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By Magda Moreira Pinto

Durante a fabricação do aço as grandes siderúrgicas possuem usinas térmicas integradas aos seus processos industriais. Uma operação bastante comum na indústria siderúrgica é a geração de vapor, normalmente utilizado para a produção de trabalho mecânico em turbinas (vapor superaquecido) ou em processos de aquecimento, nos quais se emprega o vapor saturado. Estes vapores de processos também podem ser utilizados na geração de energia elétrica. Para isto, foi importante assegurar a qualidade da água e do vapor de baixa pressão (VBP) enviado para Termelétrica. Foi com este intuito que a TKCSA se preocupou em padronizar o (VBP) gerado na Caldeira Auxiliar da área de Utilidades e Caldeiras da Aciaria. O desafio era transformar o (VBP) na mesma qualidade do vapor produzido nas caldeiras recuperadoras de calor (HRSG). O procedimento adotado foi á modificação no tratamento químico, a instalação de uma monitoração química contínua e eficiente para assegurar os parâmetros químicos dentro da especificação técnica recomendada pelo EPRI - Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Com este tratamento foi controlada as dosagens químicas, a operação da caldeira e a geração dos efluentes líquidos para o tratamento químico ambiental. Contudo foi possível tornar um mecanismo dinâmico e econômico para a empresa viabilizando a utilização do vapor na termelétrica.

Jul 31, 2018

Adhesion of Escherichia coli onto Oxide Minerals - Extended DLVO Theory and Flotation Behaviour

Sep 13, 2010

Microorganisms have been widely used for hydrometallurgical operation and effluent treatments(Smith, et. al., 1991a; Gadd, et. al., 1986; Darnall, 1986; Paponettis, et. al., 1991; Mihaylov, et. al., 1991; Rusin, et. al., 1991; Noble, et. al., 1991; Yang, et. al., 1991). In recent years there is a growing interest in using microorganism for flocculation of minerals fines and flotation collector (Smith, et. al., 1991b, 1991c; Misra, et. al., 1991a, 1991b, 1992a, 1992b). It is envisioned that the utilization of nonpathogenic microorganism and/or extracellular surfactant derived from microorganism as a flotation collector will replace some of the environmentally toxic flotation collectors and at the sometime improve flotation efficiency. The selection screening, and judicious selection of appropriate microorganism as flotation collector has been a challenge to process engineers. Over the past five years, continued research at the University of Nevada has shown that certain microorganism Mycobacterium phlei (M. phlei) can be a good flocculating agent and has potential to be used as a flotation collector (Dubel, et. al., 1992; Misra, et. al., 1991a, 1991b, 1992a, 1992b; Smith, et. al., 1991d; Chen, et. al., 1992a, 1992b)).

Jan 1, 1993

By S. N. Monteiro, E. B. Zanelato, J. Alexandre, M. T. Marvila, A. R. G. Azevedo, G. C. Xavier

One of the parameters used in the study of mortars is the adhesion resistance, which indicate show much the mortar adhered to the substrate. The usual study is done at 28 days, to worldwide standardization. Few researchers study the adhesion of mortars to ages other than 28 days. In this scenario, the adhesion strength tests of conventional mortar with a 1:1:6 mass scale (cement, and sand) at 7, 14, 28, 56, 91, 182 and 364 days were performed in order to understand the behavior of this material. The usual characterization tests of the mortars were carried out to correlate the values obtained with the adhesion results. The obtained results demonstrate that the mortar continues to gain resistance with the passage of time. For the trait studied the gain was considerable, indicating that over time the cement continues to hydrate, reacting and contributing to the strength of the material.

Mar 1, 2018

A series of electron beam, cold hearth, single melt Ti-6Al-4V plates (nominally 2.5 cm thick) impacted by 2cm diameter, 4340 steel projectiles (with 54g nominal mass) at velocities ranging from 0.633 to 1.027 km/s were sectioned along the impact axis and examined by optical metallography to characterize the formation, growth, and microstructure of adiabatic shear bands. Near ballistic limit velocities, the shear bands propagate towards the rear of the target where they coalesce and grow to provide a cylindrical solid state flow regime for the plug volume.

Jan 1, 2006

By Diego Canez Fernandes, Henriquison Bottrel Reis, Mauricio Covcevich Bagatini

As técnicas que visam aumentar a densidade de carga possibilitam elevar a produtividade da coqueria e, além disso, permitem utilizar carvões com menor poder coqueificante. O aumento de densidade pode contribuir ainda para a obtenção de um coque de melhor qualidade, o que contribui para a redução do coke rate no alto-forno. Uma alternativa para aumentar a densidade de carga é a adição de óleo na mistura de carvões, o que reduz a tensão superficial da água, permitindo uma maior aproximação entre as partículas e favorecendo o contato efetivo durante a fase plástica. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adição de óleo na densidade de carga para diferentes condições de granulometria e umidade do carvão empregado. Para isso foram realizados ensaios para medir a densidade de carga em três níveis de umidade (8%, 10% e 12%) e granulometria (82%, 85% e 88% < 2,83 mm). Posteriormente, foram realizados ensaios de coqueificação em escala piloto, e o coque produzido foi avaliado quanto ao DI15/150 (drum index), CRI (coke reactivity index) e CSR (coke strenght reaction). Os resultados mostraram que a adição gradativa de óleo promoveu aumento na densidade de carga enquanto a elevação da umidade do carvão e seu afinamento provocou a redução desse parâmetro. A qualidade metalúrgica do coque aumentou com a elevação da densidade de carga demostrando que essa é uma técnica com potencial de uso em plantas industriais.

Oct 1, 2019

By Tiany Guedes Cota

A indústria cerâmica utiliza as argilas como matéria-prima para fabricação de cerâmica vermelha, branca, de material refratário, entre outros. Possuem um vasto campo de aplicação devido às suas características que, em geral, são decorrentes de sua composição química e do processo de fabricação que lhe originou, tais como: temperatura de queima, proporção dos componentes e granulometria da matéria-prima utilizadas. Comumente vem sendo realizada a substituição de parte da massa argilosa por resíduos industriais, para aproveitamento de materiais, diminuição de custos e impacto ambiental. Nesse presente trabalho, foi realizado um planejamento fatorial em dois níveis das variáveis de adição de pó, temperatura de queima e pressão de compactação nas propriedades de densidade, retração linear de secagem (RLS) e de queima (RLQ). A coloração final também foi um parâmetro analisado. A temperatura parece ser a variável que mais influenciou nos resultados de densidade e RLQ. A pressão de compactação dos corpos de prova não foi uma variável significativa na densidade, RLS e RLQ. Logo, a condição ótima para fabricação dos corpos cerâmicos foi com incorporação de 10% de pó de despoeiramento em substituição ao solo argiloso e temperatura de queima de 1000°C.

Aug 17, 2017

THE opening session* was held in the hall of the Franklin Institute, on Tuesday evening, June 20th, President Holley in the chair. The President introduced. Mr. Franklin B. Gowen, who addressed the Institute as follows MR. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN : It has been made my pleasant duty to welcome you to the city of Philadelphia, but in so doing I shrink, with some natural reluctance, from appearing before an audience so much better fitted than I am to cope with the subjects which are usually presented to your association, and I can assure you that no trembling neophyte, first venturing within the groves of the Academy, or walking, with sacred reverence, in the gardens of Plato, felt more natural dread at the consequence of his own temerity than I do in appearing before an audience composed of gentlemen belonging to a scientific society of which I am but too sensible that until now I have been a member only in name. In olden times, upon entering a temple sacred to the worship of any deity, it was customary to lay some offering upon the altar, and, in following this custom, it will be my duty, before entering upon the more pleasant part of the task which is assigned me, to call your attention to a subject with which I have been somewhat familiar, and which is entirely within the scope of your investigations, in the belief that I may throw out some hints or some suggestions of a pro¬cess that may be fully developed by some of you, and eventually lead to the introduction of that which may be of service to the human race. The satirist who described the philosopher whom he met, as engaged in the process of extracting sunbeams from cucumbers, * A joint discussion of the subject of Technical Education, by the members of the American Society of Civil Engineers and the American Institute of Mining Engineers, was held in the hall of the Franklin Institute, on Monday evening, June 19th, and Tuesday morning, June 20th. This discussion has been printed in a separate pamphlet by both societies.

Jan 1, 1877

By Brian Danyliw

"Dust control is an increasingly important consideration for all mining operations from a health, safety, environmental and maintenance perspective. Modern mining operations incorporate a variety of mechanical dust control techniques into design however in many cases these engineered systems are unable to meet desired fugitive dust level targets. In these cases a variety of chemical dust suppression options are available to operators to assist in meeting their targets. This paper provides an overview of available chemistries, discussion of application techniques and equipment requirements and available performance monitoring technologies. This paper will also include a number of case histories discussing the treatment approach chosen, challenges encountered, chemical feed, storage and application equipment, monitoring techniques employed and results achieved.INTRODUCTIONDust FundamentalsFugitive dust by definition is an aerosol consisting of particulate matter suspended in a gaseous medium. Aerosols can include suspensions of particulate (solids) or sprays (liquids) or a mixture of both. Of particular concern from an occupational health and safety perspective are aerosols of particulate matter due to their involvement in classical occupations lung diseases such as silicosis, poisoning through chronic exposure to compounds such as lead and beryllium and expected involvement in more modern identified conditions such as cancer, asthma, and a host of other respiratory and non-respiratory conditions which may be caused or influenced through exposure to dust.According to the ""Glossary of Atmospheric Chemistry Terms"" (IUPAC, 1990), ""Dust: Small, dry, solid particles projected into the air by natural forces, such as wind, volcanic eruption, and by mechanical or man-made processes such as crushing, grinding, milling, drilling, demolition, shoveling, conveying, screening, bagging, and sweeping. Dust particles are usually in the size range from about 1 to 100 µm in diameter, and they settle slowly under the influence of gravity."" It should be noted that the behavior of particulates with respect to settling rate in air is a function of particle mass and shape and therefore the geometric size of the particle can be misleading. Occupational hygienists utilize the concept of particle aerodynamic diameter as a more representative reflection of particle size. Particle aerodynamic diameter, is defined as ""the diameter of a hypothetical sphere of density 1 g/cm3 having the same terminal settling velocity in calm air as the particle in question, regardless of its geometric size, shape and true density."" The expression of particle size as aerodynamic diameter allows for a more consistent understanding of particle behavior both from a settling perspective as well as from the perspective of how dust particles will behave in the respiratory tract. Figure 1 illustrates settling rates for particles of various aerodynamic diameters. The relationship between particle size and settling rate is important for understanding what size of particles must be addressed by dust control strategies as well as what particle sizes represent the most danger from an exposure and occupational health perspective."

Jan 1, 2015

By V. T. BERNER

THIS apparatus was designed primarily to meet the demand for a quick, efficient stopping to seal off the burning area temporarily during a mine fire, but it can be used in any circumstance where an immediate brattice is required for ventilation control. In using the old style brattice, mine-rescue workers have found it difficult, in smoke-laden drifts and stopes, to erect an effective stopping with wooden frame and canvas. Stulls must first be cut to the proper length, the canvas tacked in place, and the numerous irregularities of the walls and back must be caulked. This operation requires the employment of axes, saws, and hammers, which cannot easily and safely be handled in dense smoke. The fire fighters have often been forced to abandon their brattice, unfinished, because of the rapid approach of the fire, or because of the exhausted sup- ply of oxygen in their breathing apparatus. It is neces-

Jan 1, 1930

By M Nehring, E Topal

Nowadays mining projects are seeking new versions of evaluation that are based on the flexibility in the project. Real option valuation (ROV) is one of the modern evaluation methods that provides a tool to adapt and revise mining projects under uncertainty and future variable movements. Most evaluation approaches simply assume that some variables are fixed, such as production rate, variable cost, fixed cost and lifetime of project. The first section of this paper reviews a comprehensive study of ROV in mining projects. The paper then introduces a new model that solves problems where previous methods lacked. The new method endeavours to find maximum mining project value by adding total cost as a function of production rate into ROV. The second section has been applied to a new model on the Century zinc mine in north-west Queensland, thus illustrating the future overview of that mine. The new version of ROV gave a significant positive value for the Century Mine, when the closure and reopening options where available throughout the life of the mine. Consequently, the new method evaluates real options to add value to mining projects, maximising projectÆs value, estimating cost function, optimising production rates and offers opportunities in projects to amplify gains or to mitigate losses.

Jan 1, 2009

By Randal J. Barnes, Franck Rellier

Mine ventilation survey data includes generally redundant, usually inconsistent, often incomplete, and always noisy measurements. Yet, these data are essential for operational decisions and represent the foundation of any mine ventilation systems model used for future engineering analysis and design. For example, the basic ventilation network geometry can be measured with a reasonable precision, the network flows can be measured, but with significant errors, and the branch resistance factors can not be directly measured at all. The network-based, constrained weighted least squares approach, presented in this paper, advances a method for the sys tem-wide adjustment of ventilation branch measurements and the consistent estimation of global system parameters (e.g. branch flows, head losses, and resistance factors). The constraints guarantee that the adjusted values satisfy the governing physical laws: conservation of flow, conservation of energy, and the appropriate energy dissipation rule (e. g. Atkinson&apos;s RQ2). The weights allow for the proper inclusion of data with widely disparate precision, as well as offering a simple method for retiring old data as the mine changes through time. The post-adjustment sensitivity analysis presents two potentially useful forms of analysis: the identification of previously unspecified leakage branches, and the semi- automatic recommendation for future ventilation measurement campaigns. The overall efficiency of the algorithm is exemplified by the fact that a ventilation network with hundreds of branches and thousands of measurements can be routinely adjusted on a microcomputer.

Jan 1, 1989

By Pedro Condori

Usualmente, la minera Atacocha está expuesta a grandes precipitaciones pluviales durante una larga temporada húmeda. Por lo que es necesario eliminar gran parte del agua colectada por las lluvias a través de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas de exceso que garanticen los contenidos metálicos por debajo de los limites máximos permisibles. En ese sentido, el presente texto describe la aplicación de un modelo matemático para comprender, manejar y optimizar las diferentes variables que afectan al proceso del tratamiento. El modelo está basado en los fenómenos de transporte de solución a través de la pila y la cinética de cianuración de los metales contenidos en el mineral, el cual permitirá simular los cambios en los parámetros operacionales y metalúrgicos como diferentes tipos de mineral, flujos entre plantas Merrill Crowe y CIC, un mejor tratamiento de excesos de agua para minimizar su efecto en la producción de oro y el manejo óptimo de soluciones y predicciones a futuro de producción de oro.

Sep 9, 2007

By Angus D. Campbell

Introduction In the Twentieth Annual Report of the Mcintyre Porcupine Mines, Limited, for the year ending March 31st, 1932, the General Manager, Mr. R. J. Ennis, said: "During the period under review, the plans outlined in last year&apos;s report have been completed, and all operations have been centralized in the new plant adjacent to No. 11 shaft. The new mill went into operation on May 27th and attained its rated capacity of 2,000 tons per day on November 15th. The new shops, warehouse, change-house, and general offices were occupied on December 1st, consummating the change from the old to the new plant ... "Silicosis is now definitely recognized as an industrial disease, and progresses rapidly when associated with tuberculosis. In an effort to combat its prevalence and progress, the new change-house was designed to build up the men&apos;s resistance to this and other forms of disease. It provides for a complete change from underground to street clothing, with a shower bath and solarium treatment in the interval. &apos;Unfortunately, in almost every goldmine, a very small percentage of the work-men are not adverse to taking some of the high-grade ore for their own purpose. This, in turn, tends to cast suspicion upon the honourable as well as the dishonorable employees. The new change-house routine discourages this practice and eliminates unjust suspicion, to the satisfaction of all concerned with the Company&apos;s operations".

Jan 1, 1933

By E. R. Bauer

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) continues to be a concern of the mining industry. A new noise standard (30 CFR, Part 62) is aimed at reducing NIHL in mining through engineering and administrative noise controls. However, the difficulty and expense of implementing engineering controls can make administrative controls an attractive alternative for reducing worker noise exposure. Over the last three years, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has conducted worker noise exposure surveys in underground and surface coal mines and in coal preparation plants. The surveys revealed numerous possible administrative controls and an approach to implementation and analysis. The surveys have shown that worker dosimetry, time-motion studies and equipment noise profiling are important aspects of effectively utilizing administrative controls. A description of the approach for selecting, implementing and evaluating administrative controls and a list of possible administrative controls are reported.

Jan 1, 2007

By D. R. Babich, E. R. Bauer

Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) continues to be a concern of the mining industry. A new noise standard (30 CFR, Part 62) is aimed at reducing NIHL in mining through engineering and administrative noise controls. However, the difficulty and expense of implementing engineering controls can make administrative controls an attractive alternative for reducing worker noise exposure. Over the last three years, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has conducted worker noise exposure surveys in underground and surface coal mines and coal preparation plants. The surveys revealed numerous possible administrative controls and an approach to implementation and analysis. The surveys have shown that worker dosimetry, time-motion studies, and equipment noise profiling are important aspects of effectively utilizing administrative controls. A description of the approach for selecting, implementing, and evaluating administrative controls, and a list of administrative controls, are reported.

Jan 1, 2004

By B Roache, J O’Brien, M Gray

Admixture use in cement products is commonplace in the construction and mining industries. Many Australian mines have an operational concrete batch plant and stock hydration control and water reducing admixtures. The benefits of admixture use, especially in shotcrete is understood and well documented. Cemented rock fill (CRF) is used to fill stope voids and create stable vertical and undercut surfaces at some Australian mines. These mines generally mix rock fill with a slurry of cement and water without the use of admixtures. Recently published work on optimisation of CRF mixes has mainly focused on the strength increases associated with changes to the mix grading proportions by the addition of fines, but not focusing on the potential benefits of admixture use. Admixture use in CRF may be the simplest CRF optimisation method, as the admixtures will often be added by the push of a button at the batch plant. A CRF testing program was undertaken to test the benefits of admixture use in terms of strength gain, using hydration control additives (HCA) and high range water reducer (HRWR) admixtures. Rock fill gradings were strictly controlled in the test process to allow clear definition of the difference admixtures provide in compression at 28 days. The testing results define admixture associated strength gains in a 6 per cent general purpose (GP) cement by dry weight CRF mix (131 kg of cement/m3). Costings have been developed to allow a mine operator to understand the cost benefits of admixture use in CRF due to reduced operating costs. Operational efficiency advances and a suggested admixture implementation plan for CRF optimisation is offered.

Nov 29, 2022

By Knut F. Garshol

Quality and durability of sprayed concrete depends on the concrete mix design, the type and use of accelerator and all the aspects of the placement onto the rock surface in the underground working. A large number of influence factors are involved and they must be managed for a successful and durable permanent sprayed concrete structure to be produced. The paper discusses some of the central issues, including how to view the long-term effects of chemical admixtures and accelerators in wetmix sprayed concrete. Permanent lining sprayed concrete for rock support is increasingly being used today and the durability can be equally achieved as for any other concrete.

May 1, 2003

SINCE it seems to me that guns are of greater importance in the art of casting than any of the other things that are made by it, and that they require more foresight and care because they need many perfections, I wish now to repeat certain useful and necessary precautions in corroboration, for though I have already spoken to you of them in some detail, the power has not been granted me to pass with one breath completely through a subject with many parts. Therefore it will not be wearisome to you to hear the same thing told again, because it will not be without amplification of some pertinent points. For this reason I have prepared the present discourse, which I have called admonitions. The first of these concerns the making of the pattern upon which the

Jan 1, 1942

By Francisco Gallo

La transformación de una empresa no solo depende de la capacidad de compromiso y cambio de la alta gerencia, sino se relaciona con la adopción de una tecnología iexitosa que transmita a la organización, un conjunto de paradigmas, procesos y política que el tiempo amerita. En este sentido, el presente trabajo describe el desarrollo de la tecnología informativa en la empresa minera Atacocha a través de las áreas de actividad productiva y administrativa. Para ello, es necesario que la empresa realice ajustes en su organización, procedimientos y políticas, de forma que se pueda aprovechar la inversión de una tecnología. Asimismo, los impulsores del cambio deben hacer el esfuerzo de identificar los medios por los que las premisas sobre las que se basa el cambio y la instrumentación de los mismos, permitan ser absorbidas gradualmente por la organización.

Sep 13, 2001