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By N. S. Dalal, B. Jafari, F. Y. H. Green, V. Vallyathan

"Using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy we have carried out a systematic study of the measurement of concentrations of organic free radicals in freeze-dried lung tissue. Sixty-six tissue samples were obtained from the National Coal Workers' Autopsy Study (NCWAS). The samples were characterized in terms of the concentration per gram of the free radicals, and examined in relationship to the histopathological parameters such as age, numbers of years in the mining atmosphere, the degree of disease, and smoking history. Preliminary results indicate a positive correlation between the free radicals in the lung tissue and the severity of pneumoconiosis.IntroductionThis paper summarizes our electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements of the concentration of organic free radicals in the freeze-dried lung tissue of autopsied coal miners. This work was undertaken because it is well known that most coals contain carbon-centered organic free radi¬cals,(1,2) and recent studies from our laboratories indicated that reactive free radicals might play a role in the biochemi¬cal mechanism of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) (3) Thus we obtained 144 lung-tissue samples from the Nation¬al Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in Morgantown. The samples came from the data bank of the National Coal Workers' Autopsy Study (NCWAS). This selection was unique because fairly detailed histopathologi¬cal information was available for each sample.Other recent studies in this field are those of Ohta et al (4) who conducted ESR measurements on black dust deposited in autopsied human lungs, but no coal miner was included therein. Earlier Retcofsky (2) had examined one lung-tissue sample via ESR spectroscopy and had concluded that the free radicals in the lung tissue reflected simply the fusain (narrow component) ESR signals. The present study was thus undertaken to complement the earlier work (2-4) and the results indicate a positive correlation with the disease severity fairly strongly."

Mar 1, 1989

By Robert C. Dyni

The Bureau of Mines in cooperation with the Solution Mining Research Institute conducted surface and subsurface investigations over five solution-mined salt cavities in the Hutchinson, KS, area. The purpose of these investigations was to determine the mechanisms that lead to the formation of sinkholes above collapsed solution cavities. Of the five salt-solution cavities investigated, four had collapsed and produced sinkholes prior to the time of the investigations; the fifth cavity was considered stable. Exploratory drilling and coring operations were conducted at all five sites; surface stability monitoring was conducted at three of them. The results of these studies indicate that excessive dissolution at the salt-shale contact of each collapsed cavity produced large, unsupported roof spans that ultimately exceeded the structural integrity of the overburden. The stable cavity was not exposed to excessive dissolution at the salt-shale contact; this limited the roof span and ensured a stable cavity. The data also show that surface settlement in the vicinity of the two surface-monitored sinkholes continued for approximately 7 years after the sinkholes formed, indicating that the rubble piles of the collapsed cavities were undergoing gradual consolidation.

Jan 1, 1986

By L. C. Brichta

The Canyon Diggings zinc-lead deposit is in an area of structural deformation of sedimentary rooks in Newton County, Mo., 14 miles southeast of Joplin, within the southern limits of the Tri-State district. Mining and milling on the several tracts covering the area had been carried on sporadically since 1900, and incomplete records show a production of 1,341 tonsof zinc and lead concentrates. On the northern part of the deposit the predominant metal is which occurs as galena, cerrusite, and pyromorphite in broken chert near the surface. On the southern part, lead is subordinate to zinc, which occurs mainly as carbonate and silicate minerals in brecciated chert to a maximum depth of about 150 feet. Analyses of samples from Bureau of Mines drilling indicate that approximately 77 percent of the zinc and 50 percent of trio lead i8 in nonsulfide minerals resulting from the oxidation of sphalerite and galena. Between August 12, 1948, and October 5, 1949, the Bureau of Mines investigated the deposit by churn drilling and sampling 85 holes aggregating 10,571 feet of bore and sampling two mill-tailings dumps and three mine dumps. Factual data on the investigation and the logs of Bureau of Mines drill holes are presented in this report.

Jan 1, 1950

The Full Scale Model Roof Bolt Test System described herein was designed, fabricated, erected, and installed by MSA Advanced Systems Division for the U. S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, Spokane Research Center. It was furnished under USBM Contract No. 50271014 and Modifications. The test system is intended for use by the Bureau of Mines to run comparison tests on roof bolt systems. The mine entry cross section is made from special concrete pillars and roof slabs. They are constructed within a steel beam frame with hydraulic operated cylinders to apply loads that simulate the action of mining overburden. The frame is designed so it can be disassembled for replacing the concrete in subsequent tests. A computer and data acquisition system is furnished to control the load application and measure and gather data.

Jan 1, 1979

By Walter Murphy

For a number of years the Bureau of Mines has been studying the properties of crude petroleums produced in the United States and the Western Hemisphere. A number of reports have been published giving the analyses of crudes from the different field and regions as made by the Bureau of Mines Hempel method of analysis.4/ Several of these reports include analyses off crude oils from the Rocky Mountain region.5/ The search for new fields and new producing horizons in old fields in the Rocky Mountain region has been quite intensive during the last few years, and a number of discoveries have been made.

Jan 1, 1937

By P. A. Cox

The purpose of the initial research performed under this contract was to determine the margins of safety in explosion-proof (XP) enclosures, which were designed and certified according to the current schedule (Schedule 2G). Results from this work provide baseline data on the current schedule, from which a new schedule can be formulated to give equal or greater levels of safety. Results and discoveries in the initial work led to an expansion of the contract to cover, additionally, weld quality in enclosure fabrication, reliability of enclosures with windows and lenses, and performance tests for enclosure qualification. Finite element calculations and hydrostatic tests revealed wide variations in the margins of safety in the enclosures studied; however, only one enclosure had a safety factor which was less than one. Results from a weld quality survey led to the recommendation of AWS Welding Standard D14.4 for the fabrication of XP enclosures. Based on other work, accelerated aging tests were recommended for qualifying plastics and adhesives that are used in some enclosures, and a Structural Performance Test was developed to test enclosure strength for a minimum static pressure of 150 psig.

Jan 1, 1982

By Oliver Bowles

"General.The term mica is probably derived from the Latin ""micare"", meaning to shine or glitter, for the brilliant reflection from mica flakes in rocks has directed more than ordinary attention to this group of minerals. Mica includes a group of several minerals all characterized by a perfect basal cleavage, by virtue of which they may be split into exceedingly thin plates. The minerals are of very common occurrence in all countries, constituting about 4 per cent of the igneous rocks of the world The term ""isinglass"" is sometimes applied to glazing mica, but this is incorrect, for true isinglass is a soluble combustible material made from the air bladders of certain fish. As a constituent of granites and schists, mica is present as flakes too small for commercial use. Mica occurs also as small scales in many sandstones. When granites decompose, the quartz and the white mica are the most resistant to weathering, and so remain when the other constituents have been decomposed and carried away. A secondary white mica known as sericite is formed by the metamorphosis of clay-bearing rocks, and thus, in extremely fine-grained form it constitutes an important constituent of slates and related rocks. Some schists contain a high percentage of mica, but the presence of large amounts of quartz and other minerals has up to the present time rendered them useless as commercial sources of mica for grinding. It is possible, however, that certain mica or seri-cite schists which are composed almost wholly of mica with very little quartz may be utilized for ground mica if found in large enough entity. Considerable micais sometimes found mixed with the residual kaolin that results from decomposition of pegmatites, and in one locality at least it has been recovered as a by-product in a clay purification plant."

May 1, 1922

By Ludwig Schmidt

The attention of operators of oil-producing properties long has been directed toward methods of' disposing of petroleum wastes as well as the disposal of oil-field brines. The problem of disposing of' petroleum wastes is not easy to solve, and although many operators are to be commended for the efforts they have made, much work remains to be done before the problem can be considered solved. Petroleum wastes include emulsions of petroleum and brine or mixtures of petroleum and sand that cannot be "broken down" or treated economically by known methods of separating petroleum from deleterious matter; crude petroleum that escapes from pipe lines, fittings, and tanks because of holes in the lines, leaky connections, or some accident; and oil-saturated materials that accumulate accidentally or otherwise an the normal operation of an oil-producing property.

Jan 1, 1938

By Ludwig Schmidt

[The attention of operators of oil-producing, properties long has been directed toward methods of disposing of petroleum wastes as well as the disposal of oil-field brines. The problem of disposing of petroleum wastes is not easy to solve, and although many operators are to be commended for the effort they have made, much work remains to be done before the Problem can be considered solved. Petroleum wastes include emulsions of petroleum and brine or matures of petroleum and sand that cannot be "broken down" or treated economically by known methods of separating petroleum from deleterious natter; crude petroleum that escapes from pipe lines, fittings, and tanks because of holes in the lines, leaky connections, or some accident; and oil-saturated materials that accumulate accidentally or otherwise in the normal operation of an oil-producing property.]

Jan 1, 1938

By John C. Machisak

Employment and related injury experience of the coking industry in the United States for 1956 contained in this publication is summarized under three general sections: (A) General injury experience: Tables 1 to 9: Current and comparable statistics on operating data, number, frequency, and degree of severity of injuries and major accident agencies involved in the cause of injuries. Data are presented for the industry as a whole, for each type of oven, and for the States in which coke was produced. (B) Selected injury experience: Tables 10 to 15: Comparable injury data covering 5- and 10- year periods on the number and degree of severity of injuries and major accident causes.

Jan 1, 1958

By R. M. Becker

THIS IS a progress report on a study of the application of statistical practice to mine and mineral sampling undertaken by the Federal Bureau of Mines to provide sound theoretical and practical data for use of the mineral engineering professions. One of the problems in mine sampling is determining the reliability of the results. For certain types of sampling data (random data) the reliability of the results can be stated mathematically. For other types of data there is no known means of quantitatively expressing reliability. In applying measures of reliability to a set of random data, some knowledge or assumption of the characteristics of the particular data is necessary. In many fields these characteristics are well known. However, in mining, where the data are in assays, these characteristics are not well known.

Jan 1, 1961

By D. Harrington

The record of fatalities from mine explosions in the United States during the past 3 years has been the best in the history of the mining industry. During these 3 fiscal years, mine explosions have resulted in an average of 4I0 deaths per year, as compared with an average of 153 deaths per year for the preceding; 5 years; an average of 542 deaths per year for the 3-year period 1907-09, inclusive, just before the organization of the U. S. Bureau of Mines; and a yearly average of 265 deaths per year for the 20-year period prior to 1929. This remarkable reduction in deaths from mine explosions demonstrates clearly that mine explosions can be controlled; in fact, they can be prevented when or if the mining people of the United States see fit to take the readily available precautions necessary to bring about this desirable objective. Several large coal-producing States, which in the past have had numerous disastrous explosions, have been free from such disasters for continuous periods of as much as 6 years or even longer. The bituminous mines of Pennsylvania, the largest coal-producing State, give a good example of what can be done to prevent explosions; this State has had only one major explosion (and it resulted in 7 fatalities) during the past 6 years, and no explosion occurred in the several hundred bituminous-coal mines of the State during the past fiscal year. This is a truly remarkable record when compared with past performance in any year in the operation of coal mines in Pennsylvania.

Jan 1, 1936

By H. Foster Bain

The war has brought about many changes in the Western States, and some have deep pr sent or potent al economic significance. The West has been feeling severe growing pains for a number of years. Especially since the beginning of preparation for national defense and through the period of

Jan 1, 1945

The purpose of this study is to formulate practical guidelines for active underground mining in close proximity to water bodies. This was accomplished through systematic completion of three phases of study: I) Collection and Documentation of Data; II) Application of Existing Guidelines to Case Histories of Previous Inundations; and III) Development of Recommended Guidelines for Underground Coal Mining Near Bodies of Water. Phase I of the study involved a worldwide data collection effort designed to obtain foreign and domestic guidelines for mining near water bodies, and accident records and case histories of accidental mine inundations. Within Phase II, existing guidelines were categorized and classified and then evaluated as to their effectiveness in precluding past inundations had they been in effect at the time of inrush. Advantages and disadvantages of existing guidelines were defined. Drawing on the broad data base established in previous study efforts, Phase III was directed at development of viable guidelines to promote the greatest possible coal extraction while precluding accidental mine inundation. Two levels of guidelines are presented; Level I Guidelines require little or no subsurface exploration on the part of the mine operator, while Level II Guidelines recommend various testing and investigative procedures to permit greatest possible mineral extraction. This report presents findings and conclusions of the study.

Jan 1, 1976

By M. C. Malamphy

A general description of the activities and results of bauxite investigation by the Bureau of Mines at its bauxite project in Saline and Pulaski Counties, Ark., has been given in Report of Investigations 4251. The factual data obtained during the project are reported in a series of Reports of Investigations beginning with No. 4251, of which this is the fifteenth. The data are accompanied by maps showing the location of holes drilled and the deposits developed. Each area upon which work was done is reported by halt townships. Each bauxite deposit investigated was assigned a name and a number for ready reference and identification and its location and name are shown on the appropriate half-township map. The description of each half township is followed by a description of each deposit developed in that half township. The 14 halt-township maps and 77 detail maps of the bauxite deposits in this series of reports give the locations and numbers of all the holes drilled on the project except the deep holes drilled to test the geophysical anomalies. The locations of those holes show on figure 13 in volume 1. The Descriptions of the deposits developed are followed by complete detailed logs of the drill holes. Many of the widely spaced exploratory holes did not discover bauxite of minable thickness and grade. The pertinent information obtained from the widely spaced exploratory drill holes has been summarized and tabulated, and a table for each halt township is given with the discussion covering that area.

Jan 1, 1948

By Lathrop E. Roberts

The opinion is general among smelter operators that magnetite formed in the converter and reverberatory furnace has much to do with the loss of copper in the slag. Its action appears to be due in part to its relatively high infusibility, chemical stability, and specific gravity, as a result of Which it tends to form a layer of highly viscous "magnetite mush" between slag and matte. Particles of matte which might otherwise settle out of the slag are unable to pass through this layer. Maier and Van Arsdele have shown that the inclusion of grills of matte in the slag is also at tires very probably due to chemical reaction between magnetite and the constituents of the matte. In smelter control and in any laboratory study of slats the determination of magnetite is therefore a matter of some importance. The difficulties in the ray of making such a determination with any accuracy are rather obvious. Iron may occur in slag as ferric oxide, magnetite, various intermediate oxides, sulphides, silicates, as free metal, and in solid solution of several of these substances. Even if only the total iron content is to be determined, accuracy can be obtained only by painstaking and time-consuming separations from interfering elements. The determination of ferrous, ferric, and free iron in the presence of each other is a difficult matter under the most favorable conditions, and when present in a slag the difficulties are increased by the refractory nature of the sample, by the presence of sulphides, and by such elements as vanadium and molybdenum.

Jan 1, 1931

By Lathrop E. Roberts

[The opinion is general among smelter operators that magnetite formed in the converter and reverberatory furnace has much to do with the loss of copper in the slag. Its action appears to be due in part to its relatively high infusibility, chemical stability, and specific gravity, as a result of which it tends to fern a layer of highly viscous. "magnetite mush" between slag and matte. Particles of matte which might otherwise settle out of the slag are unable to pass through this layer. Maier and, Van Arsdale4 have shorn that the inclusion of prills of matte in the slag is also at times very probably due to chemical reaction between magnetite and the constituents of the matte. In smelter control and in envy laboratory study of slats the determination of magnetite is therefore a matter of some importance. The difficulties in the ray of making such a determination with any accuracy are rather obvious. Iron may occur in slog as ferric oxide, magnetite, various intermediate oxides, sulphides, silicates, as free metal, and in solid solution of several of these substances. Even of only the total iron content is to be determined, accuracy can be obtained only by painstaking and time-consuming separation ions from interfering elements. The determination of ferrous, ferric, and free iron in the presence of each other is a difficult matter under the most favorable conditions, and linen present in a slag the difficulties are increased by the refractory nature of the sample, by the presence of sulphides, and by ouch elements as vanadium and molybdenum.]

Jan 1, 1931

By R. G. Nelson

This report covers investigations of the Bureau of Mines for the period of June 15, 1952, to June 15, 1953, on a research project for the Materials Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio. The primary purpose of this investigation was to make high-purity chromium-base alloys having room-temperature ductility and high-temperature strength. The Nonferrous Metals Branch of the Bureau of Mines, Albany, Oreg., has, during the past 7 years, developed on a laboratory scale a hydrogen treatment method for making high-purity chromium that can be fabricated into thin sheet and wire. This material can be bent at room temperature. The object of this investigation was to use this material to develop improved chromium-rich alloys for high-temperature uses.

Jan 1, 1955

By Compiled by Staff

"The Bureau of Mines was established in the public interest to conduct inquiries and scientific and technologic investigations concerning mining and the preparation, treatment, and utilization of mineral substances; to promote health and safety in the mineral industries; to conserve material resources and prevent their waste; to further economic development; to increase efficiency in the mining, metallurgical, quarrying, and other mineral industries; and to inquire into the economic conditions affecting those industries. The organic act of the Bureau, as amended by Congress and· approved February 25, 1913, made it the province, and duty of the Bureau of Mines to ""disseminate· information concerning these subjects in such manner as will best carry out the purposes of this Act.""In accordance with this directive, the Bureau reports the findings of its research and investigations in its own series of publications and also in articles that appear in scientific, technical, and trade journals; in proceedings of conventions and seminars; in reference books; and in other non Bureau publications. The number of these reports, the wide range of subjects they cover, and the variety of mediums in which they appear make the kind of list and index presented in this special publication both necessary and valuable. This issue of the Bureau of Mines List of Publications and Articles describes reports and articles published during the period January 1, 1990, to December 31,1991. It, supplements the 50-year list of Bureau publications issued from July 1, 1910, to January 1, 1960;1 the 50-year list of articles by Bureau authors published outside the Bureau from July 1, 1910, to January 1, 1960;2 and the 5-year lists of publications and articles from January 1, 1960, to December 31, 1964,3from January 1, 1965, to December 31, 1969,4 from January 1, 1970, to December 31, 1974,5 from January 1, 1975, to December 31,1979,6 from January 1, 1980, to December 31, 1984,7 and from January 1, 1985, to December 31, 1989.8"

Jan 1, 1992

By M. P. Board

The U.S. Bureau of Mines, under a cooperative agreement with Hecla Mining Co., conducted a rock mechanics study at four widely spaced horizons in a deep mine shaft in northern Idaho. The objective of the project was to measure and analyze rock deformation and lining behavior during construction of a deep shaft in a high in situ stress field within an isotropic rock mass. Rock mass displacements were monitored with multiple-position borehole extensometers. Liner stress and strain were measured with concrete pressure cells and embedment strain gauges. This report discusses the general trends and magnitudes of data from the four test sites, and relates the data to a proposed anisotropic constitutive model for the rock mass. A design procedure is then outlined for specifications of liner thickness and support installation sequences for future shaft sinking.

Jan 1, 1989