Search Documents

By D D. Deacon

A brief description is given of the requirements which No. 4 Shaft has been designed to meet and of the methods by which two-stage winding of rock has been accommodated in a single shaft sunk to a depth of 7,421 ft. This is followed by a consideration of the factors which led to the decision to sink the shaft as rapidly as possible. Introduction T HE No. 4 Shaft of Hartebeest-fontein Gold Mining Company, Ltd., has been sited to serve the deep southern area of the mine, some 1,500 claims in extent, between the elevations of 6,250 and 7,300 ft. below surface. From this area, some two-thirds of the mine production will ultimately be obtained. Above the 6,-250-ft. elevation, an existing shaft hoisting system, situated adjacent to the reduction plant, is of adequate capacity to cater for all ore hoisted to surface for milling. No. 4 Shaft will therefore be required to provide downcast ventilation of 1,000,000 c.f.m., together with surface hoisting facilities for men, material and development rock and underground hoisting

Jan 1, 1965

By W. T. Sampson

Introduction The Kirkland Lake (Ontario) property of Wright-Hargreaves Mines, Limited, - consists of four claims. The two main shear zones or 'breaks' of the Kirkland Lake camp extend through three of these claims, for a distance of approximately 3,500 feet. These claims are on the northeast side of the original lake. The water in this section of the lake has now been replaced with mill tailings. The degree of success of any completed undertaking, especially in the mining industry, reflects the personnel involved. I state with pleasure that the successful deepening of No. 5 winze from 6,400 feet to 7,272 feet was largely due to the co-operation and skilled workmanship of Shaft Captain J. Myelde and his efficient 'leaders'. This winze was sunk at a time when it was most difficult to obtain experienced shaftmen, with the result that the crews did not wholly consist of experienced men (although their desire to learn shaft sinking soon gave good results). This condition added greatly to the responsibilities and duties of those in charge, whose first consideration was for the safety of those engaged in the work, and I take great pride in recording that the entire sinking programme was completed without a lost-time accident. Location of Winze Due to the information obtained through deep diamond-drill holes collared below the 6,000-foot level being of sufficient importance to warrant further exploration, it was decided to deepen the existing No. 5 winze rather than sink another winze. This decision meant that the sinking must be co-ordinated with and proceed simultaneously with operations in the winze, where mining was being carried on between the 3,900-foot and 5,100-foot horizons, inclusive.

Jan 1, 1948

The purpose of this paper is to discuss briefly the problems encountered in designing and sinking No 7 shaft, and to present the methods employed in the operation.The illustrations accompanying the paper show the details of the construction of the equipment used in completing No 7 shaft, consequently the descriptions appearing in the text are brief outlines only. Mineral leases Nos 7 and 8, held by the Broken Hill South Limited, comprise an area of 69.5 acres. The length of the holding is approximately 2500 ft.The western orebodies, which are the main producing masses, enter the property at the northern bonndary. Generally, the dip of the orebody is to the west, and the pitch to the south, but local variations occur and even a reversal of pitch has been noticed. The angle of dip is approximately 70 degrees and the angle of pitch 45 degrees.

Jan 1, 1932

By W. C. Risley

IN the year 1933, workings at the No. 12 colliery, New Waterford, of the Dominion Coal Company, Limited, had advanced to a point where additional ventilation would soon be required. Furthermore, development of the mine was being .made to practically double the output of coal. Consequently, authorization was given to sink a shaft to the workings. The location selected is on the west side of the mine, about one and a half miles from the slope mouth and on the Low Point shore, some 250 feet from high-water mark. The cliff at this point is 40 feet high, with the land rising on a slope of about 5 per cent to the shaft. Figure 1 shows the location with reference to the colliery workings. The strata through which the shaft was to be sunk were pretty well known from diamond-drill borings previously made, and it was believed that water would be encountered to a depth of at least 250 feet to 300 feet. It was planned, therefore, to seal-off the water by the pumping of cement grout under high pressure. This method was considered to be the most economical means of handling the water during sinking, and would also result in a permanently dry shaft. Figure 2 shows a cross-section of the strata. The permanent shaft hoist and fan were to be electrically driven, which would necessitate the construction of a transmission line between the colliery and the shaft; therefore, it was arranged that the sinking equipment would have electric drive. As all equipment, materials used in construction, and supplies were to be hauled by truck, a roadway 1,800 feet long was required from the main highway to the site, and as heavy loads would be hauled during the fall, winter, and succeeding spring, this road was ballasted with 18 inches of clinkered material obtained from a burned culm bank one and a half miles distant. Actual field work was begun by the Company's own forces early in October. Work preparatory to sinking-in addition to the roadway and trans-mission line-included the construction of the reinforced-concrete shaft collar and fan drift connection; the permanent timber headframe (which was to be used also as the sinking headframe); the permanent reinforced-concrete building to house the shaft hoist and fan drive; and the erection of temporary buildings and installation of all equipment for sinking and lining the shaft and for cementation.

Jan 1, 1936

By Frank Otten, Jochen Greinacher

"In July 2017, Deilmann-Haniel signed a contract with IOO Slavkaliy to sink two 750 metre (m) deep freeze shafts for the Nezhinsky Potash mine in Belarus. This is the second shaft project where this technology is employed after two over 1,000 m deep shafts for a potash project in Saskatchewan, Canada, have been sunk by the application of the Herrenknecht Shaft Boring Roadheader (SBR) technology. Developed to sink shafts for green field projects in soft to medium hard rock, in frozen or unfrozen geology, the machine technology utilizes a roadheader-type cutterhead on a telescopic boom to mechanically excavate the rock, and a pneumatic mucking system to convey the muck from the face into the buckets. This leads to a manless face during the sinking cycle and thus a significant improvement in terms of workplace safety. For the Nezhinsky project, the SBR design was significantly modified in close cooperation between Deilmann-Haniel and Herrenknecht, based on the available experience and the special requirements of the project. Such modifications have been for example the adaptation of the Pneumatic Mucking System to cope with wet material as well as dry as originally planned or the shaft lining moving from shotcrete application to jump for and tubbing installation for which a step-change hands-off tubbing erector for the placement of segments was designed. Further modifications to optimize the machine technology for the requirements during shaft sinking were applied on the two machines for the Slavkaliy project as well as several revisions to match the special project requirements. The SBR is suitable for soft and medium hard rock up to 100 MPa UCS. The main design limits are maximum weight of the machine with 400 tonnes and length or height of 50 m due to the depth of the pre-sink. The Pneumatic Mucking System was changed in all components, sheaves and rope arrangement were redesigned and the concept of the hoist system was also re-engineered. The SBR in Belarus is configured for a daily sinking rate of three metres and all systems behind the cutting boom are not the bottle neck of the whole system. The works on site started in November 2017 including freeze hole drilling, construction works, site setup, installation of hoists winches, permanent headgears and other components required for sinking. The SBRs arrived on site in June/July 2018 and were preassembled on surface and then lowered into the 50 m pre-sink. SBR #1 started full face sinking in mid-December 2018, and SBR #2 in late January 2019. By the end of February 2019, the machines were at 150 m and 100 m depth respectively, and achieved up to 3.6 m/day concrete lined shaft. The SBR and the sinking system, the experiences, problems, technical solutions and performances of this challenging project will be presented in this paper."

Jan 1, 2019

By L. Weaver

THE Tennessee Copper Co.'s mines are in the southeast corner of the state of Tennessee, Polk Co., in the well-known Ducktown copper basin. Their new circular production shaft will eventually be the only ore hoisting shaft, and is located for handling ore from Boyd, Calloway, Mary, and Cherokee mines. A circular, rather than a rectangular, shaft was decided upon because: 1-The circular shaft section is stronger when lined with concrete. Reinforcing steel was not required, thus reducing lining cost by one- quarter. 2-Water sealing was desired; it was thought it could best be done with a concrete lining followed by pressure grouting to eliminate water seeps. 3-The shaft labor saving equipment could best be used in a large opening, so the round section was made for economy, sinking, mucking, concreting and water sealing. Less shaft steel is used than could have been possible with steel sets. There are no posts required; center beams and Tee plate assembly placed at 10 ft hold the 100 lb steel guide rails.

Jan 1, 1950

By L. Weaver

THE Tennessee Copper Co.'s mines are in the southeast corner of the state of Tennessee. Polk Co., in the well-known Ducktown copper basin. Their new circular production shaft will eventually be the only ore hoisting shaft, and is located for handling ore from Boyd, Calloway, Mary, and Cherokee mines. A circular, rather than a rectangular, shaft was decided upon because: 1-The circular shaft section is stronger when lined with concrete. Reinforcing steel was not required, thus reducing lining cost by one- quarter. 2-Water sealing was desired; it was thought it could best be done with a concrete lining followed by pressure grouting to eliminate water seeps. 3-The shaft labor saving equipment could best be used in a large opening, so the round section was made for economy, sinking, mucking, concreting and water sealing. Less shaft steel is used than could have been possible with steel sets. There are no posts required; center beams and Tee plate assembly placed at 10 ft hold the 100 lb steel guide rails. The shaft is 12 ft 7 1/2 in. ID of the concrete walls. This is large enough for two 10-ton hoisting skips and a ladder compartment. One of the skip compartments is for hauling equipment. The grouting equipment was a 2%xlO-in. Gardner-Denver grout pump, air powered and developing 1000 lb pressure. A grout mixer, also air driven, fed the mixed solution into a tank coupled to the pump suction. Grout materials used were mostly water and Portland cement. Some Bentonite was used to seal porous ground near the surface.

Jan 11, 1950

By C. W. Davis

AN inclined shaft is usually more difficult to sink than a vertical shaft, yet it is often chosen because of the subsequent saving in cross-cuts required to reach an inclined ore body. This paper briefly discusses the factors which led to the choice of an incline and then describes the operations involved in the preparatory work and in the sinking. These operations included a programme of mining out the underground facilities and installing the structures required for a hoist-room, cable-raise, waste-pass, ore pass, two sets of skip dumps, and a collar station equipped with counterbalanced drop-rails. The shaft was sunk 1,000 feet and four stations were cut, each with loading pockets. As the sinking progressed, the rock changed from hard porphyries and dense cherts to blocky limestones and earthy rubble. These conditions called for a change in methods and it is to the red it of the shaft-sinking crew that they overcame the new difficulties as the shaft progressed, while maintaining a satisfactory monthly advance. The section mined out was nine feet six inches by seventeen feet overall. This gave room for three compartments: two skip compartments four feet three inches by five feet nine inches inside the timber, to handle two-ton skips, and a manway three feet six inches by five feet nine inches. The sinking began on December 16th, 1941, and was completed on February 15th, 1943.

Jan 1, 1945

The New Broken Hill Consolidated Airshaft is the first major undertaking in the development of New Broken Hill Consolidated Ltd's. property, which adjoins that of The Zinc Corporation Ltd. on the latter's southern boundary.The Zinc Corporation ore-body has a southerly pitch. The Zinc Corporation's New Main Shaft is 1000 ft. north of the common boundary, and the general plan of development of the New Broken Hill Consolidated property is by driving south from this shaft on the lower levels. No downcast airway from the surface was available south of the Zinc Corporation's New Main Shaft; this shaft acts as the main downcast to the bottom of the Zinc Corporation mine, the general air flow then being northward and upward to the upcast shaft at the extreme north end of the Zinc Corporation property.Rock temperature is 920 F. at 2000 ft., increasing by 10 Fahr. each 72 ft., the rock temperature at 3000 ft. being estimated at 1060 Fahr. With the general air flow northward from the Zinc Corporation's New Main Shaft, adequate ventilation under these temperature conditions would not be practicable for any great distance south of this shaft without another main airway from the surface. Accordingly the New Broken Hill Consolidated Airshaft is being sunk at a point 1000 ft. south of the common boundary, i.e., 2000 ft. south of the Zinc Corporation's New Main Shaft, to ventilate future New Broken Hill Consolidated workings and that part of the Zinc Corporation mine between the boundary and the New Main Shaft.

Jan 1, 1940

By Westwater, J. S.

The Mather mine of The Negaunee Mine Co. embraces nearly all of Sections 1 and 2, T47N, R27W. within the limits of the cities of Negaunee and Ishpeming on the Marquette iron range of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Operations of the Negaunee Mine Co., the stock of which is jointly owned by Bethlehem Steel Co. and The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co., are under the direction of the latter company. The opening of the Mather mine was described by C. W. A1len. Mather "A" shaft was completed to an initial depth of 2352 ft in early 1943. The shaft capacity of over one million tons yearly is in prospect of being realized by orderly development and mining, and sinking of the second or "B" shaft then started in accordance with previous planning. Mather " B, " also a vertical shaft, was designed as a twin to Mather "A" shaft and the sinking technique developed at Mather "A" was utilized in "B" shaft operation.

Jan 1, 1949

By Shinzaburo Kato

In 1977 Kawasaki Steel Corporation (KSC) built No. 6 BF (Blast Furnace) with an inner volume of 4 500m3 as part of our program to produce 8.5 million tons of crude steel a year at Chiba Works. As the primary raw material to be used in No. 6 BF, we decided to use sintered ore, because we were confident in the obvious advantages of our technology developed by that time on sintering and BF operation using sintered ore. At Chiba Works, however, we had no space for the construction of a sinter plant, so we decided to build it abroad. Sintered ore is easily crushed and degradated. Producing sintered ore at a point far away from the blast furnace and transporting it across the ocean was the world's first attempt. To successfully realize it, we conducted a series of fundamental surveys and studies with special stress on the real aspects of degradation of sintered ore caused by long-distance transportation and handling and the ways and means to prevent the degradation. As a result, we decided to build a plant on the Mindanao of the Philippines.

Jan 1, 1982

By Min Chen, Lei Xu

Sintering behavior and performance of high alumina refractory based on the ternary subsystem MgAl2O4-CaAl4O7-CaAl12O19 were investigated using ZrO2 as an additive up to 8 wt.% by solid state reaction sintering. It was found that the added ZrO2 could dissolve in the CA6 grains in the form of a solid solution, which enhanced the isotropic growth of CA6 grains and then improved the sintering. As a result, the densification process was improved and areas with enrichment of ZrO2 showed a more compact structure. With further increase of ZrO2 addition, tetragonal ZrO2 were found to locate in the grain boundaries for exceeding the solid solubility limit, which enhanced the thermal shock resistance, indicating that addition of ZrO2 exhibited a positive effect on sintering behavior and performance of this refractory. In addition, it is considered that the optimal amount of ZrO2 addition was about 4% considering the performance together with the cost.

Jan 1, 2015

The treatment of mixed lead carbonate and lead sulphide concentrates at Mount Isa presents a problem which is unique ,in the lead smelting world; a problem whose solution is far from simple, and is not yet complete. Two years of study under plant conditions have definitely proved, however, that a most satisfactory sinter can be made in a single-pass roast.The object of this paper is to present a brief record of the development of the single-pass roast and a resume of current practice in the smelting plant. The sintering operation is discussed in greater detail, as it is upon this phase of the work that every item in the smelter operating programme depends.The smelter, to-day, presents a very much simplified layout, equipped for economical, straightforward operation, requiring, however, very careful and constant supervision, due to the extreme delicacy of the sintering operation and to the rapid and wide variati9n in the nature of the concentrates which are to be handled.

Jan 1, 1933

By A. G. Roach

Introduction The plant described in this paper is located at Coniston, Ontario, the smelting centre of the former Mond Nickel Company. Coniston is situated some eight miles east of Sudbury on the main line of the Canadian Pacific railway and on the Toronto-Capreol branch of the Canadian National-railways. The plant is now under control of the International Nickel Company, as a result of the merger of the two companies in 1929. The smelter proper includes four 50-in. by 240-in. blast furnaces and five 13 ft. by 30 ft. converters, and has a capacity of about 65,000 tons of ore charge per month. As accessories to the smelter there are a mill, where some 10,000 tons per month of low-grade ores are concentrated, and the sintering plant, which is the subject of this paper. The present 6-unit sintering plant replaces a former 4-unit installation. Here, fine ores, concentrates, and flue-dust are sintered on Dwight-Lloyd machines, the sinter produced being charged into the blast furnaces. At the time of writing (1931), only the concentrator is operating at capacity, due to present world conditions.

Jan 1, 1932

By Yuanbo Zhang, FENG ZHOU, Guanghui Li, Zhengwei Yu, RuijunWang, Tao Jiang

Composite agglomeration process (CAP) of iron ore fines has been proved an effective route for ironmaking burden production, and is characterized by low the fuel consumption and high the productivity compared with the traditional sintering process. Sintering behavior of pelletizing feed in CAP has not been studied fully yet. In this study, individual pellet and simulated CAP cells were roasted under the simulated sintering conditions. The compressive strength, FeO content and microstructures of roasted samples were investigated. The results show that pelletizing feed either from magnetite ore hematite concentrate can be indurated under the conditions of conventional iron ore sintering. Hematite pelletizing feed has better sintering property than magnetite pelletizing feed. Pelletizing feed consolidation in CAP cells is identical to the individual pelletizing feed, but the strength of CAP cells is much higher than the individual pelletizing feed. Higher basicity in both pelletizing feed and matrix feed is beneficial to the strength of CAP cells. Individual strength of pelletizing feed is not the decisive factor in CAP as the pelletizing feed has been embedded into the matrix with high basicity and formed an organic whole. The main chemical compositions and basicity of pelletizing feed and basicity matching with matrix feed is important.

Jan 1, 2015

By Xie Hao

According to its raw materials orthogonal test scheme is designed and a large number of systemic experiments were carried out in order to study the sintering characteristics of three types of fine ores in Kunming Iron&Steel Co.Ltd(KISC). The effects of carbon mixture ratio and basicity on sintering time, agglomeration ratio, physical properties and utilize coefficient were researched via single factor analysis and range analysis. The experimental results show the best mixture ratio of each fine ore. Analysis found that the influence of the carbon mixture ratio is more significant than which of the basicity on the sintering process except agglomeration ratio of foreign ore.

Jan 1, 2009

By H Han, d S. Hapugoda, L Lu

With the recent rapid development of Chinese steel industry, the world iron ore resources of good quality are depleting rapidly. As a result, iron ore deposits of lower quality have been or are being developed to meet the market demand and are becoming increasingly important to iron and steel companies. As concentrates have advantages of high Fe grade and less harmful impurities, they are ideal sweeteners to maintain sinter grade and quality when high proportions of low-grade ores are used in the sinter blends. However, due to their fine nature, addition of concentrates will inevitably increase the proportion of adhering fines and reduced the proportion of nucleus particles of the sinter blends, which can adversely affect the green bed permeability and sintering productivity. In the present study, lab scale sintering tests were carried out under the conditions similar to the sintering process to examine the effect of concentrates on the high temperature sintering characteristics of sinter blends and the structure and strength of the resultant sinter analogues.

Sep 18, 2023

By Yapeng Zhang, Zhiwen Shi, Chaoquan Yao, Fei Wang, Xinyu Li, Jianliang Zhang

A great deal of iron ores which have special elements have been applied in the sintering process with the decreasing of high-grade quality iron ores resources. In this paper, the laterite nickel ores were added into three different kinds of iron ores respectively to make liquid phase formation research by software of Factsage and high temperature characteristic sintering experiments. The results showed that the adding proportion of laterite nickel ores should be less than 15% when the high temperature properties of the mixing ores were well. Increasing the mixing ration of laterite nickel ores in the sintering blending would play an important role in the reduction of the sintering cost.

Jan 1, 2015

By E. D. Stephenson

As part of the British Steel Corporation?s development plan during the 1970?s, it was decided to concentrate its bulk steelmaking processes based on the BOS at 4 major Works with access to deepwater ore terminals, for the supply of high-grade imported ores. These 4 sites were at: - 1. Rarenscraig Works in Scotland where the ore terminal would be hilt at Hunterston on the west coast some 50 miles away. Bavenscraig was already an integrated Works but suffered from having to discharge ore 27 Glasgow tenxinus on the River Clyde, which could only accommodate vessels up to 25,000 tonnes. In the future, ore was to be unloaded at Runterston and shipped by a rail-link into Ravenscraig, The new ore terminal would have the potential to unload vessels up to 300,000 tonnes. - 2. Port Talbot Works in south Vales where the existing harbour was developed to discharge large ore carriers. This again was an existing Integrated Works and the benefits of the new harbour also applied to Llanwern Works which was another integrated Works some 50 dies to the east, which would now receive ore from Port Talbot.

Jan 1, 1980

By J. Ostwald, L. T. Matthews, C. E. Loo

Australia has large reserves of pisolitic limonite. Mining recently commenced on the Yandicoogina deposit to produce a high-grade sintering ore. The ore contains about 10 wt% combined water and simulated sintering temperature profiles indicate that progressive dehydration of ore particles occurs in the temperature range 300-700 degrees C. Studies by optical microscopy show that although the dehyrdrated ore particles contain numerous cracks, there is no change in the microstructure of the ore because topotactic transformation to haematite results in the formation of compact masses of very fine-grained haematite microcrysts. When the ore is held at around 1 200 degrees C for 1 min significant recrystallisation of these microcrysts occurs, resulting in the formation of optically visible, micrometre sized haematite crystallites. Studies to simulate the behaviour of ore particles during sintering (as nuclear particles surrounded by a standard adhering fines mixture) show that the recrystallisation process occurs much earlier at temperatures of about 900 degrees C. Further studies indicate that CaO in the adhering fines mixture enhances the recrystallisation of the ore nuclei. The results of the investigation indicate that the pseudo-relict haematite in sinters produced from ore blends that contain significant levels of pisolitic limonite consists of dehydrated goethite that has undergone significant recrystallisation and grain growth, a phenomenon that is facilitated by the presence of lime derived from the sintering melt.

Jan 12, 1992