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By J. B. Littlefield

[A rulp has i~c+:r. ilrsi i,nsd Lo O~JPY:L~ e the mid~ol Llf;pin.5cr rll~!-t-.cxny)lin:: apparatus recently c',ov~-lo.pe;t by tL1e '.liro:ul of !dines- For th-is pilryoac, a po?.-iti~rs-nct.i?~. pvrni? t:,.;~t v:i.l.'l. :.-,,- #?,n c-noot'fl ;L flow nc possiY,].c? is dcni?.oYle. Flota.lS:r vnnc\-t:rre 1jl:~l~l: zrt iln~;xtJsY:or (2s thc:; n1lr.t ke tvrned at h ityh spet.d for rT:oot,c, o;?ey,;ltiori., ~nd at hi:,h s~ee(' the c8n:xcity oi' the s-n:r.llest piqt ott:~ir?:zk?e Is too la~-~:c. nir crrn'rle bler! in nt the intn?~, but t,he mm;nt o nor.;: l.o'q7r ir.:,l soon t ire:. the oyernt or, ]

Jan 1, 1938

By Carlton E. Brown

[The purpose of this report is to present results of tests on the effectiveness of a spray of water mist, commonly called compressed-air water blast or water blast, in reducing the concentration of dust present in the air shortly after blasting and during mucking of the blasted material. Many observations have been male on the effectiveness of such ,sprays, but published quantitative information on comparative dust concentrations with and without their use, obtained by dust-sampling methods in use in this country, is rare if not absent. Tests conducted. in South Africa about 19164/ and more recently in England5/,6/ have shown that such sprays reduce the dust concentration to very low values within a fen minutes after blasting.]

Jan 1, 1938

By Mark Sheppard

This paper is the third of a series recording the results of tests made at various quarries throughout the United States to determine (1) the relation between the size gradation of feed to, and product from, primary crushers, (2) the particle shape of the crushed product, (3) the differences in gradation and particle shape produce- by different types of primary crushers, and (4) the differences in gradation and particle shape caused by crushing different kinds of stone. Progress reports 1 and 2 dealt with comparisons of different types of crushers crushing the seine tyre of stone. This report deals with relationship between feed and product of two different limestones, as to size distribution and particle shape, when crashed in the same crusher.

Jan 1, 1938

By Mark Sheppard

This paper is the third of a series recording the results of tests made at various quarries throughout the United States to determine (1) the relation between the size gradation of feed to, and product from, primary crushers, (2) the particle shape of the crushed. product, (3) the differences in gradation and particle shape produced by different types of primary crushers, and (4) the differences in gradation and particle shape caused by crushing different kinds of stone. Progress reports 1 and 2 dealt with comparisons of different types of crushers crushing the same type of stone. This report deals with relation¬ship between feed and product of two different limestones, as to size distribution and particle shape, when crashed in the same crusher.

Jan 1, 1938

By F. G. Miller, H. C. Miller

Petroleum technologists and progressive operators constantly are striving to increase the percentage of oil that may to recovered from reservoir rocks through wells. The exhaustive studies that have been made of the function of natural as in the production of oil, for example, have aided operators greatly in increasing the quantity of oil recovered from reservoirs. Natural gas dissolved in and otherwise associated under pressure with oil in reservoir rocks, however, is not the only source of energy available for moving oil through sands to wells. In becoming "reservoir—energy conscious" engineers have learned that in many petroleum reservoirs the edgewater flanking the oil accumulation constitutes a potential source of energy capable, through proper control, of increasing oil—recovery efficiencies materially. No longer is the encroachment of water into the oil— and gas—filled tart of the reservoir considered as an evil to be combatted by devious methods but rather a natural consequence, incident to the withdrawal of nil and as from the wells, that may be used advantageously in lengthening the flowing life of wells and increasing the economic recovery of oil and gas.

Mar 1, 1938

By F. G. Miller

[Petroleum tscknologists nnd progressive operatorr. constantly are striving to increase the percentage of oil thnt may be recorered from reservoir rocks through wells. The exhaustive studies that hve boen made of the function of natural gas in the production of oil, for example, havo aided operators greatly in increasing tho quantity of oil recovered from reservoirs. Natural gas dissolv.3d in and otheraiso asnociatod under pressuro with oil in rsservoir rocks, howovor, is not tho only source of energy available for rnovi~~ oil through sands to wells. In becomine Veservoi~enorgy conscious^^ encineera havo lonrned that in nnny petroleum resorroirs the edgewater flanking the oil accurrulation constitutos a potantinl source of enorgy cnpnblo, through pro1,sr control, of increasing oil-recovory officioncies materially. ?To longer is tho oncronchmont of mter into the oil- and gas-fillod uart of tho reservoir conridsred as evil to be combatted by dovious mothods but rnthar a nrtturrtl consequence, incident to the withdraval of oil nna gas from tho rolls, thnt mP.y be used nd~~mtngeoualy in lengthening the flowing life of wells ,md incre~sing the oconornic recovery nf oil and gns. Little is knom a3out tho nac'n-~nisrn by mhich wnter qor-rtos in driving nil through reservoir rocks, nnd thjro is n scnrcity of published informa- tion on rates of rnovzrnant of ~ntcr +,hat will result in naxilnm oil recoveries. Bureau of Xine s er.gir.ess nr r'reciate the ~aucity of scientific knowledge on the best methods of lying the natural rater drive to in- crease oil-recovery efficiencies arid ar9 initiating stildies that rill, they hope, contributo to tho procont small fund of information now available on the subject. This rh~.ort is s syr,o_nsis or brief c03pilation of published dAta and thought nccumulntod 30 far, groliminary to la-uorgtory ox~eriment+ tion NI& further resaarch on the principlgs und~rlying the nnturnl wnter drive RS it nffocts oil rocovory. The vrritors hopo th2t the omosition of available information prosentod in tho rey~ort rill stindate constructive thought and efforts loading torard moro comrlote extraction of oil and gas from resorvoirs.]

Jan 1, 1938

By F. G. Miller

[Petroleum technoloF;istz and 1 rot-re s s ive OT e:?ztors. con stantl;, are striving to increase the percentage of oil that y to recovered from reservoir rocks throe::;:: wells. The exhaustive studies that have been made of the function of natural r:; as in t h-_ T r odI action of oil, for cx<n.mTnle, have aidedd of.erators greatly in incroasin,&apos; the q-:Arrntity of oil recovered from reservoirs. i.rtural gas dissolv3d in ar--d otinerwwisa &apos;1s&apos;.,ocintjd under rre3suro with oil in roscrvoir roci.s, howover, i:; not the only source of energy available for moving oil through sa&apos;:&apos;l to wells. l becoming "reservoir-energy conscious&apos;t engineers hr-vo -d o^.rued t}:-Lt in many petroleum reservoirs the edgewater flanking t -,e oil accum.-,lation conetitutos a potential source of onergy capable, tL-ou;_h rro? gr control, oil&apos; increasing oil-recovery efficiencies materially. i o ]enter is ti-.-,, on-cronchinunt of water into the oil- and gas--fillod ?art of the reservoir considered as an evil to be combatted by devious mot&apos;:r:ci :i,.t r,ttL er a natural conseque::c4, incident to the withdrawal of oil nna gas from the wells, that nay be T.usod advantrt eou ;ly in lonr`t}toning tr e r&apos;lowin g lift of wells a.nd, i norcas in:; the economic recovery of oil and Little is known about the by which water off: oratos in driving nil throe:gh reservoir roc:-.:,, nd i:. a scorcity of rubli:;Lad informs-¬t .on nn rates of :)Ov.:m.,:- t of : r.tcr ..at v:1:11 res,-_lt in ^r i-nu oil recoveries. Bureau of :fines engine_:? ; - reciate. the r,aucity of scientific knowledge or. the &apos;test methods of a,r.lying the natural water arive to in¬crease oil-recovery efficiencies ant ,i.;?l __-itir?,~ ting irties that will, they hope, Contribute to t.1&apos;.e T ros?Jr.t. small _ %nd of information now av tilable on tt:e cubjoct. This r».crt a oyno-.::is or brief comrilnt.ion of r,ublished data and thought accuinulnt.~d so far, to la)or;~.tory ox-:erimnntrr¬tiorn and, further rosoarch on the z_rrinciplos unri;rlyir..g the natr.rr+1 eater drive no it nffocts oil recovery. :Lie writer:: Lore that t.i.c cx-nositiorn of a?rzilable inforr-at ion i rcs?r.toi in the rernrt r .-II .i ,.1rtt cor_jt_-i:ctive tho.-_.I_t and efforts loadir,-z to -:ard more con.r .ote extraction n;&apos; o tl from reservoirs.]

Jan 1, 1938

By Ludwig Schmidt

The attention of operators of oil-producing properties long has been directed toward methods of&apos; disposing of petroleum wastes as well as the disposal of oil-field brines. The problem of disposing of&apos; petroleum wastes is not easy to solve, and although many operators are to be commended for the efforts they have made, much work remains to be done before the problem can be considered solved. Petroleum wastes include emulsions of petroleum and brine or mixtures of petroleum and sand that cannot be "broken down" or treated economically by known methods of separating petroleum from deleterious matter; crude petroleum that escapes from pipe lines, fittings, and tanks because of holes in the lines, leaky connections, or some accident; and oil-saturated materials that accumulate accidentally or otherwise an the normal operation of an oil-producing property.

Jan 1, 1938

By Ludwig Schmidt

[The attention of operators of oil-producing, properties long has been directed toward methods of disposing of petroleum wastes as well as the disposal of oil-field brines. The problem of disposing of petroleum wastes is not easy to solve, and although many operators are to be commended for the effort they have made, much work remains to be done before the Problem can be considered solved. Petroleum wastes include emulsions of petroleum and brine or matures of petroleum and sand that cannot be "broken down" or treated economically by known methods of separating petroleum from deleterious natter; crude petroleum that escapes from pipe lines, fittings, and tanks because of holes in the lines, leaky connections, or some accident; and oil-saturated materials that accumulate accidentally or otherwise in the normal operation of an oil-producing property.]

Jan 1, 1938

By G. W. Jones

[As a part of its investigations pertaining to the promotion of safety, the Bureau of Mines is investigating various means, useful for the elimination or mitigation of the explosion hazards of combustible gases encountered in mining and industry. Information has been obtained and a procedure developed whereby the explosibility of many complex, gaseous, combustible atmosphere may be calculated in a simple manner without the necessity of performing laborious laboratory experiment. In a previous publication4/ data were given and a method described whereby the limits of inflammability of gaseous mixtures, including methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen, could be determined by calculation. The information published in that retort enables one to calculate the limits of inflammability of such gases are liberated by mine fires, gases from explosives, automobile exhaust gas, gases present after mine explosions, blast-furnace gas, and other gases containing part of or all of the above-listed constituents.]

Jan 1, 1938

By G. W. Jones

As a part of it investigations pertaining to the promotion of safety, the Bureau of Mines is investigating various means, useful for the elimination or mitigation of the explosion hazards of combustible gases encountered in mining and industry. Information has been obtained and a procedure developed whereby the explocibility of many complex, gaseous, combustible atmospheres may be calculated in a simple manner without the necessity of performing laborious laboratory experiments. In a previous publication4/ data were given and a method described whereby the limits of inflammability of gaseous mixtures, including methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen, could be determined by calculation. The information published in that report enables one to calculate the limits of inflammability of such gases as are liberated by mine fires, gases from explosives, automobile exhaust ran, uses present after mine explosions, blast-furnace gas, and other gases containing part of or all of the above-listed constituents.

Jan 1, 1938

By R. E. Heithecker

[The principle of determining volumes of liquid by alternately drawing in and discharging given quantities of the fluid from a confined space or compartment of known volume and mechanically counting the number of displacements is well established. This is true particularly in water measurement. For several years, oil meters employing the same basic principle have beer, used for gaging oil production from individual wells, groups of wells, and in some areas for metering the entire production from a property. Especially in areas where there is town-lot drilling and space for tankage in at a premium, oil meter have been used successfully to gage the oil. This facility has obviated the necessity of installing gage tanks. Oil meters also have been used in pip-line and refinery operations and in loading tankers. Present knowledge of the subject shows that positive-displacement oil meters can be used for measuring crude oil in the field and elsewhere, provided the meter-counter mechanism is in proper adjustment and the oil has been studied sufficiently to determine the proper factor to be applied to the volume as registered by the meter, making possible the adjustment for the shrinkage of the oil caused by liberation of gas from solution.]

Jan 1, 1938

By R. E. Heithecker

The principle of determining volumes of liquid by alternately drawing in and discharging given quantities of the fluid from a confined space or compartment of known volume and mechanically counting the number of displacements is well established. This is true particularly in water measurement. For several years, oil meters employing the same basic principle have beer used for gaging oil production from individual wells, groups of wells, and in some areas for metering the entire production from a property. Especially in areas where there is town-lot drilling and space for tankage is at a premium, oil meters have been used successfully to gale the oil. This facility has obviated the necessity of installing gage tanks. Oil meters also have been used in pipe-line and refinery operations and in loading tankers. Present knowledge e of the subject shows that positive-displacement oil meters can be used for measuring crude oil in the field and elsewhere, provided the meter-counter mechanism is in proper adjustment and the oil has been studied sufficiently to determine the pro-per factor to be applied to the volume as registered by tae meter, possible the adjustment for the shrinkage of the oil caused by liberation of gas from solution.

Jan 1, 1938

By Oliver C. Ralston

[This paper is an expmded revision of a report entitled "Froth Flota- tion and Agglomerate Tabling of Honmetdlic Idinerds, " published in Trans- actions of the Canadian Ir-stitute of Iriining and !,letdlurgy (vol. 40, November 1937, pp- 6? 1-726) and al&apos;enared a year pr~viousl:~. Revisions en&apos;oodied herein brinc the &ta I:T to Jn?uac"g 1, 193;. References have also been added to make the earlier paper more complete for the period it covered. This paper is an expmded revision of a report entitled "Froth Flota- tion and Agglomerate Tabling of Honmetdlic Idinerds, " published in Trans- actions of the Canadian Ir-stitute of Iriining and !,letdlurgy (vol. 40, November 1937, pp- 6? 1-726) and al&apos;enared a year pr~viousl:~. Revisions en&apos;oodied herein brinc the &ta I:T to Jn?uac"g 1, 193;. References have also been added to make the earlier paper more complete for the period it covered.]

Jan 1, 1938

By Oliver C. Ralston

[This paper is an expanded revision of a report entitled "Froth Flotation and Agglomerate Tabling of Nonmetallic Minerals, " published in Transactions of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (vol. 40, November 1937, pp- 691-726) and prepared a year previously. Revisions embodied herein brine the data up to January 1, 1938. References have also been added to make the earlier paper more complete for the period it covered.]

Jan 1, 1938

By G. S. Scott

[In the course of the investigation the Bureau of Mines is carrying on to determine the causes, behavior, and control of mine fires, the detection of incipient heating underground in the mines and above ground in refuse banks has received consideration. A report has been published5/ describing apparatus and tests made on anthracite to determine the amount and composition of the a oxidation products when normal dry air was passed through it at temperatures varrying from 100° to 350° C. These tests showed that the amount of evolved gases and their relative proportions varied with the temperature. From these results, graphs were prepared by which the temperature at which the coal was oxidized could be estimated thus giving a possible means of detecting incipient heating.]

Jan 1, 1938

By G. S. Scott

[In the course of the investigation the Bureau of Mines is carrying on to determine the causes, behavior, and control of mine fires, the detection of incipient heating underground in the mines and above ground in refuse banks has received consideration. A report has been puplished5/ describing apparatus and tests made on anthracite to determining the amount and composition of the oxidation products when normal dry air was passed through it at temperatures varying from 100° to 350° C. These tests showed that the amount of evolved gases and their relative prorortions varied with the temperature. From: these results, graphs were prepared by which `he temperature at which the coal was oxidized could &apos;be estimated, thus giving a possible means of detecting incipient heating.]

Jan 1, 1938

By R. S. Dean

"It has long been recognized that the properties of polycrystalline substances are not the same as those of single crystals. These differences are especially marked in metels and metallic minerals, and are of greatest practical importance in metal working and ore treatment. The property changes encountered in passing from a metal single crystal to a poly-crystalline aggregate are the same as are produced by cold-working a metal or by the precipitation of a disperse phase. Hence, we may logically assume that the property changes are all due directly or indirectly to the formation of interfacial area or internal surface. Our problem, then, is to ascertain the physicochemical state of the metal atoms at such internal surface and show how this physicochemical condition accounts for the pronounced changes of mechanical, magnetic, and electrical properties that accompany increased internal surface.GENERAL CONCEPT OF INTERNAL SURFACEIn 1678, Huyghens attempted to explain the double refraction of calcite by postulating that crystals were built from a regular arrangement of ellipsoidal particles. Over 100 years later, Abbé Hauy concluded from his studies of cleavage that crystals might be built from small units, but the units were of the same shape as the entire crystal. This idea, which was prevalent in mineralogical thought before the advent of X-ray spectrometry, was discarded when the great success of Bragg made it appear that the chemical atoms were in reality the elements of structure. In the further development of X-ray technique, however, C. G. Darwin, in England, and P. P. Ewald, in Germany, found it necessary to postulate crystal units con¬taining many atoms. The latter gave the name of mosaic crystals to those so constituted. The individual units are supposed to Possess the ideal atomic arrangements revealed by the X-ray but are not oriented with respect to one another."

May 1, 1938

By J. B. Littlefield

[Ata. meeting of the Subcommi ttce on Chemical _ et.lOds of Air Ant:..1ysis of-the American Public Health Ascociation in October 1937, the llse of the impinger for collectinG lcs.d fu.l1e wa:., discussed. The Bureau of Mnes de-cided to obtain infornw.tion on the efficiency of the lerge and midget im-pingers for this purpose y using the electric recipitator as a reference method. &apos;I&apos;ests ~ ere made aJ,so to aScer ain the effici ency of the recently developed midget i;npi gerS..! for collac ing lead dust. For comparative pur-poses, samples collected by tte large impinger wore included.]

Jan 1, 1938

By J. B. Littlefield

[At B. meeting of the Subcommi ttce on Chemica.l _ et.lOds of Air Ant:..1ysis of-the American Public Health Ascociation in October 1937, the llse of the impinger for collectinG lcs.d fu.l1e wa:., discussed. The Bureau of \~nes de-cided to obtain infornw.tion on the efficiency of the lerge and midget im-pingers for this purpose y using the electric recipitator as a r?ference ]

Jan 1, 1938