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By J. D. Price, G. V. Woody

Many producers of by-product coke have spent considerable time and given considerable thought to the use of a substitute for low-volatile coal as an admixture with high-volatile coking coal for charging high-temperature by-product coke ovens. Generally speaking, there are two principal reasons for this, one being occasioned by the lack, in certain localities, of low-volatile coal delivered at a cost sufficiently low to permit its use, and another being the desirability of finding a substitute product with a delivered cost lower than the cost of the low-volatile coal. It was for the first of these reasons that the Colorado Fuel and Iron Corporation was particularly interested in this subject. This paper deals with the experimental work and the results obtained by that company in producing and using low-temperature char. Overcoming Defects in Coke from Colorado Coals Colorado coking coals are all of the high-volatile type and were all laid down during the Cretaceous period, which makes them something like 80 million or so years younger, geologically, than eastern coals. They behave, when coked alone, something like the Pittsburgh-seam coals. They make a very brittle, highly cross-fractured, fingery coke of fair shatter value but quite low in resistance to abrasion. Mixed with a low-volatile coking coal such as Poca- hontas or certain Oklahoma coals, they make a coke that is equal to virtually any of the eastern cokes. The inferior quality of Colorado coke has long been recognized, and a considerable amount of time, effort and money has been spent upon investigations of means for improving its physical properties. While it has been found that some improvement in quality of coke can be secured by the adjustment and control of such variables as pulverization, moisture content, oven temperature and bulk density of charge, and through the addition of certain inert materials such as pulverized coke breeze, pitch, high-volatile noncoking or semicoking coal, the benefits so gained have been comparatively small. There are no low or medium-volatile coking coals available within a reasonable freight-cost distance. Therefore a substitute for low-vol-atile coal was developed through low-tem-perature carbonization—or, more correctly speaking, through the partial devolatiliza-tion—of high-volatile coals. The blending of this lower volatile char with the high-volatile coking coal distinctly improves the quality of coke made from Colorado coal. There is nothing especially new about this idea. In 1908 a Japanese patent was taken out by Kotaro Shimomura, whose claim was: The method of making a nonfingery coke out of bituminous coals, without using natural coals of low-volatile matter; according to which a certain coal is heated at a temperature between about 300°C. and about 600°C. so as to leave about 15 to 25 per cent volatile matter in the coal; this coal is mixed with the

Jan 1, 1944

By J. D. Price, G. V. Woody

MANY producers of by-product coke have spent considerable time and given considerable thought to the use of a substitute for low-volatile coal as an admixture with high-volatile coking coal for charging high-temperature by-product coke ovens. Generally speaking, there are two principal reasons for this, one being occasioned by the lack, in certain localities, of low-volatile coal delivered at a cost sufficiently low to permit its use, and another being the desirability of finding a substitute product with a delivered cost lower than the cost of the low-volatile coal. It was for the first of these reasons that the Colorado Fuel and Iron Corporation was particularly interested in this subject. This paper deals with the experimental work and the results obtained by that company in producing and using low-temperature char. OVERCOMING DEFECTS IN COKE FROM COLORADO COALS Colorado coking coals are all of the high-volatile type and were all laid down during he Cretaceous period, which makes them something like 80 million or so years younger, geologically, than eastern coals. They behave, when coked alone, something like the Pittsburgh-seam coals. They make a very brittle, highly cross-fractured, fingery coke of fair shatter value but quite low in resistance to abrasion. Mixed with a low-volatile coking coal such as Pocahontas or certain Oklahoma coals, they make a coke that is equal to virtually any of the eastern cokes. The inferior quality of Colorado coke has long been recognized, and a considerable amount of time, effort and money has been spent upon investigations of means for improving its physical properties. While it has been found that some improvement in quality of coke can be secured by the adjustment and control of such variables as pulverization, moisture content, oven temperature and bulk density of charge, and through the addition of certain inert materials such as pulverized coke breeze, pitch, high-volatile noncoking or semicoking coal, the benefits so gained have been comparatively small. There are no low or medium-volatile coking coals available within a reasonable freight-cost distance. Therefore a substitute for low-volatile coal was developed through low-temperature carbonization-or, more correctly speaking, through the partial devolatilization-of high-volatile coals. The blending of this lower volatile char with the high-volatile coking coal distinctly improves the quality of coke made from Colorado coal. There is nothing especially new about this idea. In 1908 a Japanese patent was taken out by Kotaro Shimomura, whose claim was: The method of making a nonfingery coke out of bituminous coals, without using natural coals of low-volatile matter; according to which a certain coal is heated at a temperature between about 300°C. and about 600°C. so as to leave about 15 to 25 per cent volatile matter in the coal; this coal is mixed with the

Jan 1, 1944

By W. A. Ver Wiebe

Spurred on by the very high demands for new crude supplies resulting from World War 11, the oil men of Kansas strained every effort in 1943 to find as many new pools as possible. In all, 1761 test wells were drilled, ,of which 895 were successful in finding new oil supplies and 32 in finding new gas supplies. The total number of wildcat wells drilled in Kansas was 577, including the so-called "extension wildcats," which are located less than 2 miles from production. As a result of the very determined effort to find new oil reserves, 49 of the wildcat test wells found new oil pools in western Kansas and 7 found new oil pools in eastern Kansas. There were 289 rank wildcat tests, and among these 28 were successful ventures. They are responsible for 26 of the new oil pools recorded for the year and 2 of the new gas pools recorded. The ratio of dry holes to producing wells among such rank wildcats is thus approximately 10 to I (289 dry and 28 good). This compares with a ratio of II: I in 1942 and 6:1 in 1941; the same in 1940 and 5:Iin 1939. With nearly all wells flowing to their maximum economic capacity, the total production for Kansas during 1943 reached a new high; that is, 107,700,000 bbl., compared with 97,000,000 during the previous year. Similarly, the amount of gas sold during 1943 made a new high point on the production curve. The total amount was 122 billion cubic feet, compared with about 98 1/2 billion cubic feet for the year previous. As usual, the large Hugoton field of south- western Kansas accounted for approximately half of the total gas production. Highlights of the Year Despite the fact that 56 new pools were found in Kansas during 1943, it must be admitted that the future reserves of the state have not been increased greatly. Most of the new pools seem to be of minor value, although it is admittedly impossible to gauge the future production of any pool in Kansas with any exactitude. Judging by the later performance of some of the pools found in 1942 and in 1941, less than five of the new pools are likely to make any great contribution to the state's future oil reserves. Taking up the counties of Kansas in alphabetical order, the following statements summarize the highlights of the year. In Graham County, the Morel pool was extended to the southeast and this pool now promises to become one of the important pools of western Kansas. Several of the older wells have already contributed more than I000,000 bbl. of oil, and such a figure is considered very satisfactory in Kansas. In McPherson County, important new reserves were found by persistent drilling in township 17 S., R. I. W., the most northeastern township of the county. Many new wells in older pools and discovery wells in new pools make this region look promising. The Lindsborg pool, which had a sensational revival during 1942, was also extended in a number of directions and has now become a rather large producing area with a fairly high future potential capacity.

Jan 1, 1944

By W. H. Hough, P. B. Leavenworth

Development in the Upper Texas Gulf Coast during 1943 resulted in the discovery of 11 new fields as compared with 12 discovered in the same area during I942. Of the 11 new fields, eight are classed as oil and/or condensate and three as gas fields. In addition to the new discoveries, several more or less important new horizons and extensions were encountered in some of the older fields, as noted in the text under the heading "New Pays and Extensions.'' Drilling During the year, 418 wells were drilled, as compared with 356 drilled during 1942. Of these, 323 were field wells, of which 188 produced oil, 21 were gas wells and 114 were dry holes. The remaining 95 viere wildcats, 12 of which produced oil, 4 produced gas and 79 dry holes. Distribution of themwildcats with respect to the various trends may be summarized as follows: over the 91,340,492 bbl. produced in the same area during 1942. The production statistics in the text and the accompanying tables include condensate or distillate as oil production, because many Gulf Coast fields produce oils with a wide variation of specific gravities, all of which are commingled in pipe lines. Table 3 shows by counties all of the drilling and production" data applicable to this particular area. Outstanding Fields of 1943 The Upper Texas Gulf Coast covered in this report has 178 more or less active oil and gas fields, including the 1943 discoveries. Of these Table 4 lists those that were most important from the standpoint of production. Each of these fields pro duced in excess of one million barrels of oil during 1943. Some of the interesting facts to be noted from this list of some 26 oil fields are: (I) four of the fields— namely, Conroe, Hastings, Friendswood and Thompson—each produced more than 10 million barrels during 1943, whcrcas Conroe and Hastings were the only fields that produced 10 million barrels during 1942; (2) some of the older fields (discovered prior to 1920), such as Barbers Hill, West Columbia, and Hull, are still producing in excess of one million barrels annually; (3) some of the fields more than doubled their 1942 production—e.g., Anahuac and Friendswood. The large increase in production in practically all instances is the result of increased allowables from wells drilled prior to 1943 and

Jan 1, 1944

By E. P. Klier, Taylor Lyman

The structures formed when austenite is quenched to subcritical temperatures and allowed to transform isothermally have been the subject of intensive study since the work of Davcnport and Bain.' Isothermal transformation diagrams summarizing the results of many of these studies have become widely familiar to metallurgists. Of particular interest to metallographers are the dark-etchingl acicular products of transformation formed by isothermal reaction below the temperature of maximum velocity of the austenite to pearlite reaction. These products, the bainite structures, can he formed in a wide variety of steels. However, the constitution of bainite is not well understood and divergent views have been expressed as to its mode of formation. In this investigation a combination of dilatometric, microscopic and X-ray methods has been brought to bear upon the problem in the hope of some elucidation of the bainite reaction as it occurs in hypo-eutectoid steels. Mechanism OF Bainite Formation Davenport and Bainl considered the mechanism of bainite formation to consist of two steps—an allotropic transformation followed by precipitation of carbide. The separation in time of the two processes was considered to be very slight in the upper temperature range and very marked at temperatures just above the martensite range. This concept has been restated by Vilella, Guellich and Bain2 in the form of a definition of the acicular mode of transformation as: The successive, abrupt formation of flat plates of supersaturated ferrite along certain crystallographic planes of the austenite grains; this supersaturated ferrite begins at once to reject carbide palticles, (not lamellae), at a rate depending upon temperature In effect, this is the acicular mode of transformation, even though the temperature be such as to limit the actual life of the quasi-martensite to millionths of a second. The investigation of isothermal decomposition of austenite in certain alloy steels (notably those containing chromium or molybdenum) has revealed that there may be a range of temperatures between the pearlite and bainite reactions in which the austenite decomposes at a relatively low rate.3-6 Further, it is characteristic that in the second region of fast reaction the decomposition of the austenite is incomplete by one reaction but goes to completion by a second reaction. These observations led Wever7 to a description of the bainite reaction as follows: I. The reaction takes place by initial precipi. tation of a martensitic intermediate structure. 2. In the upper temperature range this structure readily decomposes into ferrite and cementite. In the lower range carbon separates in an unknown form. 3. In the upper temperature range the precipitated carbide nucleates the precipitation

Jan 1, 1944

By William W. Adams

The quarrying and related industries of the United States made a large gain in employment (man-hours of work) in 1942 with a somewhat smaller number of men employed than in 1941. This was accomplished chiefly by increasing the number of workdays per man and also by increasing the length of the workday. In spite of the greater volume of work performed, the industry had a more favorable accident-frequency rate in 1942 than in the previous year. Accident and employment reports from operating companies showed that the industry employed 84,270 men for an average of 271 days per man in 1942, with a volume of work of almost 181 million man-hours. The average workshift comprised 7.93 hours, and the number of man-shifts worked totaled nearly 23 million. Injuries from accidents in and about the quarries and plants caused disability to 6,461 employees, 112 of whom died as a result of their injuries, including 28 employees whose lives were lost in a single disaster. The accident-frequency rate in the industry was 35.73 per million man-hours worked, comparing favorably with a rate of 40.11 for the previous year. However, the figure for 1942 included a death rate of 0.62 per million man-hours which, because of the disaster referred to, was considerably higher than the fatality rate of 0.44 for 1941. Had the disaster not occurred, the fatality rate for the industry for 1942 would have been 0.46. The major disaster in which 28 lives were lost occurred on March 26 at the Sandts Eddy quarry of the Lehigh Portland Cement Co. near Easton Pa.

Jan 1, 1944

By W. W. Adams

With production of coal per man-hour of work highest in history, the coal mines of the United States established a lower accident-frequency4 rate in 1942 than in any year since 1930, the first for which the Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, collected complete reports of nonfatal as well as fatal injuries. Reports from mine operators and State mining departments showed that 530,861 men were employed in and about coal mines during the calendar year 1942. This number does not include office employees or coke-oven workers. The figure represents a decrease of 15,831 men from the previous year, owing to losses of men to the military services and to more lucrative employment in the munitions and other industries. The loss of men was offset to some degree by an increase in the number of days of mine activity and the average number of hours of work per man during the year. The volume of work done during 1942 was 910 million man-hours, 11 percent more than in 1941. The average employee worked 243 days, 30 days more than in 1941. Production reached the unprecedented total of 640 million short tons, an increase of 12 percent over 1941; 582 million tons came from the bituminous fields of the United States and 58 million tons from the anthracite fields of Pennsylvania. To produce this quantity of coal 1,471 men sacrified their lives, and 69,564 men suffered nonfatal injuries that disabled them for more than the remainder of the day on which the accident occurred. The nonfatal injuries were divided into three groups: 65 caused permanent total disability, 2,045 caused permanent partial disability, and 67,454 caused temporary disability of 1 day or more but did not result in the loss of, or permanent loss of use of, any part of the body.

Jan 1, 1944

7253. Arkhangelsky, A. D. Geological Results of the General Magnetometric and Gravimetric Surveys of the U.S.S.R. (in Russian). Internat. Geol. Cong., Rep. of the 17th Sess., Moscow-Leningrad, 1937, vol. 1, Moscow, 1939, pp. 241-250. Geophysical methods have been used in the U.S.S.R. to study geological problems. Such is the case of the general magnetometric and gravimetric surveys made jointly by the Main Physical Observatory, Main Office of Geodesy and Cartography, Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, and Main Office of Geophysical Prospecting. Some institutions supplied the data, others processed them. Geological interpretation was made by the author. (1) Regional magnetic anomalies in the plains of the U.S.S.R. are traceable to the folded substratum overlain by sedimentary rocks; these anomalies promise to yield data characterizing the substratum in respect to strike and depth. Anomalies in European U.S.S.R. suggest that the pre-Cambrian -substratum of the East European plateau consists of elements of different ages. In the most ancient of them, the main strike of the folding is almost latitudinal; in the younger ones, the folding is oriented in the meridian. (2) The Faye and Bouguer gravity anomalies are caused primarily by differences in the density of rocks composing the upper crust and by unknown processes producing changes of density at depth; these processes are not connected with isosiatic movements. The anomalies in the European and adjoining Asiatic U.S.S.R. promise to indicate the volume of the pre-Cambrian massif of the east-European plateau and to clarify the interrelations between the Ural, Tian-Shan, and Donetz Basin folding systems, as well as between the Dnieper-Donetz depression and the mid-European depression. - V. S.

Jan 1, 1944

By W. W. Adams

With greater production of coal per man-hour of work than ever before achieved, the coal-mining industry of the United States established a better safety record in 1941 than in any year since 1930, the earliest for which complete reports of nonfatal as well as fatal injuries were collected by the Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior. In only one year (1933) of the 12-year period 1930-41 was the fatal-accident rate better than in 1941, whereas the rate for nonfatal accidents was better in 1941 than in any previous year. Accident and employment reports received from mine operators, together with fatal-accident reports received monthly from State mining departments and inspectors, showed that 546,692 men were employed in and about the coal mines of the United States during the calendar year 1941. This number does not include office employees or coke-oven workers. The increase of 1.3,426 over the number of employees in 1940 was accompanied by a gain in man-hours of work performed at the mines and an increase in average number of hours worked per man during the year.

Jan 1, 1944

By R. S. Dean

The original flotation reagents were certain oils selected for a combination of properties that occurred fortuitously. It was recognized quite early in the study of flotation mechanism that, in order to function, an oil must have an active group-one that differs from the remainder of the molecule in its affinity for water or the mineral particle. Wark4 gives credit for recognition of this elementary chemical principle to the senior author of this report.5 However, it was soon found that simple hydrocarbons could not be used as flotation reagents and that two of the functions, which were combined in the early flotation oils such as pine and eucalyptus, could be obtained in separate compounds and their relative intensity controlled to advantage. These two functions were called collecting and frothing.

Jan 1, 1944

By A. C. Fieldner

All technical facilities of the Bureau of Mines have been geared for more efficient use and conservation of mining equipment, developing plans for safety, improving the quality of coal through better methods of preparation, studying the problems of coal storage and utilization, and extending the uses of coal5/ for the war and postwar economy. The Bureau is now analyzing all of the coal purchased by the Army and much of that required by the Navy. Work on boiler feed water was doubled over last year to meet the increased demand made by the War Department for protecting vital boiler plants in many new camps and defense plants. Progress has been made in safely storing coal to reduce dangers of spontaneous ignition to a minimum and to preserve coking power. Mixtures of oil and coal to be used as a substitute fuel have been investigated. Technical service on the conversion of plants to other fuels has been given to government agencies and private consumers. The possibilities of making motor fuel,

Jan 1, 1944

The title of this address was selected before I had an opportunity to consider in detail the matters that I would like to discuss. Accordingly, I chose a very broad subject-so broad indeed that it would be foolhardy for me to attempt to deal with more than a few aspects of it. I do not propose to touch. at all on the developments to date of our mining and metallurgical enterprises, beyond paying a sincere tribute'to the skill and enterprise of those who have established an international reputation for Australian mining and metallurgy. I would rather look ahead and discuss certain factors that will play a decisive part in the future development of our mineral resources. I do this in no dogmatic spirit, and I hope that my remarks may lead to discussions which will stimulate action where it is needed.In recent years my colleagues and I have been forced by circumstances to give consideration to problems in the fields of mining and geology, and in process metallurgy, which lie outside the scope of our own research work. People come to us with metallurgical problems because they know of no more appropriate place to go, and it is distressing to have to inform them that it is nobody's job to offer them advice and assistance. I want to suggest to your Institute that it should press strongly for the provision of properresearch facilities for the mining and metallurgical industries, such as aready exist in most enlightened countries. In such countries, those connected with the development of mineral resources are able to obtain information and advice from Geological Surveys, Mines Departments or Bureaux of Mines, which offer far more comprehensive services than are available in this country.Before discussing specific technical problems of the mining and minerals industries, I shall enunciate certain general principles that I believe should be followed in respect to the technical side of the development of all Australian industries. The problem can, I suggest, be considered in three parts-technical education production, and research. I shall confine my remarks mostly to the research aspect, for it is with this that I am most familiar.For the efficient development of any industry in Australia, it is essential firstly that We should learn what is going on abroad, and secondly that we should simultaneously conduct independent research. In the latter sphere the Governmeht'departments and the private companies' or groups of companies should have complementary functions, the former concentrating on problems common to a number of companies or industries, and the latter on their oWn individual problems. It is essential to the continued existence of Australian industry that both company and govern...

Jan 1, 1944

By John E. Conley

Of the three chemical elements most vitally essential for plant growth the United States, before World War I, had developed ample domestic supplies of but one-phosphorus. During and shortly after the war period, the fixation of nitrogen was greatly expanded in this country, as in many others, insuring a supply adequate for agriculture as well as for munitions. However, in spite of a search for sources of the third element, potassium, which began years before the war, attained almost frantic intensity between 1914 and 1919, and continued for 10 years thereafter, it was not until 1921 that the American Trona Corporation put its Searles Lake operations into continuous production. This company in 1926 became The American Potash & Chemical Co. but has never supplied much more than 15 percent of the potash consumed in the American market. Likewise, though discovered in 1921 in drill cuttings from oil wells, it was not until 1926 that domestic deposits of potassium salts adequate to render the United States independent of foreign sources of supply were proved to occur in the Permian Basin of Texas and New Mexico.

Jan 1, 1944

7133. Clewell, D. H. The Gravimeter. Prec. and Trans. Texas Acad. Science 1941, Austin, Tex., vol. 25, 1942, pp. 86-88. Static gravimeters, unastatized and. astatized, are considered to be the most practical for oil exploration. One gravimeter is described using a beam whose moment about a pivotal axis is elastically balanced. Magnetic or electric fields are deemed unsatisfactory for balancing gravitational force because they cannot easily be kept constant. The gravimeter described is capable of detecting a change in altitude of 3 inches and a change in latitude of about 150 feet. V. S.

Jan 1, 1944

By Arthur C. McFarlan

There are two distinct coal fields in Kentucky-the Eastern field constituting a part of the Appalachian coal region and the Western field constituting the southern part of the Eastern Interior region. The outcrop pattern of the State is dominated by the Cincinnati arch. Coal-bearing Pennsylvanian strata occupy a low structural position on either flank, preserved thereby from erosion, which in the past has removed these same beds, though a much thinner succession, from the crest of the arch. General geological relationships are shown in figures 1 and 2. On April 13, 1750, Dr. Thomas Walker discovered the first coal recorded in Kentucky. He entered the State through Cumberland Gap (Cave Gap) and found coal a few miles north.

Jan 1, 1944

By G. S. Scott

Mine fires have occurred since the mining of coal was begun, and they are still occurring. The resulting economic waste may become considerable (219),3 especially if a fire is allowed to assume major proportions or to get beyond control temporarily. It is important, therefore, to act promptly whenever a fire is suspected and to have every action count. To do this effectively, it is necessary to know at the earliest possible moment and thereafter what is happening in a remote or inaccessible area. It is equally important to know before¬hand what may be expected as a result of any proposed combative measure. The logical method of combatting a fire demands the cooperation of both mining engineer and chemist. They should decide the course of action to be taken, drawing upon the mining engineer's intimate knowledge of the physical structure of the fire area, the cost and time required for proposed operations, and the probable efficiency with which they could be carried out, and upon the chemist's knowledge of the results to be expected therefrom.

Jan 1, 1944

By George B. Langford

ON THE QUESTION of postwar controls there are today three schools of though ; some advocate state control of everything the socialists ; second are those who advocate the removal of all governmental control over industry - the freedom of enterprise ideal ; and third are those who advocate a middle course - sufficient control to stabilize economic and industrial life, and to prevent violent fluctuations such as we saw in the interwar years. I advocate this third course. I firmly believe un free enterprise, but not in freedom of enterprise, or laissez faire, and there is a great and significant difference between these two.

Jan 1, 1944

By NORMAN EBBLEY

NUMEROUS references have been made recently to "Alaska's oil reserves," and in view of the wartime petroleum situation sober thinking demands a dispassionate and scientific study and investigation of these reserves or supposed reserves. The question naturally arises, "Is there actually oil in Alaska, or are the reserves there a supposition?" True, in 1923 President Harding established Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 in Alaska, certainly implying that oil was there. This reserve, embracing about 35,000 sq. mi., was set aside on the advice of the Bureau of Engineering of the Navy Department and was based upon the existence of known petroleum seepages at Cape Simpson on the Arctic coast. The Cape Simpson seepages have been known for more than fifty years, but in spite of persistent rumors of other seepages in northern Alaska no definite evidence of their existence has been available.

Jan 1, 1944

By AIME AIME

THIS year the Chairman of the Institute's Iron and Steel Division is THIS William Anderson Haven, better known to the membership generally as Bill Haven. The Division Chairman is an individual endowed with a broad perspective of the ferrous metal industry he result of his earlier experiences as a successful operating man in the working and management of blast furnaces and his later experiences as an engineering-consulting executive concerned with the design and erection of and steel works throughout the world. William A. Haven was born to iron steel in the Pittsburgh district on ;. 1, 1888, and in due time--or in 1909 graduated from Penn State with a Bachelor degree in industrial chemistry.

Jan 1, 1944

By AIME AIME

DESTRUCTION of the plants, machines, utilities, tools, materials, and other essentials for peacetime living penalizes not only the owners of the materials destroyed, but the world as a whole. Specifically, the fundamental fallacy of any proposal for the in- discriminate destruction of the German industrial system is that it fails to differentiate between the wartime and the peacetime economy of the Reich. We are for one simple, clear objective-an effective industrial means to keep Germany from starting another war. This objective should not be con- fused, especially before the war is even won, with the appropriate punishment of Germany or with the international arrangements for the long future to be made around the peace table by the representatives of the Allied Nations after victory is achieved. This paper, therefore, does not deal with broad, complex postwar questions of diplomacy and international policy. "Unconditional surrender" implies disarmament of the German armies, the surrender of all arms, munitions, air- planes, and other ordnance material in stock piles or in process. It also should include the elimination of all German war production facilities, such as ordnance plants, munitions plants, and submarine works, and the control of raw materials required by war industries.

Jan 1, 1944