from personal experience of the great work done by Professor Howe. It was not my privilege to be one of his students but, indirectly, I came under the influence of his work many years ago. My mentor in Metallurgy at Carnegie Institute of Technology, Prof. Fred Crab tree, was an ardent admirer of Professor Howe and his work. Professor Crabtree taught me early to appreciate Professor Howe's love of truth and keen desire to find a scientific reason for every metallurgical phenomenon. In this early search, Professor Howe encountered many unexplainable facts. Nevertheless, in the classic text, "The Metallurgy of Steel," published in 1891, he indicated that he believed Research could light the way. Under the heading of "The Treachery of Steel" he said: "In the early use of Bessemer and Open Hearth Steel, many then unexplained and hence mysterious failures occurred. With our present knowledge, an easy explanation of most of them would probably have been seen. But even today certain unexplained and apparently inexpli- cable failures occur in steel; inexplicable in spite of full and intelligent investigation." Then Professor Howe continued to talk about "the trustworthiness of steel" in the following manner: First, the steel-maker has learned by experience. He knows today far better the effects of a high percentage of carbon or of phosphorus; of cracks, pipes and blow-holes; of segregation and imperfect mixing; of over-heating; of finishing too hot or too cold. Knowing, he guards against them more effectually, and keeps at home much steel that he would formerly have sent into the market. Those who would not, or could not learn and do, have been driven out of the business; the conditions necessary for producing good sound steel by the acid Bessemer and the acid Open Hearth processes have been mastered. By and by, the basic process came along with new conditions, new liabilities to unsoundness, a great hue and cry about mysterious fractures followed, and Lloyd's register provisionally forbade the use of basic steel. Much basic steel was irregular and brittle throughout; too much carbon, too much phosphorus, too cold teemings—imperfect mixing. Still there was little doubt that, with further experience, these difficulties of the basic process would be mastered as those of the acid process had been. This shows that Professor Howe could not take anything for granted. Believing that careful research would find the answer to all mysterious phenomena, he was several generations ahead of the practical acceptance and adoption of this principle.

Jan 1, 1943

By Geo. E. Cole

A GREAT deal of time and energy is now being devoted to the study of post-war reconstruction and rehabilitation, in spite of the fact that as yet we have not won the war in which we are presently engaged. If you feel that the study of post-war problems takes our thought away from the problem immediately before us, you may well query, "Well! What has all that to do with winning the war, our most urgent problem today?" The answer has been given by Principal James of McGill University, Chairman of the Cabinet Committee on Reconstruction: "Reconstruction is something which must be thought of in advance, partly for the purpose of recognizing exactly the influence of war-time activities, controls, and regulations on the post-war Canadian scene. Many people are acutely interested in this great problem. It is not that they are not interested in the war itself, or epochal events that are taking place from day to day. They have a vision of that future which they hope will be Canada's, and this vision inspires them to even greater efforts at the present time". The trend of events would indicate that changes, economic and industrial, after this war will be greatly out of line with those that followed previous wars in history, for the present struggle has involved every nation in the world. In the peace that will come, every engineer will have a task in bringing the most desirable order out of the most distressing chaos. We certainly are living in a changing world; we are witnessing geo-graphical and economic readjustments that no other generation in world's history has ever witnessed. And there is an opinion gaining strength in our Dominion, as in other lands, that after this war we shall live in a world in which our process of thinking and our very way of life will have to undergo drastic changes to cope with the new order of things. Sadly our world of today has had to revise the sublime vision that nation shall not lift up sword against nation, while salvage operations continue to beat ploughshares into tanks and the peaceful pruning-hook into a weapon for the deviltry of the commando.

Jan 1, 1943

By L. B. Berger

Each winter brings its toll of deaths and serious accidents from the deadly gas, carbon monoxide. Newspapers carry warnings to the public of the dangers of this gas, and frequent now items retort the finding of persons dead or unconscious from the effects of carbon monoxide, yet these accidents continue. Either those warnings are not read, or they are unheeded by people who feel that "It can't happen to me." It can happen to you - carbon monoxide is no respecter of persons, as evidenced by items appearing daily in newspapers all over the country. Carbon monoxide has been a threat to human safety as long as man has used fire to keep himself warm and to cook his food. The burning of any fuel that contains carbon may produce carbon monoxide. This is true of solid fuels such as coal, coke, and wood; of liquid fuels such as oil, gasoline, and kerosene, and of gaseous fuels such as natural or manufactured gas. In the process of combustion the carbon in the fuel unites the chemically with tat oxygen of the air to form carbon dioxide (CO2), however, if the supply of air is not adequate, combustion is incomplete and carbon monoxide (CO) will be formed.

Jan 1, 1943

By C. M. Dice

This paper is one of a series being published by the Bureau of Mines on milling methods and costs. It describes briefly the procedure followed in concentrating hübnerite or? at the Ima tungsten mine, Lemhi County, Idaho. In October 1911 the Ima mill was utilizing combined gravity-concentration, flotation, and magnetic-separation units for the recovery of a tungsten concentrate and a pyritic silver concentrate approximately 120 tons of ore averaging 0.5 percent W03 is treated daily. The concentrates produced average 66 to 67 percent WO3.

Jan 1, 1943

By H. H. Schrenk

One phase of Bureau of Mines work in health and safety is promotion of the use of safe, satisfactory, and reliable respiratory protective devices. To insure that such devices will be. available, the Bureau has established schedules of minimum requirements for oxygen breathing apparatus,3/ gas masks,/ supplied-air respirators (hose masks, air-line, respirators, and abrasive blasting helmets, hoods, or masks),5/ and dispersoid (dust, fume, and mist)

Jan 1, 1943

By Leo H. Glanville

Until 1934, natural ventilation was depended upon in the mine of the Climax Molybdenum Co. at Climax, Colorado. In that year a 7-ft. axial-flow, low-pressure fan was installed as an exhausting unit. In 1936, three more fans of the same kind were installed, all as exhausting units, with a total capacity of 115 000 cu, ft. per min., and since then fans and sprays have been added as required. Atmospheric Conditions Adverse atmospheric conditions at this elevation of 11,500 ft. account in part for difficulty in maintaining adequate ventilation throughout the mine. Barometric pressures range from 18.99 to 20.01 in. of mercury; the norma1 average being 19.70 in. Air weight is 0.051 lb. per cu. ft., and humidity is low—about a 30 per cent yearly average. This makes the use of mechanical humidity aids mandatory the Year around to prevent excessive dryness of the mine workings and the resultant dust hazard. The yearly temperature range is from minus 24" to 75°F.; typically, in February 1942 the mean low was minus 3.25°F. and the mean high, 21.3°F. In August the mean low was 34.8°F.; the mean high, 64.26°F. Even during the summer month air filtration through the openings of the cave area is 32°F., owing to accumulation of snow in the glory hole and in Part to glacial ice, which, combined with a rock temperature of 39°F. on the upper levels (elevation 11,945 ft.) and 42°F. on the main haulage level (elevation 11,470 ft.], makes it difficult to maintain a comfortable working temperature. The one advantage in ventilation of mine workings at the altitude of the Climax mine is that the power required to circulate a given air volume is 32 per cent less than would be required at sea level. Problems since 1936 the mine management has studied intensively plans for providing adequate ventilation for the entire mine for its expected life. As the ore breaks into large pieces, much secondary blasting is necessary, therefore there is a considerable amount of smoke, gas and dust, which requires circulation of a large amount of air to remove the contamination, It is undesirable to use haulage drifts and manways as air passages because some would be passageways for contaminated air also, and there would be undesirable high velocities in some drifts. High velocities and large volumes of subfreezing air dry out the passageways through which they pass, and thus increase the amount of dust. Regulating doors in haulage drifts are difficult of upkeep and interfere with production. It was decided as a general principle to distribute fresh air to each working place at low velocities and low pressures and to remove contaminated air as soon as possible with a minimum of travel through working places.

Jan 1, 1943