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By R. V. Ramani, A. S. C. Owili-eger

List of Numbers

Jan 1, 1974

By R. V. Ramani, C. B. Manula, A. Owili-Eger

PART 1 THE INPUT AND OUTPUT DATA AND THE MINE SCHEMATIC SHOWING THE FLOWS FROM COMPUTER SOLUTIONS FOR APPLICATION I

Jan 1, 1975

By Karl J. C. Harries

"The Table of Contents that follows is only an example and is the Table of Contents from an actual negotiated agreement. It is merely intended to show how an agreement might be set out and the nature of possible provisions. As a negotiated agreement the format was dictated by the negotiations. It is not offered as a precedent of what should be contained in a joint venture agreement (“JVA”), the “proper” sequence of Articles, or a complete listing of the contents of joint venture agreements generally. The set-up used for an agreement should be decided by the parties and be one they consider flows in a logical and workable sequence. This example sets out the “deal” first, followed by the provisions relating to how work is to be carried out and then by administrative provisions necessary to make the agreement work. If you are more comfortable with, say, having the Committee provisions at the beginning, by all means have it drafted that way -- you are going to have to live with the agreement and work under it.Notes:1. The Table of Contents provisions appear in bold print. The italicized sections are annotations, which have been provided in some cases where the heading may not clearly describe the contents. They are not intended to be comprehensive, but refer to some specific matters that are considered to be of interest or to need some clarification.2. The subject matter of many of the articles and paragraphs is discussed or commented upon in the text of the book. Some of section cross-references have been provided. Such references are only to sections where the topic is a principal subject and no attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive indexing.3. Although this particular agreement is a three-party agreement, *B* and *C*, the Owners, are required to act as a unit (see para. 1.09. – § 8.44.), making the agreement effectively a two-party agreement. The parties insisted upon having a decision-making Committee and structuring the agreement accordingly. As is explained in § 8.11., such an arrangement is not recommended and can result in problems.5. See also §§ 8.24., 8.41. and 14.13. for discussions on tables of contents, summaries, and headings."

Jan 1, 2003

By R. V. Ramani, R. Stefanko, G. W. Luxbacher

MINE VENTILATION NETWORK ANALYSIS

Jan 1, 1977

By G. Grassmück

The question of whether the air curtain principle could be used under conditions prevailing in Canadian metal mines was investigated. A vertical, portable BERRY air curtain was tested, at first in a wind tunnel built at Ecole Polytechnique at full scale (8-by 8-ft cross section) to simulate a drift and its lateral connections, and then in the haulage ways of a metal mine under actual conditions. The results permit us to predict under what conditions this type of air curtain is capable of acting as an air stopping or flow regulator and how it could be further developed.

Jan 1, 1969

By Raymond F. Moran

The history and development of the FMC Coke process has been reported in numerous presentations over the past 10 years (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) but a short review is desirable, especially regarding the aspects that are influenced by the coal to be used. F'MC has been developing this process in pilot facilities since 1956 and in a modest sized plant in Kemmerer, Wyoming since 1960 (Figure I). This plant produces strong uniformly sized coke briquettes from a completely non-coking coal, namely Elkol, a sub-bituminous coal of the Adaville seam. Since operating commercially, over 300,000 tons have been produced, 90% of which has been used in electric phosphorus furnaces and some 10% of which went for trials in iron blast furnaces. We believe that this commercial use of non-coking coals is a unique experience in the history of coke manufacture.

Jan 1, 1975

By H. C. Harrell

The Tennessee Valley Authority began employing geophysical well logging for foundation investigations in October 1973. Since that time more than 3,000 holes have been evaluated for engineering purposes. The Tennessee Valley Authority has not actively used geo-physical well logging for exploration of construction materials, but we feel that much of the information derived from geophysical logs for foundation exploration is applicable to the construction materials industry. This paper will then discuss geophysical logging as applied to foundation engineering and, by implication, the feasibility of use in construction materials exploration. The use of geophysical logging and percussion drilling instead of coring has greatly expanded TVA's data acquisition capabilities and has also resulted in substantial savings in time and money. Economical boreholes are obtained through the use of large percussion track drills (Figure 1). This equipment is capable of drilling through the overburden, setting steel casing on the top of rock, and drilling the rock beneath the casing. Holes as deep as 400 feet (121.9 m) have been drilled by this method.

Jan 1, 1977

By F. J. A. van Ruitenbeek, M. Dalm

In the presented study test work was performed with near-infrared hyperspectral imagery (NIR-HI) on 36 ore samples from a South-American epithermal Au-Ag mine. The aim of the test work was to investigate if NIR-HI provides information about the alteration mineralogy of samples that can be used to predict their economic value. Mineral distribution maps were produced from the hyperspectral images by using correlation coefficients between the image pixels and a set of reference spectra. These maps showed that detection of mineralogy with NIR-HI can be used to distinguish; i) ore particles with low Au and Ag grades, ii) ore particles with high carbon contents, iii) ore particles with high sulphur contents.

Jan 1, 2015

By G. M. Wolfaardt, B. C. Qi

"From a lifecycle point of view, biologically digested sludge is a valuable product that should be reused if possible. Sludge may be applied to agricultural land for further sludge treatment and improvement of the characteristics of the soil. The characteristics of sludge that affect its applicability for soil conditioning include moisture content, pathogens, nutrients and metals. In this paper, the use of solid anaerobic digestion sludge of the lignocellulosic residues to condition soil was investigated in regards to nutrient composition, water content/retention capacity, hygienic quality (contamination of pathogenic bacteria) and heavy metal adsorbing/releasing characteristics of the sludge.It was found that the digested sludge had approximately 44.5% free and immobilized water and 46.9% bound water. The water-holding capacity of the sludge was high. This was a merit to apply the sludge to agriculture in dry areas. Anaerobic digestion under thermophilic conditions showed a promising disinfecting effect to the sludge, in contrast to the landfill digestion. The anaerobic digestion sludge could be considered as a humus-rich hygienic product that improves soil fertility and water holding capacity, nourishes plants and immobilizes heavy metals in the environment"

Jan 1, 2003

By T Y. Ko, Y S. Kang, S J. Park, J H. Hwang

The lunar subsurface, particularly the lava tubes formed by ancient volcanic activity, presents a promising environment for establishing safe and sustainable human habitats on the Moon. Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs), widely used for excavating tunnels on Earth, offer a potential solution for developing these subsurface spaces. However, the unique lunar conditions, including extreme temperatures, high vacuum, radiation, and the extraordinary strength and abrasiveness of lunar rocks, necessitate significant adaptations to existing TBM technology. This study investigates the feasibility of utilising TBMs for lunar subsurface exploration and base construction, addressing the challenges posed by the harsh lunar environment. We review previous conceptual designs for lunar TBMs, highlighting their strengths and limitations in addressing these challenges. Additionally, we explore innovative excavation methods, such as microwave-assisted rock weakening and undercutting techniques, to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of lunar TBM operations. By evaluating the geological characteristics of the lunar crust and analysing the potential of lava tubes as launching points for TBM operations, this study provides a comprehensive assessment of the technical requirements and operational considerations for lunar TBM implementation. The findings of this research contribute to the growing body of knowledge on lunar base development and pave the way for future human exploration and utilisation of the Moon’s subsurface resources.

Sep 1, 2024

By H. Saroglou

The anisotropic behaviour of Athens Schist has been brought out through the testing of specimens with varying orientation of schistosity with respect to the major principal stress under uniaxial, triaxial and dynamic conditions. A large number of results from tests on intact rock specimens of the Athens Schist were statistically analysed and evaluated.

Jan 1, 2004

By P. Marinos, G. Tsiambaos, H. Saroglou

The anisotropic behaviour of “Athens Schist” has been brought out through the testing of specimens with varying orientation of schistosity with respect to the major principal stress under uniaxial, triaxial and dynamic conditions. A large number of results from tests on intact rock specimens of the “Athens Schist” were statistically analysed and evaluated. Le comportement anisotropique des roches du système “Schistes d’ Athènes” a été déterminé sur des épreuves avec une orientation différente de la schistosité par rapport à l’axe de chargement sous des conditions axiales, triaxiales et dynamiques. Un grand nombre des résultats a été statistiquement analysé et discuté. Zur Bestimmung der anisotropen Eigenschaften der Athen Schiefer wurden einaxialen, dreiaxialen und dynamischen Kompressionsversuchen an Gesteinskernen durchgeführt, bei denen die Belastungsachse verschiedenen Neigungen gegen die Schieferung hat. Die Messreihen an anisotropen unzerreissbaren Fels Samplen von Athen Schiefer wurden statistisch analysiert.

Jan 1, 2003

By N. Nišić, A. Cvjetić, V. Jovanović, D. Knežević, D. Nišić

The risks associated with operating water reservoirs and tailings storage facilities (TSFs) are different because of their different purposes, methods of construction and operation, and characteristics of the materials impounded and their flow behaviour. Regardless of the differences, these two types of structures are often put in the same category when it comes to risk assessment and the application of relevant methodologies, which may result in unrealistic outcomes. In this paper we investigate whether it is possible to apply the risk ranking methodology designed for water reservoirs to TDFs and overview the key differences between these two types of structures. We also provide a comparative analysis of the results obtained by conducting a risk assessment of the operation of a TSF, applying the method recommended by the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD), and analyse the results using the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) technique. It is concluded that a more realistic evaluation of risk levels can be obtained by adopting a systematic approach to risk assessment in accordance with the traditional risk definition on which the FMEA technique is based.

Nov 30, 2022

By Masaki Kitazume

"Abstract The wet type and dry type of deep mixing methods have been developed and widely applied for on-land and marine constructions in Japan. The quality assurance (QA) of the methods has been usually carried out by unconfined compression test on field stabilized soil sampled by core boring in Japan. In some other countries, stabilized soil excavated by the wet grab sampling instead of core sampling is often subjected to unconfined compression test for quality assurance. There are several merits and demerits in each method, but few studies have been carried out to compare the stabilized soil strength of these two types of specimens to discuss their applicability to practical construction. The author has conducted a series of field and laboratory tests to compare the stabilized soil strength and discuss the applicability of wet grab sampling to QA for wet and dry types of deep mixing method.In this study, the wet grab sampling was carried out at two road embankment construction sites where the wet type and dry type of deep mixing were applied. The cement stabilized soil was excavated at the three depths by a wet grab sampler soon after the DM column construction. The test result is compared with the other test data in the previous study to discuss the applicability of the web grab sampling method for QA of cement stabilized soil.IntroductionThe Deep Mixing Method (DMM), an in-situ soil stabilization technique using cement and/or lime as a binder, is often employed to improve soft soils (Kitazume and Terashi, 2013). A variety of factors and their interactions affect the eventual strength of a deep-mixed column, while some of which are controllable (e.g. binder type and dose) by engineers while the others are not (e.g. soil types, ground temperature, etc.; Babasaki et al., 1997). In addition to laboratory mix tests, which in essence are a parametric study to estimate the influence of these factors on a particular soil’s strength, the quality assurance (QA) practice in Japan usually involves unconfined compression test on sampling cores from the stabilized columns after a given curing period. It has been recognized, however, that the ‘field strength’, or the strength of the retrieved core, quf is on average lower than the ‘laboratory strength’, qul, evaluated by laboratory mix test. Also allowing for the inevitable variability, existing guidelines (for example, PWRC, 2004 and CDIT, 2008) recommend the design quf /qul values of, for example, 0.5-1.0 for the CDM (Cement Deep Mixing; a wet-type technique, in which binder is added as slurry) and 0.2-0.33 for the DJM (Dry Jet Mixing; a dry-type technique, in which binder is added as powder)."

Jan 1, 2014

By Christoph Mueller

Broad band mine communication traditionally is characterized mainly by individual solutions, which have in common their long development phases and their high cost for development, operation and service. The use of Ethernet and the TCP/IP family of standardized protocols provide an uniquely price efficient combination of high bandwidth open networking, universal use and accessibility of price efficient development tools, especially because it forms the technical infrastructure for the worldwide Internet. TCP/IP and Ethernet assures reliable networking however it is not able to guarantee the latency timing of forwarding network information. Therefore, the network design requires strict load limitation and application level traffic control especially if moving equipment has to be manually remotely controlled via the network. The paper discusses the technologies the application of Ethernet and WLAN in underground mining environments.

May 1, 2006

By Christopher M. St. John, Tony F. Zahrah

Empirical and numerical methods are the two extremes of the tools available for the seismic design of subsurface excavations and underground structures. Both have their limitations: when relying on purely empirical methods directly relevant experience may be scant; site data may be insufficient to justify a comprehensive dynamic analysis. The primary purpose of this paper is to review the analytical tools available to the design engineer of subsurface excavations and underground structures. Particular attention is devoted to simplifed models that appear to be applicable in many practical cases.

Jan 1, 1985

By D. Gu

Shaft drilling is one of the most useful methods of driving shafts. This paper describes the application and development of the technique in coal mine construction in China.

Jan 1, 1993

The high cost of sampling systems is largely due to the fact that indiv- idual mechanical type sampling units must be installed at the discharge end of ore/pulp pipelines, that is, at points where the pipeline discharges into pump sumps or the like. A considerable economic advantage may be obtained in the use of a samp- ling device that can be installed at any point in the path of the trans- porting pipe line. Initial tests on a vertical line with an injection sampler using iron ore concentrates reveal the validity of this type sample versus that taken with a mechanical sampler. A descrip- tion of the injection sampler shows its simplicity of installation, requir- ing minimum downtime on existing lines.

Jan 1, 1976

By C. McDonald, S. Slottee

Deep "paste" thickeners have been used in the alumina industry for several decades to improve chemical recovery and allow “stacking” of the red mud for disposal. These paste systems have eliminated many traditional tailings ponds in addition to providing better tails washing and better water recovery. This technology is not widely used or understood in other mineral processing applications. However, there is growing worldwide recognition of the advantages of concentrating mill tailings to a “paste”, i.e. a solid suspension that does not settle or segregate. This technology offers several alternatives to the traditional tailings pond such as “stacking” or mine backfill. More water recovery is possible than with high rate thickeners. Process benefits come in the form of better chemical and metals recovery through better washing in counter current decantation (CCD) applications. Obtaining a true paste (non-segregating suspension which exhibits a yield stress) and understanding the handling characteristics for applications outside alumina, are recent developments. Achieving all of the benefits available from a paste system requires careful design that takes into account the specific requirements of the disposal application along with the peculiar difficulties in producing and handling paste. In fact, design of a paste system is markedly different from a conventional system. Project design usually requires the cooperation of experts in several interrelated specialties including geotechnical, thickener design, pumping and discharge design and controls. A successful project must coordinate all activities to ensure that the overall objectives for the project are achieved. This paper describes the properties of paste, reviews the applications, and discusses the design of a complete paste deposition system.

Jan 1, 2003

By Y. H. Zhang

Mechanism of BK501 in desiliconization from bauxite was studied by use of flotation test, EDS, ?-potential, FTIR. Results of flotation show that almost all of diaspore can be depressed when BK501 is put into pulp ranging from pH 4~12, in the meanwhile kaolinite is slightly activated. In the light of surface analyses, it is concluded that the adsorption of reagent on the diaspore is dominant by chemical interaction. Moreover, kaolinite may float more by addition of BK501 because of flocculation.

Jan 1, 2014