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By A Priatna, H Rumbino, T Casten

This paper discusses the progress of the Deep Mill Level Zone (DMLZ) mine from the pre-feasibility study completed in 2005, through commencement of development access in 2008, completion of the feasibility in 2010 and cave initiation in late 2015. This fourth lift of caving in the East Ertsberg Skarn System (EESS) is located 500 m below the currently producing Deep Ore Zone (DOZ) mine and represents approximately half a billion tonnes of ore and around 1900 planned drawpoints, scheduled to be mined at a peak of 80 000 t/d.The paper reviews the mine design, access requirements, planned footprint sequence and major fixed facility installations such as ventilation, oreflow and shops. A discussion of the preproduction development and construction activities and some of the critical technical challenges overcome during this time frame are addressed, as well as the cave initiation process undertaken in late 2015 and the ramp-up of production and progression of caving.CITATION:Casten, T, Priatna, A and Rumbino, H, 2016. Deep Mill Level Zone – from feasibility to production, in Proceedings Seventh International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining (MassMin 2016), pp 635–644 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2016

By J. A. Elliot

Deep Mix-in-Place soil stabilisation is achieved by forming columns of soil/cement arranged to overlap by secant intersection. Alternate columns are constructed initially and infilled. The cementitious material injected is designed to retard the strength of the resulting mix thereby allowing satisfactory overlapping. Columns are constructed using a designed large diameter mixing auger mounted on a smaller diameter auger stem. This is firstly screwed to the design depth removing only such spoil as to enable penetration of the auger, and subsequently counter rotated and extracted in a predetermined mixing pattern and grout injection rate to ensure continuous and homogeneous treatment through each successive level. The process is performed whilst monitoring auger depth, grout flow and pressure. Cementation Piling and Foundations Limited used this technique to stabilise allu­vium and to facilitate the construction, by conventional techniques, of a circular pumping station pit of 10M diameter to 10M below ground level. The work was carried out within 3M of adjacent domestic properties, and on a very restricted site in Elland, West Yorkshire. Ground conditions consist of 2M of cohesive alluvium becoming water bearing and increasingly sandy and gravelly with cobbles which overlies the mudstones at 10.0m depth. Sandstones beneath formed an aquiclude to artesian ground water with the underside of the open excavation approxi­mately 1.0M from the top of this material. Peripheral treatment into the mudstone, coupled with pressure relief wells, proved successful and final excavation depth was achieved in "the dry".

Jan 1, 1989

By Donald Bruce, Alex Reeb, George Filz, Wesley Schmutzler, Mitsuo Nozu

"One million seven-hundred thousand cubic yards of deep mixing were installed to support an elevation raise of an earthen levee known as LPV 111, which is located in east New Orleans. The deep mixing was done by two contractors using somewhat different technologies, but producing elements of the same size. As part of the quality control and quality assurance program, 507 deep-mixed elements were cored and 5,082 specimens were strength tested in unconfined compression. This paper presents data from the coring and testing program. Very high percentages of the core run lengths were recovered, except during one period for one mixing technology. The coring methods are described, and reasons for the isolated episode of low recovery are discussed. The strength data show that the specification acceptance criteria were satisfied. Statistical parameters of the strength data are provided, and trends between strength and the following factors are discussed: depth, soil type, binder factor, and project-specific experience. Photographs of longitudinal cuts of core specimens are presented. Important lessons learned from this unusually large project are described.INTRODUCTIONThe Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Hurricane Protection system included a project known as LPV 111, which is an approximately 5-mile long segment of levee and floodwall located in east New Orleans along the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and adjacent to Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge (Cali et al. 2012). The majority of the project consisted of a raise of an existing earthen levee from an existing crest elevation of about 18 ft to a new crest elevation of about 28 ft. The underlying soils were weak and compressible, providing inadequate support for the raised levee. Ground improvement in the form of deep mixing was selected to provide the necessary stability and settlement control for the raised levee.The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), New Orleans District, was the governmental agency in responsible charge of the project, including approval of design, construction, and payment. The lead designer was URS Corporation, and the general contractor was Archer-Western-Alberici (AWA), working in alliance with TREVIICOS South (Trevi), who, together with Fudo Construction (Fudo), performed the deep mixing.As part of the quality control and quality assurance program, over 500 production deep-mixed elements were cored, the cores were carefully logged, and over 5,000 unconfined compression tests were performed. In addition, selected specimens were carefully photographed before and after longitudinal saw cuts to expose the interior of the specimens. This paper provides a summary of the coring and testing performed on the production deep-mixed elements."

Jan 1, 2015

By Peter Cali, David Yang, Rakshya Shrestha, Ralph Griffin, Sushil Kafle, Motoji Watanabe

"As a part of the ‘US Army Corps of Engineers - New Orleans to Venice, Louisiana Hurricane Protection Project’, deep mixing ground improvement was designed to reinforce the soft ground for the emergency repair of a 7297-foot (2,224 m) long section of the Mississippi River West Bank levee in Buras Levee District under the contract ‘Emergency Levee Repairs – Contract P-17A, Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana’. The ground improvement utilizes a series of soil-cement panels oriented in the transverse direction of the levee. Each soil-cement panel consists of overlapped columns installed by the deep mixing method (DMM). DMM is performed from the existing top of levee and extended to competent stratum at depths varying from 26 feet (7.9 m) to 47 feet (14.3 m) below the working platform. The main purpose of the DMM panels is to provide shear resistance to the levee against lateral loads at high flood water condition. The DMM panels support the additional vertical load created by the increased height of the levee for hurricane protection and control the long-term settlement of the remediated levee, which might otherwise occur due to the compression of soft foundation soils. The total amount of DMM treatment is approximately 54,000 cubic yards (41,500 cubic meters). This paper reviews the project background, subsurface soil conditions and presents the design, construction and quality control of the deep mixing work for this levee repair project.INTRODUCTIONIn August 2005, Hurricane Katrina caused major damage to the federal and non-federal flood control projects in southeast Louisiana. In September 2005, Hurricane Rita caused further damage to this flood protection system. In an effort to minimize further damage and to enhance the protection level, certain non-federal levees located on the west bank of the Mississippi river in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana were incorporated into the New Orleans to Venice Hurricane Protection project by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). DMM techniques were then utilized by the USACE in several of these emergency projects and in many medium sized projects between 2006 and 2010 (Bruce et al. 2012). This project (called P-17A hereafter) which forms a part of this protection system is executed under the contract Emergency Levee Repairs, Contract P-17A. This is one of the largest projects of the USACE after LPV- 111. The huge LPV-111 project (5.5 miles (8.9 km) of levee) treated by DMM), the largest DMM project ever conducted outside Japan, began in 2010 and was completed in 2012 (Cali et al. 2012, Bruce et al. 2012).DMM is utilized at P-17A to construct a series of soil-cement panels oriented in the transverse direction of the existing levee to provide shear resistance to the levee against the lateral load during high flood water condition. The project extends 7297-foot (2,224 m) along the West Bank Levee of the Mississippi River in the Buras district of Louisiana, parallel to Louisiana Highway 23 (LA-23) as shown in Figure 1. It is located approximately 60 miles (96 km) south-east of downtown New Orleans."

Jan 1, 2015

By Randy R. Williams, Roberto R. Olivera, Brian W. Wilson, Marina S. W. Li

"An extensive, deep mixing (DM) ground improvement program using the Cutter Soil Mixing (CSM) technique was designed and constructed in 2013 to support up to 20 m (66 ft) high Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) walls and bulk earthworks for the development of the Kitimat Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) facility at Bish Cove, British Columbia. The deep mixing program consisted of overlapping rectangular panels of in situ cement treated soils, constructed using the CSM technique, to form barrettes covering an area of approximately 12,900 m2 (15,428 yd2) and providing suitable static and seismic stability of foundation soils for support of the proposed MSE walls, which would in turn support LNG facilities. The deep mixing program comprised of 1645 CSM panels that were constructed through varying thicknesses and discontinuous layers of very soft fine-grained marine deposits and/or loose sandy silt to silty sand deposits, embedding typically 2 m ( 6.6 ft) into dense silty sand to sand and gravel. CSM panel depths ranged from 5 m (16 ft) to 30 m (98 ft) and were constructed by treating approximately 73,900 m3 (96,658 yd3) of soil yielding average unconfined compressive strengths exceeding 2.5MPa (363 psi).This paper outlines the approach adopted for the design of the CSM ground improvement program in the highly variable subsurface conditions present at the site. A phased sitespecific investigation consisting of boreholes, test pits, Cone Penetration Tests, piston tube sampling, advanced laboratory testing and groundwater monitoring was implemented. In addition, soil-cement bench scale testing was completed, followed by installation of 8 CSM panels for field trial purposes. Extensive geotechnical static and seismic analyses including Limit Equilibrium stability analyses, liquefaction assessments, and advanced numerical modeling were undertaken to optimize the design and meet the project-specific design performance criteria. The Design-Build team worked closely to develop and implement Quality Assurance and Quality Control plans and managed significant construction challenges while achieving suitable panel termination depths."

Jan 1, 2017

By Donald A. Bruce

"Abstract The Deep Mixing Methods (DMM), in their current forms, have been employed in the United States since 1986, although an earlier version had seen service from 1954. The earlier developments were strongly influenced by practices in the Nordic countries and Japan, while by the late 1980’s several DMM systems had been developed in the U.S. itself. Since then, DMM has continued its evolution, principally via the challenges of a series of large, landmark projects, but also via distinct, significant technological advances. This paper highlights the key points in the history of DMM in the U.S., and provides an overview of the different methods currently in use.In the BeginningIt is a common misconception that the history of applications of the Deep Mixing Methods (DMM) in the United States dates from 1986 when SMW Seiko Inc. — a subsidiary of Japan’s Seiko Kogyo Company — was established in the Bay Area. However, the author believes that Intrusion Prepakt Co.’s patented MIP (Mixed in Place) system had been used, albeit sporadically (about 30 projects are recorded), since 1954 (FHWA 2000, 2001). Ironically, by 1961 this single auger method had been extensively used under license in Japan for excavation support and groundwater control — by the Seiko Kogyo Company. By 1972, the original MIP technique had been succeeded by more advanced Japanese methods, involving multiple augers. Intrusion Prepakt have long since become defunct.The first systematic studies of contemporary Deep Mixing Methods in Japan began in 1967 when the Port and Harbor Research Institute of the Ministry of Transportation began laboratory testing using granular and powdered lime for treating soft marine soils. Fundamental studies continued through the early 1970’s, by which time the development of industrial scale equipment was well advanced, having its first application on a marine trial near Haneda Airport. Coincidentally, laboratory and field research also began in 1967 in Sweden (“Swedish Lime Column Method”) for treating soft clays using unslaked lime. Reportedly the progenitor was a Norwegian, Kjeld Paus, who had made observations on fluid lime columns in the U.S. It would seem that developments in Japan and the Nordic countries proceeded independently until 1975 when the technology leaders from each group (Broms and Boman; and Okumura and Terashi, respectively) presented their — very similar — findings at a conference in Bangalore, India. Limited technical exchanges ensued thereafter.Whereas the Nordic developments continued to focus on the use of dry reagents (cement and lime) and relatively light equipment compatible with operating on and in very soft clays and organics, the Japanese progressed into the use of fluid reagents (cement-based grouts) and heavier equipment for both marine and land-based projects. Thus, by 1986, there were a large number of proprietary (wet and dry) DMM systems in Japan, and a rapidly growing market already by then accounting for over 12,000,000 m3 of ground treatment."

Jan 1, 2014

By Donald A. Bruce

Various types of contemporary Deep Mixing Method (DMM) techniques have been used in the United States since 1986. Such techniques owe their origins to Japanese and Scandinavian developments, which began almost three decades ago. The growing demands of urban infrastructure development and rehabilitation have created a very active and rapidly expanding market demand in the United States especially since the early 1990s, and there is a clear need for a new and fundamental review of the surprisingly large number of DMM techniques that are being used domestically, or are available in other parts of the world. Following a summary tracing the historical development of DMM, and a generic classification of applications, the paper provides a review of each of the many different proprietary methods, which the authors have identified during preparation of an international survey funded by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Data are also provided on commercial aspects of the various DMM techniques worldwide.

Jan 1, 1998

By D. A. Bruce

The Deep Mixing Method is a very valuable tool for combating problems related to in situ soil treatment, improvement, and retention. Many different variations are used throughout the world, and there is a correspondingly rich technical literature on the testing and properties of the treated soil. This paper provides a synopsis of these aspects.

Jan 1, 2001

By W. Sondermann

"AbstractWith the increasing demand in reuse of inner city areas and the urgent need for deeper foundation pits under cramped circumstances, adjacent structures close to and high ground water level, the well-known established technologies especially with small to mid-sized dimensions are often too time consuming and occasionally not economic to install lateral support systems. The alternatives for these specific cases could be the usage of the deep mixing technology to create lateral support systems in reinforcing the deep mixing elements additionally to transfer the horizontal loads from earth – and water-pressure.With increasing demand in depth and water tightness, verticality and overlapping of single column solutions are becoming the key in execution. In addition, for some applications subsoil-conditions were not ideal for wet deep mixing technologies. The tubular soil mixing system (TSM) as a combination of mechanical mixing and support of hydraulic cutting by jet grouting can provide solutions toovercome these challenges.1. Current market conditions and trendsThe present financial crisis and the efforts not only to consolidate national budgets, but also to rescue certain banks, have not left the building industry unaffected either. Some drastic cutbacks to public budgets, along with the increasingly restrictive granting of credit for the financing of construction projects, have led to enormous over-capacities in the building sector, with purely negative impact. As a consequence of these negative developments, many companies are experiencing the pressure to restructure more quickly and to reduce costs but at the same time to keep the consequences of all activities, both externally and internally, within limits acceptable to employees, owners and finance institutions and last but not least consumers."

Jan 1, 2014

By Jie-qun Zhai, Jian Jia, Ke Yang, Xiao-lin Xie, Yu Zhang

"With cities’ development, underground space exploitation presents a need for bigger and deeper constructions now. Technical problems founded during the construction of deep foundation pit support become more and more important. The supporting system has to cut or partly cut off hydraulic connection outside and inside the foundation pit, control the ground settlement caused by dewatering and make sure safety of foundation pit and its surroundings. Some preliminary study and application of ultra-deep soil reinforcement methods have been conducted in Shanghai’s deep excavation engineering. On the basis of engineering practice of ultra-deep foundation pit in Shanghai, some field and laboratory test, this paper analyzes effects of different ultra-deep soil reinforcement methods and their influence characteristics of surrounding environment. It also summarizes these methods’ sealing effect, construction and economic efficiency and concludes their characteristicsINSTRUCTIONShanghai is formed from marine sedimentation. In Shanghai, from earth’s surface to 30~40m underground, soil is mainly consist of soft clay with 40% moisture content. There are also many thin silty-sand layers in the earth, so the soil is both soft and permeable. Under 40m, soil is mainly thick silty-sand layers and fine-sand layers with medium density and confined groundwater whose water head is about 7m high.With the rapid development of Shanghai’s municipal construction and high-rise buildings in the recently ten years, the number of underground structure including subway station, tunnel and high-rise building basement are constructed rapidly. Due to the permeability and softness of Shanghai’s soil, it is necessary to reinforce soil to make sure the safety and high construction rate of engineering project in Shanghai.Because of deeper excavation depth and bigger excavation area in Shanghai, ultra-deep soil reinforcement is used preliminarily in Shanghai. Combining with engineering practice of ultra-deep foundation pit in Shanghai and employing field and laboratory test, this paper analyzes effectiveness of different ultra-deep soil reinforcement methods and concludes these methods’ characteristics and their applicability. All this can guide further application of these methods."

Jan 1, 2015

By Alessandro Bertero, Stefano Valagussa, Filippo Maria, Wesley Schmutzler, Leoni

"Abstract The Deep Mixing Method (DMM) represents a viable solution to improve the adverse geotechnical properties of foundation soils. Differences and the importance of performing pre-construction laboratory and field tests will be highlighted. Comparative analyses and interpretations between the various lab and field stages, along with accumulated information about soil properties and QC results, allowed fine-tuning of the production parameters throughout almost the entire project.Two projects where the US Army Corps of Engineers selected the Deep Mixing Method (DMM) for the required stabilizations, and a third project completed in Italy, will be illustrated:•,?the LPV 111 Project (New Orleans - LA – USA); DMM was used for groundimprovement/foundation strengthening and consequently stabilize and support the burden of the new levee.•,the Rio Puerto Nuevo Project (San Juan - PR - USA); DMM was applied to improve the soils adjacent to a 90” forced sewer main relocation and to improve the soils for the base of a new drainage channel•,the new Italian high speed railway project (Florence Italy); DMM technology was applied to realize a a TBM break in/break out, foreseen originally by jet-grouting.IntroductionThe Deep Mixing Method (DMM) represents a viable solution to improve the adverse geotechnical properties of foundation soils. The effectiveness of working parameters depends largely on the physical and mechanical properties of the soil to be treated. Therefore, well designed laboratory and field test programs, aimed to disclose the interaction between the site-specific soils and the mixing parameters, are essential to achieve the desired end product."

Jan 1, 2014

By Wei Victor Liu, Omer Faruk Ugurlu, Chengkai Fan, Bei Jiang

Accurate prediction of truck productivity plays a pivotal role in improving the efficiency and profitability of openpit mining operations. This paper proposes a deep neural network (DNN) model to overcome the challenge of predicting truck productivity in openpit mines. The prediction model was built using eight variables and was optimized by considering different train-test split ratios, numbers of hidden layers and neurons, and activation functions. The proposed model’s performance was evaluated using various metrics and compared with other commonly used machine learning algorithms. The results showed that the proposed model outperformed traditional machine learning models by achieving higher prediction accuracy. Moreover, a single-variable sensitivity analysis showed that haul distance is the most influential variable for predicting truck productivity. This study marks a pioneering effort in employing DNN to predict truck productivity in openpit mining, signifying a notable advancement in the field.

Jul 1, 2024

By Wei Victor Liu, Omer Faruk Ugurlu, Chengkai Fan, Bei Jiang

The accurate prediction of truck productivity plays a pivotal role in improving the efficiency and profitability of open-pit mining operations. However, predicting truck productivity is challenging owing to the complex nature of the working conditions of the mine site. This paper proposes a deep neural network model to overcome the challenge of predicting truck productivity in open-pit mines. The prediction model was built using eight variables and was optimized by considering different train-test split ratios, numbers of hidden layers and neurons, and activation functions. The proposed model's performance was evaluated using various metrics and was compared with other commonly used machine learning algorithms. According to the results, the proposed model outperformed traditional machine learning algorithms by achieving higher accuracy and lower error rates, with the best-performing model having four hidden layers with 70 neurons per layer and a scaled exponential linear unit activation function, resulting in a coefficient of determination value of 0.89. This demonstrates the potential of deep neural network models for predicting truck productivity in open-pit mine sites. Moreover, a single variable sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate the impact of input variables on truck productivity. The results show that haul distance is the most influential variable for the prediction of truck productivity.

Feb 12, 2024

By Gordon Chen

The Block 37 Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) Tunnel Construction Project was originally designed by STV to connect Blue Line subway in North Dearborn Street and Red Line subway in State Street in the downtown Chicago Area. The project was proposed using tunnel mining techniques combined with steel pipe jacking and fiber glass rebar soil reinforcement. Weidlinger Associates, Inc. (WAI) and Kiewit Construction Company proposed an alternate design using open cut construction technology. WAI designed a complex temporary excavation support system using Soldier Pile Tremie Concrete (SPTC) walls and Soldier Pile Lagging walls supported by cross lot/corner bracing elements. Below the top of the existing tunnel, a top-down construction technique was utilized. A steel temporary traffic decking system at top of the excavation site served as the daily street traffic function as well as the first level of bracing for the support of excavation. The project encountered great challenges of soft clay conditions in downtown Chicago, numerous existing utilities in the excavation site and the requirements of protection for a number of historical buildings nearby as well as the protection of the city streets. The construction was successfully completed at both State Street/Washington Street and Dearborn Street/Randolph Street. The monitoring system showed that ground movement and adjacent building settlement was kept to a minimum during construction.

Jan 1, 2009

By George S. Martin, Michael D. Winship

"Placer Dome Inc. is the operator of the Musselwhite project located 100km north of Pickle Lake, Ontario. J.S. Redpath Limited was contracted to conduct an underground exploration program using shaft access.During the winter of1988, the shaft collar was established in 16 metres of water bearing sand and till overburden. This paper will illustrates the engineering techniques used to overcome the obstacles to installing a shaft collar in deep overburden. Specialized dewatering and piling procedures were employed.INTRODUCTIONHarold and Allan Musselwhite discovered gold in the Opapimiskan Lake area, north of Pickle Lake, in 1962. The prospectors were grubstaked by ten companies in 1973.A diamond drill program was initiated shortly thereafter.In 1983an underground ramp exploration program was carried out on the West Anticline portion of the property. The program was unsuccessful in establishing an ore reserve so surface exploration continued. In 1986the ""T"" zone was discovered. Further surface drilling was done and an over-all drill-indicated reserve of 6 million tonnes at 7 grams per tonne was outlined. The gold mineralization occurs in several vertical tabular deposits within the iron formation. In late 1987the joint venture partnership, now consisting of Placer Dome Inc., Inco Gold Co., Corona Corporation and Esso Minerals Canada, contracted J.S. Redpath Limited to conduct an underground exploration program on the ""T"" Zone.The scope of work for the project was to: 1. establish a 45 km winter road in 1988 and 1989;"

Jan 1, 1989

By E. S. Moore

DEEP oxidation and-secondary enrichment of ore deposits, although so important in many parts of the world, are comparatively rare in the Canadian shield. Intensive glaciation during the Pleistocene epoch accounts for their rarity. Glaciation has cost Canada much in the destruction of not only enriched ore deposits, but placers that must have been developed near our numerous gold deposits during the long period of weathering that pre-ceded the Pleistocene. There seems to be a very common misconception regarding the average depth of rock that has been removed from the shield by glaciers. These bodies of ice are usually given credit for the removal of the greater portion of the thousands of feet of rock that we know has been eroded from this large area since Precambrian time. As a matter of fact, the average thickness of solid rock removed can be measured in tens rather than even hundreds of feet, although very deep erosion has resulted in some sections where the glacial ice has been constricted in depressions, such as deep valleys and lake basins. On the other hand, there are few areas within the shield where the glaciers have not disturbed practically all of the mantle rock and some feet of the underlying bed-rock. The chances of finding deeply oxidized cappings and enriched ore deposits are therefore comparatively few and these have been found chiefly where favourable structural and topographic conditions for their formation and preservation have existed. Faulting has been responsible for several of these deposits, and easily decomposed rocks, such as. sulphides and carbonates, have been very important factors. Topographic features, such as high and resistant hills, favourably situated with respect to the ore deposits have, in a few cases, played a part in providing protection from glacial erosion and in furnishing head for the descent of surface waters. At least four cases of oxidation to depths quite abnormal in the Canadian shield have so far been found in Ontario. These are the Helen and Josephine iron mines in the Michipicoten district, the Keeley silver mine in South Lor-rain, and the Ross gold mine in Hislop township, Cochrane district. A deeply oxidized zinc deposit of unusual interest occurs in the Precambrian rocks in New York State, not far from the Canadian border, and there arc the well-known iron deposits in the Lake Superior region of the United States.

Jan 1, 1938

By F Schoenbrunn, T Laros

Deep paste thickeners have been proven capable of consistently producing medium to low slump material for disposal without the need for filters. However, proper design of the entire system is critical for a paste project to be successful. Some of the factors that must be carefully considered in design of a paste system include thickener sizing, tailings impoundment design, underflow pumping, and control system.

Jan 1, 1998

By Laros T, Schoenbrunn F

Deep paste thickeners have been proven capable of consistently producing medium to low slump material for disposal without the need for filters. However, proper design of the entire system is critical for a paste project to he successful. Some of the factors that must be carefully considered in design of a paste system include thickener sizing, tailings inipoundineni design, underflow pumping, and control system.

Jan 1, 1998

By J. S. Stachulak, G. H. Schnakenberg

The objective of the Diesel Emissions Evaluation Program (DEEP)-sponsored project at Inco's Stobie mine was to conduct a long term field evaluation of diesel particulate filter (DPF) systems available to the underground mining industry. Some of the major issues studied were criteria for selecting the filter media, means of DPF regeneration, efficiency of DPF systems and the occurrence of unwanted secondary emissions, and reliability and durability of DPF systems. Nine state-of-the-art diesel particulate matter (DPM) filtration systems have been retrofitted to heavy-duty and light-duty vehicles and have been subjected to extensive long-term in-mine evaluation. Periodic efficiency tests were conducted at various stages of the study (2001, 2002 and 2004) to establish in-use efficiencies and durability of the tested DPF systems. The results were used to assess the effects of the filter systems on the concentrations of particulate matter, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide in the vehicle exhaust. The variety of filtration systems and regeneration concepts used in this study offered the opportunity to investigate their advantages and disadvantages. This paper also offers a review of selected experiences with the installation and operation of the DPF systems on underground mining vehicles at the Inco Stobie Mine.

By Dafydd Chandler, Milissa Hirst, Charles Hurst, Gary Snyder, Leszek Glodkowski

The Delaware County Regional Water Quality Control Authority (DELCORA) will be adding tunnel infrastructure to its wastewater conveyance system. This program involves the construction of a conveyance/storage tunnel and related facilities. The proposed 12- foot to 14-foot (±) finished diameter, TBM mined deep rock tunnel spans over 8.5 miles and lies approximately 80 ft-120 ft below the surface. The system is connected to the surface by at least five vertical online shafts and one offline shaft with associated 800ft long adit. This paper provides project details including data on the geologic conditions in which the tunnel will be constructed.

Dec 1, 2022