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By Edward Judd

CANADA'S mining industry is rapidly recovering from the depression through which it passed in 1921. Its total output of $183,029,600 in 1922 was 6.4 per cent. greater than that of 1921, and was exceeded by only three previous years, 1917, 1918, and 1920. Table 1 compares the output of a few of 'the more important items selected from preliminary data published' by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. TABLE 1.-OUTPUT OF CERTAIN MINERAL PRODUCTS IN CANADA PER CENT. 1921 1922 CHANGE Cobalt, metal and in compounds, lb 252,000 443,800 +76.1; Copper contents of blister, matte, and exported ores, lb 47,620,820 43,321,400 - 9.0 Refined copper, lb 4,286,000 730,000 -83.0 Gold, fine oz 926,329 1,230,985 +32.8 Pig iron, sh. tons 665,676 429,024 -35.5 Lead, sh. tons 33,340 47,085 +41.2 Nickel contents of matte, etc., lb. 19,293,060 17,496,490 - 9.3 Silver, including that in base bullion, gold bullion, etc., fine, oz. 13,543,198 17,611,646 +30.0 Zinc (nearly all refined), sh. tons. 26,545 28,199 + 6.2 Asbestos shipments, sh. tons 92,761 136,657 +47.3 Coal, all grades, sh. tons 15,057,500 15,045,300 Gypsum shipments, sh. tons 386,550 441,160 +14.1 Natural gas, M. cu. ft 14,077,600 14,954,100 + 6.2 Petroleum, bbl : 187,540 178,570 - 4.8 Cement, bbl 5,752,885 6,943,968 +21.0 Brick, structural, all kinds, M. , , 109,009 127,137 +17.0 On the basis of estimated market values, the whole output of 1922 was contributed as follows: Metals, 33.4 per cent.; non-metallic minerals, 45.1 per cent.; structural materials and clay products, 21.5 percent.; this distribution indicates a return of the metal mining. industry nearly to the position of relative importance that it occupied. before 1921, in which year metals contributed only 28.7 per cent. to the total value. of output while non-metallics gave 51.1 per cent. Canadian cobalt originates entirely in the ores of the Cobalt district, which are mainly treated at smelters in southern Ontario, although some quantities of residues have been exported to England and Europe. Exports during 1922 increased even more than production, consisting of about four-fifths . cobalt oxides and salts, and one-fifth of cobalt alloys and other metal combinations.

Jan 8, 1923

This paper briefly describes the shaft, including sinking, steel sets and their installation, shaft equipment and winders.INTRODUCTIONThe New Broken Hill Consolidated Ltd. Service Shaft is a vertical concrete-lined circular shaft, 20 ft. in diameter with -steel sets spaced at 12-ft. centres. The diameter of 20 ft. was established as the minimum that would enable the shaft both to house the proposed hoisting and service equipment and to satisfy ventilation requirements as a downcast airway. The 12-ft. set spacing was based on South African practice in similar types of shafts.The shaft extends from the surface to 28 ft. below No. 22 Level, a total depth of 3,194 ft. Sinking was commenced in September 1946, and equipping completed in January 1955. Initially the shaft was sunk and concrete-lined to a depth of 52 ft., using a stiff-legged crane and clam-shell grab for mucking. Operations were suspended at this depth to allow the installation of the steel sinking head-frame, winders and ancillary equipment.Sinking and concreting were recommenced after four months and continued to a depth of 1,035 ft. 6 in., where the shaft connected with a pilot opening. The concrete lining was poured as sinking progressed and was piped from the surface to this depth, after which all concrete was lowered in buckets and discharged through a distributor suspended in the shaft. A cycle of stripping to the pilot opening and concreting was continued until the shaft reached No. 22 Level. From this level the remaining 28 ft. was sunk full size. All plats were cut and concreted as sinking progressed.

Jan 1, 1957

By Anton Gronningsater

AS we know, Sir Henry Bessemer introduced Bessemer converting in the steel industry about 1855. It was not until twenty years later that the principles were adopted by non-ferrous metallurgists. In 1880, Manés first produced blister copper from matte in a converter, a very important forward step in copper metallurgy. For thirty years, up to about 1910, bessemerizing of copper matte was carried out in the acid-lined converter. It is not necessary here to enumerate all the shortcomings of that operation, one of which was that it strictly limited the grade of matte that could be treated; a 35 per cent matte was low in those days. From the early days of copper converting, many and repeated attempts were made to use a basic converter lining, and the older metallurgists will remember the numerous reports and discussions in connection with such experiments. These make interesting reading. I quote from a book published in 1900: ?'The siliceous lining is as much a part of the process of copper converting as magnesia lining is in the basic bessemer treatment of phosphoric iron, and it is suicidal to attempt any other kind of lining, either water-jacketed or basic.' "Even if the silica could be introduced in this way (through the tuyeres), it would still produce another trouble in the converter. The small particles of silica, being cold, would combine very imperfectly with the iron oxide and produce granulated and pasty slags, which could not be skimmed or poured out of the vessel".

Jan 1, 1942

By Anton Gronningsater

MR. J. R. GORDON: The authors are to be congratulated for their excellent papers on Copper-Nickel Matte Converting. Mr. Drummond's paper contains the results of a thorough and exhaustive study of a series of converter charges. Mr. Gronningsater has presented convincing arguments in favour of his claim that the converter has been neglected as a smelting machine for ore. Some of us may not be inclined to agree with his conclusions. Converting, like most metallurgical operations, is a compromise between an ideal and a practical operation. If it were possible for one to neglect entirely the matter of converter linings, I believe we would all agree that the proper flux for matte in a converter would be pure quartz. Under such ideal conditions, one would, if proper temperature were maintained, make the smallest quantity of slag containing a minimum of magnetite. Converter slags are notorious for their high metal content and must always be subjected to a further cleaning treatment before being discarded. For that reason, the tonnage of converter slag produced should be minimized. If norite is used as a converter flux, then the tonnage of converter slag would be greatly increased if the silica content is maintained at 27 per cent or higher. I cannot agree with Mr. Gronningsater's suggestion that, in con¬sidering a converter flux, the sum of the silica, alumina, alkaline-earths, and alkalis should be considered as being of value. The alkalis and alkaline-earth contents of the flux will replace iron in the silicates formed and tend to increase the viscosity of the slags. However, if the converter is to be used as a smelting machine, it will be necessary to drop the silica content of the converter slag in order to avoid production of excessive slag tonnages.

Jan 1, 1942

THE Phillips River gold and 'copper field is situated on the south coast of Western Australia, about 200 miles east of Albany, 180 miles west of Esperance, and: 250 miles south of Southern Cross, forming the southern extremity of what Mr. H. P. Woodward classes as the fourth belt of Pre-Cambrian rocks, and the first auriferous belt, whicf extends northward through Southern Cross, Mount Magnet, and Cue. The field may be considered the premier copper producer of the State. The first mineral discoveries were made about 1892; when gold, copper, and iron pyrites were found; but, owing to the isolation of the district and the scarcity of water, both in the locality and on the route thereto, little work was done for some years. In1899, however, payable gold reefs were opened up, and the district began to attract attention.The southern portion of the district is composed of limestone and sandstone rocks, forming the coastal series, and is for the most part flat, broken only by a few low hills and ridges, except to the west, where Cape Barren and Eyre's Range stand out...

Jan 1, 1917

By J. E. Johnson

IT is the purpose of the present paper, while not excluding chemical considerations, to deal more extensively with some of the physical and mechanical aspects of the blast-furnace process, and to point out its dependence in these respects on well-known laws. The quantity and cost of ore and flux required to make a ton of iron being determined by circumstances over which the furnace-man, under given conditions as to quality and quantity of product, has commonly little control; the principal item of cost, apart from the saving of labor, which he can aspire to reduce, is that of fuel. To determine the limits of possibility in this direction is clearly the first step in d practical inquiry; and this step is represented herewith in Fig. 1, a diagram showing the total useful effect obtained from a pound of fuel under various conditions, and thus permitting direct comparison, under any given conditions, between actual results and the maximum possible results. The following statements will explain the basis upon which this diagram has been constructed. One pound of fuel, containing 90 per cent. of fixed carbon (which represents average conditions), is taken as the unit. The degree of oxidation of the carbon is measured by the ratio of the two oxides of carbon contained in the top-gases. It is necessary to remember that a considerable quantity of carbon is brought in as carbon dioxide by the flux, and to take account of it and of its condition. It is here considered that the carbon dioxide liberated by the limestone does not affect the analysis of the toll-gases, and that the ratio of CO to CO., will remain unchanged by the addition of limestone; enough CO, being reduced by the solution

Sep 1, 1905

By P. CHARTERIS A.

THE following scanty notes on the Roumanian oil-region may serve as an introduction to more detailed future study and description. The Roumauian oil-belt, follows the outer edge of the sweep of the Carpathian Mountains, and may, in a broad sense, be regarded as a prolongation of the Galician belt. It is distributed over a tract of country from 300 to 400 miles in length, with a width of from 15 to 20 miles, and is believed to cover an area of at least 20,000 hectares (59,420 acres). The Government claims that 16,000 to 17,000 hectares of its land is petroliferous. The primary deposits of petroleum are considered to be in the Padeogene (Oligocene) and the Neogene (the salines of the Miocene) formations. Most of the other repositories, especially those of Muntenie, are only secondary, the petroleum there having been introduced by the orogeneric movements which raised the Carpathian Mountains. The oil-field has been divided by the Roumanian survey into two regions, the Flysch and the Sub-Carpathian, as is shown in the accompanying sketch-map, Fig. 1.(p. 518). So far as is yet, known, practically all the seepages and .productive pits and wells are situated oil anticlinals. Those which outcrop in the Flysch region. (called Paleogene anticlinals), as indicated in the sketch-map, Fig. 1, are : Solontz, Middle Oligocene; Moineshti, Moineshti and Tagu-Ocna-beds of the Eocene.

Jul 1, 1906

By Pound J. R

THIS mine, which is the property of the S. and M. Syndicate, London, is located at Moina, in North-West Tasmania, 18 miles from Stavertorr railway station and 36 miles from Devonport. There are metalled roads from both of these places, and, althoughhilly, these are good for team or motor traffic. Mails and passengers are provided for by a tri-weekly coach service from Sheffield, a railway town, distant 23 miles. The Moina mining field is situated on a main spur between the Forth and Iris Rivers, andat an elevation ranging from about 500 ft. above sea-level at the Forth River to 2400 ft. at the All Nations mine. The elevation at the mine office of the S. and M. mine is 1900 ft. The average annual rainfall, as recorded for the past eight years, is. 68 in.This inclildes, however, a couple of years during which the rainfall was much above normal, and taken over a longer period 60 in. would be nearer the average.

Jan 1, 1919

By Simons W.

The object of the paper is to describe the standards of quality that should be specified in ordering material ordinarily required for colliery use, and also the qualities most suitable for particular purposes. Tables are presented of British Standard tests for wrought iron grades A, B and C, Admiralty tests for iron in chain, the quality of material for wheels and axles, and the composition and mechanical properties of wrought iron, Armco (ingot) iron and drawbar-gear steel. (Paper presented at the North Staffordshire Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers' general meeting held in Stoke-on-Trent, March 27th 1916, Mr. John Gregory, President, in the chair)

Dec 1, 1916

The Takasima Coal Mines comprise four islands near the entrance to Nagasaki Harbour, and are owned and worked by the Mitsu Bishi Company.There are several unusual features in the occurrence and working of these coal seams, the steep angle of "dip," the numerous seams of good coal separated by hundreds of feet of sedimentary rocks, the extensive faulting of the strata, and the way in which the coal is won, when so little surface is available for works, and where there is the ever present danger of subsidence of the roof and consequent flooding of the workings by the ocean. The author trusts that short notes on these few points will be of interest to members.The Islands are named respectively Hasima (Extreme Island), Nakanosima (Middle Island), Takasima (High Island), and Yokosima, and are situated about one mile from the main land.

Jan 1, 1901

IT is intended in this paper to present in broad outline to the members of the Institute a short account of the conditions and operations that constitute what is, variously known as Subterranean Warfare, Military Mining, or Tunnelling. Realizing ,the magnitude of the operations, and the varied and minute details met with in them on,the Western Front, it is the writer's intention to confine these notes to operations carried out by the First Australian Tunnelling Company. In so doing there is no wish to detract from the very fine records of the Second and Third companies it is to be hoped that members of the Institute (or others) who were with these companies will write accounts of their doings-the former in the water-logged areas to the south of Armentieres, and later in the sand-dunes at Lombardzee, and the latter in the chalk area of the Lens coal...

Jan 1, 1920

In redesigning the cyanide plant at Mount Torrens, in conjunction with Mr. L. W. Grayson, the manager, several minor alterations were introduced in order to have the operations under thorough control, and these having proved serviceable may be of sufficient interest to merit a description here. The lixiviation vats, though only 8 feet in diameter, were retained, but the pipes leading away from the bottom were reduced from two inches to half-an-inch in diameter, and had a fall to the zinc boxes of about 4 feet. As these small pipes were completely filled by the solutions fiowing away from the vats, they exerted a suction equal to their fall and thus hastened the rate of flow, so that tailings containing a larger proportion of slimes could be treated than was possible where the larger pipes were used, as, there not being sufficient fiow of solution to keep the latter filled, no suction could be obtained with them. It was found that with'most of the tailings treated a sufficient flow could be obtained from the half-inch pipes when the taps on, them were only one-third to half open. The lower end of each of these pipes was connected by means on indiarubber tubing with the sille hole of 11 in aspirator bottle, and to the mouth of this bottle a few feet of similar tubing was connected, so that the solutions coming through could be directed into either of the fixed tubes leading respectively to the waste water tank the strong solution zinc boxes or the weak solution zinc boxes.In working the vats, the following method was found to give good results. While filling the vats with tailings the taps were left open, so that the water might drain off into the waste water tank the surface of the tailings was carefully levelled. When the strong solution was run in at the top, the air contained in the interstices of the tailings was forced through the half-inch pipe at the bottom as a strong blast, instead of, as I believe js usual, escaping by means of channels formed by it through the tailings, and thus tending, it would appeal, to render the disposition of the tailings less even and to make.

IN this paper an attempt is made to describe the sluicing operations on the tin fields of north-eastern Tasmania. No claim is made to completeness, for much of the ground has already been covered, and nothing is to be gained by needless repetition. On this account some portions of the subject have obviously received but attention in order that others may be rather more fully dealt with; for instance, referring to the accuracy of various methods of valuing alluvial deposits, particulars of efficiencies, and water duties on both overburden and drift; also, the system of recording water distribution, &c. The plans of the tin-streaming shed, sluice and feed race, and overburden tail-race represent types of the most modern design.GEOLOGY. The principal alluvial dcposits being worked at the present time are situated either in the ancient or modern bed of the Ringarooma River or its tributaries. This river flowed in a north-easterly direction, receiving numerous tributaries on either bank...

Jan 1, 1910

By Bradley Stoughton

(Cleveland Meeting, October, 1912.) [SECRETARY'S NOTE.-To avoid repetition of foot-notes, references to authorities are made in this paper by means of figures, referring to a numbered list in the appendix.-J. S.] INTRODUCTION. THIS paper gives the results : first, of a research into the somewhat extensive literature of titanium; and second, of a series of original tests upon the effect of titanium on iron castings. New investigations have also been made upon the effect of titanium on steel, but I hope to treat this subject in an independent paper at some later date, and, therefore, will not discuss the experiments in detail here. The combined results of this study, which extended over a period of more than two years, can be briefly summarized as follows: 1. Steel or cast-iron, in which the titanium is properly proportioned, and which has been properly treated, is improved in strength, toughness, and durability against wear, such as, for example, the wear of railroad-rails, of steel and chilled-iron .rolls, car-wheels, etc. 2. These improvements seem to be caused, not so much by the direct effect of titanium on the metal, as by its cleansing influence in removing harmful impurities, such as oxygen and oxides, nitrogen, occluded slags, and perhaps also sulphur. It appears also to reduce segregation, which would contribute to the same end. 3. In order that its effects may be fully realized, the treatment of steel or iron with titanium must be correctly performed. There are a few simple, but essential, details to be observed; if they are neglected, the best results cannot be expected. To illustrate by an example : A series of tests on cast iron

Nov 1, 1912

Soon after the Rosebery concentrator commenced operations in 1936, an investigation was begun in an attempt to discover a substitute for cyanide in lead flotation. Cyanide is an excellent depressant for zinc and iron, but it also powerfully depresses the copper, silver and gold bearing minerals present in Rosebery ore, thus allowing them to pass through to the zinc concentrate or final residue where they are of little or no value.The investigation was not entirely successful, but it did indicate that sodium bisulphite or sodium sulphite could be used as a depressant for zinc without depressing the copper, silver and gold bearing minerals. The sulphites were, however, much inferior to cyanide as apyrite depressant.At about this time, I. W. Wark, using the captive bubble technique, had shown that, at the concentrations normally used, sodium aerofloat is not a promoter for pyrite or galena in alkaline solutions (see his book "Principles of Flotation", p. 188). Some preliminary tests on the production of a copper concentrate from Rosebery ore were therefore carried out using sodium sulphite as depressant and sodium aerofloat as promoter.The results of this work were promising but, since Rosebery ore usually carries only about 0·5% copper, there did not seem to be much incentive to carry the work further. With the outbreak of war, however, Australia became desperately short of copper and the relatively small amount in the ore. became of sufficient importance to...

Jan 1, 1952

TULSA SECTION At the smoker concluding the two day meeting of the Tulsa section of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Tulsa, Okla., Feb. 26, 1919, Dr. Willis T. Lee, the new head of the Geological Department of the University of Oklahoma, was introduced to the assembled geologists and mining engineers. Dr. Lee requested that the geologists and engineers who were making a specialty of petroleum geology assist him in giving a good course in practical oil geology in the Geological Department of the University. After a motion offering the services of all present in giving lectures on their special subjects had been adopted, Dr. Perrine of Hutchinson, Kans., named the geologists who were pledged to give lectures in Dr. Lee's course. The students in geology at Norman are assured of the latest information regarding practical work in petroleum geology and will have the inspiration derived from contact with men who are actually at work upon the problems which they are studying. Dr. Lee and President Brooks of the University are to be congratulated upon the introduction of this .method of instruction. The plan thus put into operation is similar to the graduate system of coaching in athletics followed at many of the large universities; what is good for instruction in athletics should also prove good for instruction in applied geology.

Jan 6, 1919

Note this date. This will be the biggest meeting we have ever held. It is arranged so as to permit you to go immediately afterwards to Salt Lake. City to attend the meeting of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers there on August 31, September 1, 2 and 3. Notify the Secretary of any change in your address.

Jan 1, 1925

THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION SYMPOSIUM (Summary Account) This Symposium, co-sponsored by the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and the Society of Economic Geologists, was held in Toronto, Canada in April, 1970. Over 700 delegates attended from 26 countries. Ninety papers were presented at the symposium and another 18 papers were read by title. The programme included: An Opening Session, Five General Sessions, a session on Remote Sensing Methods, a session on Geochemical Prospecting for Petroleum and Natural Gas, a session on Primary Halos and Lithogeochemical Methods, and a session on Statistics and Evaluation of Geochemical Data. The delegates were welcomed by Dr J. M. Harrison, President of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and Dr C. H. Smith, Regional Vice-President, North America of the Society of Economic Geologists. Dr D. R. Derry of Toronto delivered the opening address to the Symposium entitled 'Geochemistry-the link between ore genesis and exploration'. Dr Derry considered the various hypotheses on the origin of economic mineral deposits and expressed his belief that the next ten years will show evidence of an increased proportion of ore bodies that owe their origin, at some stage in time, to supergene agencies. He stressed that 'there are no sharp divisions between processes that form and destroy ore bodies at or near surface and those that form or destroy them at a depth of 20 kilometres in the earth's crust. The more we understand about the migration and concentration of metals the more accurately we can apply this knowledge to searching for unknown concentrations, whether at rock surface or at depth. To learn more about these processes of ore genesis we must rely on geochemical studies co-ordinated with field observations'. The five general sessions included accounts of progress in geochemical prospecting in different countries of the world, case histories describing the application of soil, stream sediment, geobotanical and biogeochemical techniques, papers on the behaviour of different elements under varied environmental conditions, discussions on analytical methods and the use of stable isotopes in mineral exploration. It is anticipated that the proceedings of the Symposium will be published late in 1970 or early in 1971 as a Special Volume of The Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. All registrants at the Symposium will receive a copy of this publication and copies will be available for purchase. At a special meeting called during the Symposium, charter members of the Association of Exploration Geochemists approved a constitution and elected an interim Council which will organize procedure and formulate policy during the coming year. The interim president of the Association is J. Alan Coope, Newmont Mining Corporation of Canada Limited, Toronto, Canada. More information on the constitution and membership in the Association will be distributed to learned societies and technical magazines in the near future. Membership will be open to exploration geochemists in all countries of the world. SOUTH AFRICAN COUNCIL FOR PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS Report on Registration The Professional Engineers Act (Act 81 of 1968) came into force on the 14th February, 1969. At the time it was recognised that the success of the Act would depend in large measure on the extent to which engineers in South Africa would become registered professional engineers in terms of the provisions of the Act. The promulgation of the Act and its provisions relevant to registration were the subject of considerable publicity during 1969. This has resulted in a rate of application for registration far beyond the capacity of the very active committees set up for this purpose by the South African Council for Professional Engineers (SACPE). To give some idea of the task before these committees and before SACPE itself, which must ratify each case,

2nd CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR ROCK MECHANICS The 2nd Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics will be held in Belgrade, 21-26 September, 1970. The Congress will include: working sessions, study tours, receptions, excursions introduced in the working sessions and post-congress excursions and special programme for accompanying persons. Anyone interested in rock mechanics and its applicarion may take part in the 2nd Congress. Official languages of the Congress are: English, French and German. Simultaneous translation service will be provided during the Congress. All the correspondence concerning the 2nd Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics should be addressed to: Sekretarijat 2. kongresa Medjunarodnog drustva za mehaniku stena Institut za vodoprivredu "Jaroslav Cerni" Bulevar vojvode Misica 43, Postanski fah 530 Beograd - Jugoslavija NINTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM TECHNIQUES FOR DECISION MAKING IN THE MINERAL INDUSTRY The Symposium which is to be held in Montreal during the week of June 14-19, 1970, follows the Computer Symposium held in Salt Lake City this year. The purpose of the Symposium is to define the role of decision making techniques within the mineral industry and to stimulate the development of specific applications. The subject of the Symposium-mathematics, operations research and computers as applied to the mineral industry-allows a complete picture of the mineral industry in its public policy, corporate, financial and technological environment to emerge. This is another of the series of symposia on this and related subjects started in the early 1960's at the University of Arizona. Sponsorship has included a number of Universities and the Society of Mining Engineers of the American Institute of Mining. This 1970 symposium is the first to be held outside of America, and is being sponsored by the Canadian Institute of Mining, McGill University and Ecole Polytechnique. A number of delegates from South Africa have participated in these symposia and several have already arranged to attend this symposium in Montreal. Enquiries should be directed to: Secretariat, The 9th International Symposium, Department of Mining Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, P.O. Box 50l, Snowden, Montreal 248, Quebec, Canada. 24th INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS This Congress is to be held in Montreal, Canada, from August 21 to 30, 1972. A very detailed and extensive programme has been proposed, and includes a number of excursions. Copies of the first circular are obtainable from: The Organizing Committee, 24th International Geological Congress, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa 4, Ontario, CANADA. SYMPOSIUM ON THE RECOVERY OF PYRITE The proceedings of the Symposium on the Recovery of Pyrite, held in Johannesburg on 12th to 13th June 1969 are now available. Copies may be ordered from the Secretary, S.A.I.M.M., P.O. Box 61019, Marshalltown, Transvaal at a cost of R10.00. Papers and addresses presented at the Symposium were: Opening Address by Mr J. K. E. Douglas (President). 'The world sulphur position,' by W. C. J. van Rensburg (Member). 'The South African sulphur position,' by D. L. Taylor (Member). 'The recovery of pyrite at Government Gold Mining Areas Limited,' by R. J. Westwood (Member), G. S. Stander (Affiliate) and H. R. Carlisle (Member). 'Recovery of pyrite concentrates from colliery-waste discards-A preliminary assessment,' by W. A. Gilbert (Visitor) and E. A. Nugent (Member). 'The role of pyrite in upgrading the uranium content of Witwatersrand conglomerate ores by means of the heavy-medium separation process,' by D. J. Tutt (Associate Member). 'Pyrite recovery by jigs at Durban Roodepoort Deep Limited,' by E. J. Dominy (Affiliate), F. Diamond (Affiliate) and A. D. Graham (Affiliate). 'The storage of pyrite concentrates,' by Joan C. Campkin (Visitor) and P. J. Lloyd (Member). 'The flotation plants of the Anglo- Transvaal Group,' by L. A. Bushell (Member). 'Pyrite flotation with amines and cyanidation of the products,' by E. H. D. Carman (Member). 'Gold recovery by cyanidation from mill products obtained after pyrite flotation,' by P. G. Mrkusic (Graduate), M. Sciarone (Visitor) and H. E. Simonsen (Visitor). 'The influence of sulphydral and cationic flotation reagents on cyanidation of native gold,' by K. G. Ashurst (Visitor) and W. P. Finkelstein (Member). 'Laboratory tests on the flotation of pyrite from Witwatersrand gold ores by cationic collector,' by J. Levin (Member), and M. L. Veitch (Visitor). Closing Address, by Dr R. E. Robinson (Director, National Institute for Metallurgy).

International Solvent Extraction Conference 1971 ISEC '71, which will be held in The Hague, The Netherlands, from 18th to 23rd April, 1971, is being sponsored by the Society of Chemical Industry in association with the Koninklijk Instituut van Ingenieurs, the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the Koninklijke Nederlandse Chemische Vereniging. The Working Party on Distillation, Absorption and Extraction of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering is participating in the Conference, which is the 101st event of the Federation. The scope of the Conference covers the entire science and technology of liquid-liquid extraction as applied in all branches of industry. Thus sessions will cover both chemical and chemical engineering aspects of the subject as applied to both inorganic and organic solutes. The conference aims to bring together academic and industrial workers in the field from all parts of the world. The programme includes over 100 papers by authors in 26 countries. Full details of the papers, together with registration forms, are contained in a detailed programme, copies of which are now available from: ISEC '71, 14 Belgrave Square, London, S.W.1, U.K. Department of Mining and Mineral Technology of the Royal School of Mines Postgraduate Courses Technical and economic challenges facing the minerals industry, together with progressive change in methods and equipment, increasingly necessitate re-training of experienced professional engineers who aim for top places. In order to meet this need, this Department has for some years run one year M.Sc. courses. Engineers, often sponsored by their employers, have a choice of three courses which are respectively devoted to mining, applied rock mechanics or mineral process design. The course in Mining is divided into five subjects, which are treated from the business management point of view. It is intended to provide middle management with a knowledge of those techniques that are required by the mining engineering function in the preparation of modern projects. The course in Mineral Process Design provides a systematic use of mineral sciences, engineering and economics for ore testing and process design, so as best to balance the technical and financial requirements for specific mineral resources. The course in Engineering Rock Mechanics is designed to provide a specialized training in the engineering applications of rock mechanics for engineers and geologists, so that they are equipped to treat a wide variety of problems in mining and civil engineering. Prerequisite qualifications are a good first degree in a related subject, plus industrial experience: The rewards include an M.Sc. of the University of London and the Diploma of the Imperial College (DIC). The limited number of places available (12 in each group) makes early application advisable. Full details are available from the Registrar, Imperial College, London, S.W.7.