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By Donald Gagnon

El presente trabajo señala el proceso de sostenimiento de terrenos en las minas subterráneas a través del estudio de las condiciones geológicas subterráneas del área, con el fin de establecer distintos tipos de rocas que garanticen la instalación adecuada de las fortificaciones. Asimismo se describen las características y propiedades físicas de los difentes tipos de rocas, como el uso de los distintos pernos para el sostenimiento de roca y sus técnicas de instalación.

Oct 6, 1999

By Juan José Herrera

El presente trabajo señala la importancia de crear un sistema de gestión entre los conceptos de salud, seguridad y medio ambiente en la mina Iscaycruz(Lima) para asi mejorar los niveles de control relativo a estos aspectos, y analizar los sistemas disponibles optados por el sistema integrado sudamericano denominado NOSA. Producto de este sistema de calidad, Iscaycruz logró obtener cuatro estrella NOSA en la primera auditoría y se constituyó como la primera mina peruana subterránea en lograr la certificación internacional de "muy bueno" en Salud, Seguridad y Medio Ambiente. De forma, que la minera está encaminada a ser una operación minera modelo, con una clara concepción de empresa minera segura, limpia y rentable, ética y valores empresariales que consideran la priorización de la salud, seguridad y medio ambiente.

Oct 6, 1999

By Enrique Zápata

"El presente trabajo describe la influencia de los nuevos métodos y herramientas en la ocurrencia de accidentes incapacitantes que se han registrado durante los últimos años en Milpo. Para ello, se considera las condiciones de terreno y la profundización de la mina, las estadísticas de accidentes capacitantes, la comparación de métodos y resultados, la síntesis comparativa de costo por método, las herramientas nuevas (raise borer, sistema de descarga), tecnología y la exposición al riesgo de accidentes, y la frecuencia lógica de ocurrencia de accidentes. En este sentido, el diseño de nuevas herramientas otorga a los operadores una ubicación panorámica y segura,comodidad y control de un panel de fácil manejo, reduciendo la frecuencia de la frecuencia de ocurrencia de accidentes incapacitantes y fatales."

Oct 6, 1999

By Fernando Bermejo

La compañía minera Raura ha desarrollado una política ambiental donde se busca el cumplimiento de la normativa ambiental a través del uso de la tecnología que comprende los principios establecidos dentro del diseño racional de procesos limpios. En este sentido, el presente trabajo señala las ventajas del uso del diseño del método HERBER, el cual consiste en una adsorción de los iones cromatos en la superficie de la pirita en el circuito de remolienda medios. Asimismo, este no requiere de un pretratamiento condicional, no afecta la recuperación del zinc, mejora el grado del concentrado y la concentración de iones cromatos después del tratamiento está por debajo del límite permisible establecido por el Reglamento de la Ley General de Aguas.

Oct 6, 1999

By Jorge Aguirre Martín

El presente trabajo describe el proceso de optimización y reducción de costos de mina desarrollado por la gerencia en el yacimiento minero de Casapalca. Desde 1998, la gerencia general desarrolló un proceso de reorganización, donde se estableció tres áreas específicas como: la Gerencia General, la Superintendencia técnica y el departamento de Seguridad; así como sus funciones. La primera, comprende el establecimiento de las metodologías de trabajo, la segunda, responde a la implementación de estándares internaciones y la tercera, implementa el sistema de seguridad NOSA para la reducción de accidentes y pérdidas materiales. En ese sentido, el éxito de una empresa radica en valorizar a los empleados como seres humanos, en tanto estos se sientan capacitados y puedan desarrollar sus funciones de manera satisfactoria, con alegría y seguridad, al tiempo que se reducen los costos de operación y se favorece la calidad de la mina.

Oct 6, 1999

By Fernando Altamirano

El presente trabajo refiere la prevención de incendios en los campamentos mineros metalúrgicos a través de un programa de formación de brigadas. Los principales objetivos del programa son identificar los riesgos de incendio para asi corregir las condiciones inseguras mediante las inspecciones de rutina, aplicar los medios de control y extinción de fuegos de que disponga el minero y la educación al personal en la prevención de incendios para adiestrarlo en la respuesta inicial y calificada.

Oct 6, 1999

By Pedro Ly Zevallos

El presente trabajo describe la exploración y geología de Cerro Lindo. Este es un yacimiento del tipo vulcanogénico de sulfuros masivos con mineralización de Zn-Cu-Ag, que está emplazado en rocas volcano sedimentarias metamorfoseadas, formando parte de un importante lineamiento de 8 kilómetros de longitud con anomalías de color y contenidos geoquímicos altamente anómalos. Asimismo, se señala su geología local, mineralización y zoneamiento en los cuerpos de los sulfuros masivos.

Apr 26, 1999

By Ulrich Petersen

"El presente texto describe la distribución del magmatismo y la hidromineralización hidrotermal asociada en los Andes Centrales. En la Zona Volcánica Central de los Andes, los volcanes activos y los del Holoceno se encuentran dentro de una franja de 1,500 kms de longitud. Es decir, que esta franja está ubicada al este de la fosa marina del Perú y Chile. Estas dos zonas sin volcanes actuales y holocénicos se las designa como las zonas no volcánicasdel norte y del sur. En ese sentido, el extremo norte de la antedicha franja volcánica es relativamente recto, mientras que en Chile su extremo sur es sinuoso. Dichas sinuosidades y ensanchamientos se deben a las zonas de fracturación transversales a los Andes u ondulaciones de la placa de Nazca."

Apr 26, 1999

By Máximo Yaringaño

El presente texto describe la historia y las exploraciones realizadas en los distritos de San Gregorio y Colquijirca. Esta última se encuentra dividida en dos partes: Colquijirca propiamente dicha y Marcapunta, que es un yacimiento diferente -en tanto se halla emplazado en rocas volcánicas, mientras que San Gregorio y Colquijirca se hallan en rocas carbonatadas. Los tres yacimientos se encuentran en los Andes centrales del Perú, en el departamento de Pasco, Junín. La mineralización de San Gregorio está alojada en las unidades carbonatadas jurásicas del grupo Pucará, en su facies occidental; la mineralización de Colquijirca está emplazada en forma de mantos plegados en rocas carbonatadas de la formación Calera, correspondientes al grupo Pocobamba, de edad terciaria superior.

Apr 26, 1999

By Oscar Concha

El presente texto describe la exploración, geología, controles estructurales, mineralización y los tipos de alteración hidrotermal del yacimiento minero Cuajone, situado al sur de la Cordillera Occidental de los Andes y en el flanco Andino de Moquegua. En 1937, se inicia su exploración a través de una campaña exploratorla de la empresa Cerro de Pasco, donde se determina la zona como un proyecto potencial de cobre porfirítico de baja ley. Posteriormente en 1942, se inicia la primera campaña de perforación diamantina exploratoria y en 1969, se inicia la etapa de construcción y desbroce de material para preparar la mina. De otro lado, se ha desarrollado un modelo de la evolución del yacimiento desde las rocas preminerales del Grupo Toquepala, de las cuales la andesita basáltica fue una gran receptora de la mineralización de cobre originada por la intrusión de un primer pulso de latita porfirítica.

Apr 26, 1999

By Edgardo Salas M

El presente texto describe la geología del yacimiento polimetálico de Iscaycruz. Dicha mina está situada en el distrito de Pachangara, provincia de Oyón, al norte del departamento de Lima, donde predominan los sulfuros de zinc, confinados al ámbito de la formación calcárea Santa, tanto en el piso como en el techo.Su mineralización corresponde al tipo de reemplazamiento hidrotermal, conformado por minerales de zinc, plomo, plata y cobre; y se encuentra formando mantos en las calizas de la formación Santa.

Apr 26, 1999

By David Heyl

"El presente texto señala la evolución de los modelos genéticos de geología económica del yacimiento minero Tres Cruces. Dicho yacimiento se encuentra localizado en el noreste del Perú, adyacente al distrito minero de Quiruvilca. A partir del año 1995 se le reconoció como el mayor productor de oro a través de un programa de exploración en la Formación volcánica Calipuy. Posteriormente, el yacimiento fue visitado por variosgeólogos que postularon diferentes modelos genéticos del yacimiento para así estimar su potencial económico -en tanto se incrementaron los datos geológicos del yacimiento. Por ello, el texto presenta el modelo genético de Tres Cruces, como el más adecuado, aunque la evaluación de su potencial econornica está aún en progreso."

Apr 26, 1999

By Rubén Mattos

El presente texto señala la exploración, geología y desarrollo del yacimiento minero Toquepala, ubicado en Tacna. Este constituye un yacimiento porfirítico de cobre-molibdeno diseminado donde la mineralización está subordinada a una chimenea de brecha y a un intrusivo de dacita, ambos genéticamente relacionados a la actividad intrusiva hidrotermal calco-alcalina datada de fines del Cretáceo superior-Terciario inferior. En 1937, se inician los trabajos de prospección y exploración desarrollados en Toquepala, cuando la Compañía Cerro de Pasco ordenó una evaluación geológica, con cartografía regional, perforación diamantina y muestreo. Posteriormente se inicia la segunda etapa con estudios regionales de geología, aerofotografía, ingeniería, excavación de galerías y chimeneas exploratorias y la instalación de una planta piloto de tratamiento de minerales de cobre. Finalmente, desde 1955 a la fecha se ha desarrollado la exploración orientada a mantener las operaciones de producción de minado y expansiones planeadas de la minería.

Apr 26, 1999

By Launa Mallett, Charles Vaught, Michael J. Brnich

Purpose: This training material focuses on the content of emergency warning messages. Research has shown that when an emergency occurs, people often do not get the information they need for the purpose of taking appropriate action. This safety talk presents a procedure, using mental cues that can be used by senders and receivers of emergency warnings. Intended Use: This material has been developed for use in short safety-training sessions such as start-of-shift safety or Atoolbox@ talks. The information can be presented in approximately fifteen minutes and is appropriate for workers at all experience levels. While the examples and illustrations are taken from the underground coal mining industry, the training can be tailored to any work setting by substituting appropriate examples. Materials Needed: The instructor will need to prepare the figures provided in a form that can be seen by the entire class. Suggested methods include the use of: (1) overhead transparencies, (2) laminated pages that can be held up for small groups, and/or (3) handouts with copies of the figures for each trainee. As a supplement, stickers featuring the communication triangle can be placed on hard hats, telephones or other communication devices to remind workers about the key to effective emergency communication. The Talk: The accompanying script is a guide for presenting this safety talk. Training is enhanced if these materials are covered but not simply read by the trainer. Examples given in this guide are from real experiences. To make training more interesting and effective, the instructor can substitute examples from his/her workplace. Additional Resources: The following references will provide further information about communications during emergencies. Auf Der Heide, E. (1989). Disaster Response: Principles of Preparation and Coordination. The C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis. Mallett, Launa, Charles Vaught, and Michael J. Brnich Jr. (1993). A Sociotechnical Communication in an Underground Mine Fire: A Study of Warning Messages During an Emergency Evacuation@, Safety Science, 16, pp. 709-728. Nigg, J.M. (1987). A Communication and Behavior: Organizational and Individual Response to Warnings@ in Sociology of Disasters: Contributions of Sociology to Disaster Research, R.R. Dynes, B. De Marchi, and C. Pelanda (eds.), Franco Angeli, Milan, Italy, pp. 103-116.

Jan 10, 1999

By Nicholas Kyriazi

A performance comparison of 14 rescue breathing apparatus was undertaken as an assessment of past and present worldwide technology. Rescue breathing apparatus are self-contained, closed-circuit breathing apparatus used for entry into areas having atmospheres that are immediately dangerous to life and health. Apparatus tested were the Biomarine BioPak 45, 60, and 240; the Draeger BG 4 and BG-174A; the Litton LITPAC II; the MSA Custom 4500 II Air Mask, Chemox, and McCaa; the Sabre Selected Elevated Flow Apparatus (SEFA); the Scott Rescue-Pak; the Siebe Gorman Aerorlox and Proto Ten; and the SurvivairLP-120. The apparatus were tested on an automated breathing and metabolic simulator at the Pittsburgh Research Laboratory of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Physiological parameters monitored during the testing were average inhaled CO2 and O2, minimum inhaled CO2, inhaled wet-and dry-bulb temperatures, and peak inhalation and exhalation breathing pressures. The metabolic demand on the apparatus was 1.35 L O2/min for most of the test with two 5-min intervals of 2.5 L O2/min, the first beginning 10 min into the test and the second beginning 10 min before the end of the rated duration of the apparatus. Results presented include apparatus service life and test-averages of monitored physiological parameters. Schematic drawings and photographs of the apparatus are also included. The Draeger BG-174A and BG 4 had the highest durations—295 and 291 min, respectively. The BG 4 hadthe lowest minimum inhaled CO2 levels, attesting to the effectiveness of its CO2-absorbent canister. The SabreSEFA had the lowest average inhaled CO2 levels, due mostly to the apparently low-dead-space mask andnose cup. The MSA Air Mask, the only open-circuit device tested, had the lowest wet- and dry-bulb temperatures, with the liquid-O2-source Siebe Gorman Aerorlox having the next lowest temperatures. The only apparatus with a CO2-absorbent not in a packed-bed design, the BG-174A, had the lowest exhalation pressures. The BG 4 had the highest level of positive pressure, with the Biomarine BioPak 60, Survivair LP-120, SEFA, and Litton LITPAC II nearly as high. The BG 4 had the lowest pressure swing, with the SEFA a close second.

Jan 10, 1999

By Charles Vaught, Jeff Duncan, Michael J. Brnich, Lisa J. Steiner

This document contains most of the materials needed to use the exercise. The main part of the document is the instructor's copy. It tells how to use the exercise, presents the objectives, the master answer sheet, the scoring key, and discussion notes to be used following the exercise. The next section summarizes results from field tests of the exercise, and reports the miners' evaluation of the activity. The last part of this document is three appendices. Appendix A is the exercise problem booklet. This booklet can be duplicated locally. The booklets are reusable. One is needed for every person in the classroom. Appendix B is the answer sheet. Copies of this answer sheet must have the latent image (invisible) ink answers that appear in Appendix C printed on them.3 Answer sheets are consumable. One is needed for each person or each small group of persons who work the exercise. Exercise Summary Read this section first. It determines if the exercise is appropriate for your classes. If you choose to use the exercise, examine the table of contents and review the remainder of this document. Type: Latent image Audience: Remote control and extended cut miner operators and face crews Length: Eight questions (30 minutes for administration plus 30 for discussion) Skills: Remote control mining procedures including remote control mining, taking extended cuts, resetting breaker on mining machine, and setting timbers. Communicating mine conditions, influencing safe behaviors when mine conditions are less than stable Location: Underground coal mine, four section continuous mining operation Average seam height is 48 inches Problem: Your regular job is on the general labor crew at Cripple Creek #9 mine, a four section continuous mining operation. The mains are 9 entries wide and panels are 5 entries across. You and the rest of the crew had annual refresher training about 3 months ago. For the past few days you have been sent to 2 South panel to fill in as the third shuttle car operator. This morning, however, your buggy is down. The face boss asks you to get the scoop and take seven or eight timbers to the number 5 entry because the last shift got off sight line. The miner will be working in entry 5 while the bolter crew pins entry 4. When you get up to the face you see that Mo, the remote control continuous miner operator, has rounded off the left inby corner in order to make his first cuts in the right hand rib. Now, he has squared around enough so that you and Red, the miner helper, can set some posts on the corner. The two of you set posts along the left inby rib of #5 entry while the shuttle car operator waits. You are in a tight spot when Mo decides to start mining. You must decide where the best place is to stand for safety and to be out of the way.

Jan 10, 1999

By Charles Vaught, Michael J. Brnich, Roberta A. Calhoun

This document contains most of the materials needed to use the exercise. The main part of the document is the instructor's copy. It tells how to use the exercise, presents the objectives, the master answer sheet, the scoring key, and discussion notes to be used following the exercise. The next section summarizes results from field tests of the exercise, and reports the miners' evaluation of the activity. The last part of this document is three appendices. Appendix A is the exercise problem booklet. This booklet can be duplicated locally. The booklets are reusable. One is needed for every person in the classroom. Appendix B is the answer sheet. Copies of this answer sheet must have the latent image (invisible) ink answers that appear in Appendix C printed on them.2 Answer sheets are consumable. One is needed for each person or each small group of persons who work the exercise. Exercise Summary Read this section first. It determines if the exercise is appropriate for your classes. If you choose to use the exercise, examine the table of contents and review the remainder of this document. Type: Latent image Audience: Underground coal miners Length: 9 questions (30 minutes for administration and 30 minutes for discussion) Skills: Mine fire escape strategies/procedures Use of emergency breathing apparatus Knowledge of sensations experienced when wearing breathing apparatus Communication Location: Underground coal mine section, average 60 inch seam height Problem: You are the section foreman on the 17 Left longwall development section at the Paula Ann No. 3 mine. The section has been driven about 4,000 feet from 4 West Mains. One of the shuttle car operators took a call from the fireboss saying that there was smoke from an unknown source coming into your section. You attempt to contact someone to find out where the smoke is coming from but get no response. You assemble the crew and start riding out of the section on the mantrip when you encounter heavy smoke. At this point, you decide to take your crew and travel on foot in the belt entry that is on a neutral split of air. After traveling about 6 crosscuts in the belt entry, you encounter heavy smoke at which time you and your crew don your person-wearable SCSRs (PWSCSR). After donning the apparatus, you and your crew continue traveling outby in the belt entry. Near the mouth of the section, one miner in the group starts to have trouble breathing from his SCSR. Because breathing resistance is increasing with the length of time the apparatus is worn, the miner is "outbreathing" the device since his oxygen requirements are greater that what the PWSCSR can supply. Although you slow

Jan 10, 1999

By David Garry, Michael J. Brnich, Lynn L. Rethi, Henry P. Cole, William J. Wiehagen, Roberta A. Calhoun

This document contains most of the materials needed to use the exercise. The main part of the document is the instructor's copy. It tells how to use the exercise, presents the objectives, the master answer sheet, the scoring key, and discussion notes to be used following the exercise. The next section summarizes results from field tests of the exercise, and reports the miners' evaluation of the activity. The last part of this document is three appendices. Appendix A is the exercise problem booklet. This booklet can be duplicated locally. The booklets are reusable. One is needed for every person in the classroom. Appendix B is the answer sheet and the trainee's questionnaire. Copies of this answer sheet must have the latent image (invisible) ink answers that appear in Appendix C printed on them.1 Answer sheets are consumable. One is needed for each person or each small group of persons who work the exercise. Exercise Summary Read this section first. It determines if the exercise is appropriate for your classes. If you choose to use the exercise, examine the table of contents and review the remainder of this document. Type: Latent image Audience: Supervisors, Safety Personnel and Accident Investigators Length: Eight questions (30 minutes for administration plus 30 for discussion) Skills: Developing a strategy or plan to prevent slips and falls Following correct procedures in conducting an accident investigation Preventing unsafe work practices Recognizing and instituting hazard controls in the section Identifying and implementing safe work procedures Location: Underground coal mine section Problem: You have been the general mine foreman at White Rock Mine for 4 years and have worked at this mine for 12 years. The mine superintendent calls you into his office. He gives you an accident report of an employee in 4-G section who was injured while carrying rock dust bags from the rock dust car to a battery powered scoop. It is several days after the accident and the mine superintendent assigns you and the safety supervisor to thoroughly investigate the accident to determine all the contributing factors. Your job is to make specific recommendations to prevent future slipping/tripping accidents.

Jan 10, 1999

By Winton J. Gale

Coal pillar design has been based on generalized formulas of the strength of the coal in a pillar and experience in localized situations. Stress measurements above and in coal pillars indicate that the actual strength and deformation of pillars vary much more than predicted by formulas. This variation is due to failure of strata surrounding coal. The pillar strength and deformation of the adjacent roadways is a function of failure in the coal and the strata about the coal. When the pillar is viewed as a system in which failure also occurs inthe strata rather than the coal only, the wide range of pillar strength characteristics found in the United Kingdom, United States, Republic of South Africa, Australia, People's Republic of China, Japan, and other countries are simply variations due to different strata-coal combinations, not different coal strengths. This paper presents the measured range of pillar strength characteristics and explains the reasons. Methods to design pillar layouts with regard to the potential strength variations due to the strata strength characteristics surrounding the seam are also presented.

Jan 5, 1999

Empirical methods involve the scientific interpretation of real-world experience. Many problems in ground control lend themselves to an empirical approach because the mines provide us with plenty of experience with full-scale rock structures. During the past 10 years, powerful design techniques have emerged from statistical analyses of large databases of real-world pillar successes and failures. These include the Analysis of Retreat Mining Pillar Stability (ARMPS), the Analysis of Longwall Pillar Stability (ALPS), the Mark-Bieniawski rectangular pillar strength formula, and guidelines for preventing massive pillar collapses. In the process, our practical understanding of pillar behavior has been greatly enriched.

Jan 5, 1999