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By Chung Yu, Wang

CHINA can he roughly divided into three metallogenetic province: North China, the Yangtze Valley, and South China. In North China the old Pre-Cambrian schists and gneisses are represented by the abundance of quartz mines in which sporadic occurrences of copper, lead, zinc, gold, and silver are sometimes found in subordinate quantities. Along the Yangtze Valley and in Central China, extending eastward as far as Shantung, are found here and there intrusions of dioritic rocks, in which occur the famous contact deposits of iron ore, besides which minor quantities of copper. lead, and zinc are also found. In South China the igneous intrunsions are of granitoid type in which, or in the vicinity of which, occur in certain regions immense deposits of antimony, tungsten, tin, and mercury. Broadly speaking. most of the famous coal mines are now situated in regions north of the Yangtze River, in which occur also the sedimentary deposits of iron in contradistinction to the contact deposits of iron along the Yangtze Valley.

Jan 1, 1943

By Ernst A. Hauser

IN a paper published three years ago,' the term "silicic chemistry" was used for the first time to emphasize the increasing importance of the chemistry of silicon in science and technology. The development through which the colloid chemistry of siliceous matter has gone since then is in itself ample proof that the coining of this new term for this branch of colloid science was not presumptuous. Until quite recently, however, silicic chemistry concerned itself only with the composition and colloidal properties of natural and synthetic siliceous matter, but had not paid much attention to the genesis of this matter, particularly to that of the clay minerals. What is even more disturbing, particularly from an educational point of view, is the fact that neither mineralogy, geology, nor metallurgy has fully realized the important role colloidal phenomena must have played in the genesis of our planet and the formation of minerals generally speaking. Considering the importance of colloid chemistry today in the fields just mentioned, it is not surprising that the theories most agreed upon by geologists and mineralogists for the origin of clay minerals are not acceptable from a strictly colloid chemical point of view for the genesis of these most important and most abundant components of the earth. Of all the theories pertaining to the origin of clay minerals, those still most accepted by geologists and mineralogists are the "residual clay" and the "transported clay" theories.15 The former is based primarily on the assumption that the formation of clay minerals is the result of surface weathering of fresh rocks, or is due to the action of solutions. Taking the action of water on orthoclase as an example, the most recent ideas have been summarized by H. Jenny13 as follows:

Jan 1, 1952

By Robert W. Bruhn

Ground movements associated with high extraction underground coal mining, such as pillar retreat and longwall, are some- times large enough to disrupt the ground water regime as well as damage buildings and other surface structures. A U.S. Department of Energy Bureau of Mines- sponsored subsidence study at Kitt Energy Corporation's Kitt No. 1 Mine near Philippi (Barbour County) , West Virginia has provided an opportunity to monitor the ground water response above a mine panel during both developmental and pillar re- treat mining. Findings concerning ground water effects presented in this paper indicate that total extraction mining produced significant water level declines in deep-lying strata but had little effect on water levels at shallower depths. Post-mining values of hydraulic conductivity were typically somewhat higher than pre-mining values. Changes in water chemistry associated with mining were not sufficient to render the water unfit for human consumption.

Jan 1, 1986

By Charles E. Locke

CONTINUED expansion of gold mining in 1935 led to further developments in treatment methods. In base metals and non-metallics progress is also noted, coincident with greater activity. Statistics are not available yet for 1935 but the trend is shown by 1934 when nonferrous ore mined in the United States was 35,840,737 tons, or 45 per cent more than in 1933. The amount concentrated was 27,167,530 tons or 75.80 per cent of the ore mined, and flotation was used in whole or part on over 96 per cent of the ore subjected to concentration. In the crushing field a new model of the Fahrenwald crusher is promised soon. The Symons fine-reduction cone crusher and Traylor secondary crusher continue to gain as intermediate crushers. A new book entitled "Crushers for Stone and Ore" by William T. W. Miller appeared. The Hadsel mill has been improved still further and a number of installations are in satisfactory operation showing economical power consumption and low wear. An attempt in a

Jan 1, 1936

By M. Jaffe

The data developed in this study establishes the technical and economic feasibility as well as the improved health and safety characteristics of a novel mining concept. The mining concept is a modified longwall technique using prestressed tendons for roof control, longhole blasting for fragmentation, and remote mucking. The technical feasibility was found to be dependent on the state of the art, while economic feasibility was found to be dependent on particular minerals and on supply and demand. Since these two conditions are not necessarily coincident in time the data is presented in the report in a manner that enables the mining engineer to perform a rapid preliminary technical and economic analyses for a specific property.

Jan 1, 1977

THERE are three objectives in translation of works of this character : to give a faithful, literal translation of the author's statements ; to give these in a manner which will interest the reader ; and to preserve, so far as is possible, the style of the original text. The task has been doubly difficult in this work because, in using Latin, the author availed himself of a medium which had ceased to expand a thousand years before his subject had in many particulars come into being ; in consequence he was in difficulties with a large number of ideas for which there were no corresponding words in the vocabulary at his command, and instead of adopting into the text his native German terms, he coined several hundred Latin expressions to answer his needs. It is upon this rock that most former attempts at translation have been wrecked. Except for a very small number, we believe we have been able to discover the intended meaning of such expressions from a study of the context, assisted by a very incomplete glossary prepared by the author himself, and by an exhaustive investigation into the literature of these subjects during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. That discovery in this particular has been only gradual and obtained after much labour, may be indicated by the fact that the entire text has been re-typewritten three times since the original, and some parts more often ; and further, that the printer's proof has been thrice revised. We have found some English equivalent, more or less satisfactory, for practically all such terms, except those of weights, the varieties of veins, and a few minerals. In the matter of weights we have introduced the original Latin, because it is impossible to give true equivalents and avoid the fractions of reduction ; and further, as explained in the Appendix on Weights it is impossible to say in many cases what scale the Author had in mind. The English nomenclature to be adopted has given great difficulty, for various reasons ; among them, that many methods and processes described have never been practised in English-speaking mining communities, and so had no representatives in our vocabulary, and we considered the introduction of German terms undesirable ; other methods and processes have become obsolete and their descriptive terms with them, yet we wished to avoid the introduction of obsolete or unusual English ; but of the greatest importance of all has been the necessity to avoid rigorously such modern technical terms as would imply a greater scientific understanding than the period possessed. Agricola's Latin, while mostly free from mediaeval corruption, is somewhat tainted with German construction. Moreover some portions have not

Jan 1, 1950

By Jr. Boyle

This report analyzes the availability of chromium in the form of ferroalloy products (high-carbon and low-carbon ferrochromium and ferrochromium-silicon) and chromite products (metallurgical, chemical, refractory, and foundry sands) in market economy countries (MEC's). A total of 873.5 Mmt of in situ material, containing 202.5 Mmt of chromium, in 10 MEC countries was analyzed for availability as of the January 1989 study date. Extraction and beneficiation of this in situ material would result in 475.4 Mmt of marketable chromite products. As analyzed, 288.5 Mmt of these chromite products would be available for export or for internal chemical and refractory use and 186.9 Mmt would be smelted in-country to produce 74.3 Mmt of high-carbon ferrochromium, 3.9 Mmt of low-carbon ferrochromium, and 2.0 Mmt of ferrochromium-silicon, all available for export. A network flow model, which includes centrally planned economy countries (CPEC's), was also constructed to analyze world chromium supply and demand interactions for the period 1986 through 1994 and to address a hypothetical North American embargo on direct imports of all South African chromium products beginning in mid-1990. The model shows capacity constraints developing in the MEC high-carbon ferro chromium industry in 1987 and a possible subsequent overreaction by the industry in terms of new capacity additions. The results suggest that sufficient chromium is available to North America should an embargo on direct imports from South Africa be imposed by its governments. However, the effect on export revenues in South Africa is relatively small, and timely increases to world ferrochromium, chemical chromite, and foundry sand chromite capacities would be required.

Jan 1, 1993

By AIME AIME

NEW place was assigned to the women for their headquarters at the annual meeting of the Auxiliary but they, as usual, occupied a large place in the activities of the annual meeting. The alcove on the Thirty-ninth Street side of the building was a busy place on Monday morning, as the members of the various sections from New York to California greeted each other. The registration was conducted under the supervision of Mrs. Wolfes, Miss Georgene Davis and Mrs. Jennings, while Mrs. Hursh, Mrs. Hyde, Mrs. Charlton Reynders, and others dispensed tickets to the various functions that had been provided for entertainment. There seemed to be the usual number registered, but when only one member of the District of Columbia Section made herself known everyone wondered why the large delegation of last year had so dwindled. The explanation appeared next day, when a number of others from that Section arrived, telling of a delightful reception on the night before, at the White House. Mrs. Hoover had honored the "Canaries"¬(the organization of Lone Girl Scout' workers) the officers of the Section, and their husbands, who for once became only "so and so's husband." Luncheon was served on the fifth floor on Monday, the hostesses for that day being Mesdames C. F. Ayer, Willis Burns, G. W. Farny, H. G. Moulton, and T. T. Read. A number of sight-seeing trips had been arranged for the afternoon. The most popular proved to be an expedition to the new Riverside Church; where Dr. Fosdick is pastor. Guides were there to conduct

Jan 1, 1931

By R. J. Gunderman

Cable reel systems for shuttle cars were investigated to determine whether an improved system could be identified. Interviews and mine visits were conducted to better define limitations and problems with present systems. Although simple and relatively inexpensive, present cable reel systems are not fully satisfactory. Several concepts for a different technical configuration were formulated and evaluated. An all ectric system using electronic control and external sensors was recommended for further development.

Jan 1, 1980

By J. W. Thompson

BURYING DEAD MINERS. BURYING BODIES OF DEAD MINERS. REVISED STATUTES (HURD) 1874, P. 263. SEC. 22. LIABILITY OF RAILROADS, ETC., FOR BURIAL EXPENSES.-When any railroad company, stage or any steamboat, propeller, or other vessel engaged in whole or in part in carrying passengers for hire, brings the dead body of any person into this State, or any person dies upon any railroad car or in such stage, steamboat, propeller or other vessel in this State, or any person is killed by cars, or machinery of any railroad company or by accident thereto or by accident to or upon any such stage, steamboat, propeller, or other vessel, or by accident to or in or about any mine, mill or manufactory,* the company or person owning or operating such cars, inachinery, stage, steamboat, propeller, or other vessel, mine, mill or manufactory shall be liable to pay the expenses of the coroner's inquest upon and burial of the deceased and the same may be recovered in the name of the County in any court of competent Jurisdiction. NOTE--The original Act of February 15, 1855 (Laws 1855, p. 170), makes no reference to the dead bodies of persons killed" by accident to, in or about any mine."

Jan 1, 1919

By W. R. ARGYLE, R. A. SHERMAN, Henry Kreisinger, John Blizard, B. J. CROSS, A. R. Mumford

On entering the World War the United States was confronted with the necessity of building in a short time a large number of ships of tonnage adequate to transport troops and war materials to Europe and to carry food supplies to the allied countries, whose merchant fleets had suffered greatly by submarine warfare. The necessity of building ships quickly led to the formation of the United States Shipping Board, which was charged with the duty of developing an efficient organization for the purpose. Such an organization was developed under the name of the Emergency Fleet Corporation; it was under the control of the Government, but could conduct its business in the most direct way, like a private corporation. In order to build the largest- number of ships possible without drawing too heavily on the steel industry, which was already taxed heavily by the production of munitions, it was decided to build wooden as well as steel ships. These ships were built from a few standard designs to enable a large number of duplicate parts to be fabricated in inland shops and transported by railroad to the shipyards on the seacoast, where they were assembled into ships. In other words, the plan was to manufacture the ships rather than to build them. The shops on the seacoast were reserved to make those parts of the ships' equipment that could not readily be transported. The inland shops made the parts that could be transported to the seacoast by railroad. Among the more important parts of the ships' equipment to be standardized were the boilers. As the Scotch marine boiler in large units is bulky and can not be transported by railroad, and as, for the same capacity,much more steelis needed in its construction than for water-tube boilers, a few simple designs of water-tube boilers were developed that inland shops having ordinary equipment could make in large quantities.

Jan 1, 1924

This Bureau of Mines report and its companion report (Information Circular 9142) have been prepared to assist in the preparation of prefeasibility type estimates for capital and operating costs of beneficiation of various types of mineral occurrences using current technology. The handbook provides a convenient costing procedure based on the summation of the costs for the unit processes required in any particular mining or mineral processing operation. The costing handbook consists of a series of costing sections, each corresponding to a specific mineral processing unit process. Contained within each section is the methodology to estimate either the capital or operating cost for that unit process. The unit process sections may be used to generate, in January 1984 dollars, costs through the use of either costing curves or formulae representing the prevailing technology. The mineral processing handbook includes individual cost estimation sections for unit operations associated with comminution, beneficiation, solid-liquid separation, hydrometallurgy, and special applications as well as infrastructure and plant general and administrative costs. When using this system for estimating cost data for a mineral processing facility or for checking or verifying processing costs from an existing facility, a minimum amount of background information is necessary.

Jan 1, 1987

By G. J. Hasenfus

There are no known published methods of estimating the degradation of coal measure rocks by water that are simple and efficient, yet still provide a quantitative, meaningful value for assessing the stability of coal mine floor, roof, and rib. The slake durability test, the standard index method for estimating the durability of rock subject to wetting, can provide misleading results for floor stability assessment. Additionally, slake durability testing is time consuming and requires specialty equipment. Methods based on humidity cycling have been demonstrated to be very effective for assessing coal mine roof, but require specialty equipment and do not address floor stability concerns. Visual observation techniques, such as that developed for the Coal Mine Roof Rating (CMRR) method, adequately qualify rock degradation, but lack quantitative rigor. This paper will describe an alternative method, coined the water sensitivity test, originally developed for floor stability analyses, but also found applicable for roof and rib stability assessment. The test was developed by CONSOL in the early 1990's, and in its current form, has been in use for approximately twelve years. The method is based on the basic slake durability principle of measuring the mass of the rock retained on a screen after submersion in water. The new test employs two screens of different sizes, and also uses modified submersion, drying, and data processing procedures. The method is relatively efficient and can be geared toward batched testing. As with the slake durability test, the resulting index value provides a quantitative measure of the susceptibility of rock to water degradation. In addition to discussing the test method and its development, this paper provides a comparison of results with those fiom standard slake durability tests, and tabulated results for various types of coal measure rocks. Examples of the technique's utility are provided, including assessment of longwall and development floor conditions, roof and rib rock weathering and stability, and drum-bit cutability.

Jan 1, 2005

CONTENTSIntroductionGeneral GeologyCoral Reef-Volcanic Set'iesRock TypesMicaceous Sandstone and MudstoneLimestoneVolcanic RocksChertsDepositionDiatremesEarth MovementsRelation of Ore Bodies to StructureINTRODUCTIONThe author encountered the problems discussed in this paper in 1947 while surveying the mining centres of Mungana and Redcap for Broken Hill South Ltd. After his resignation from that company he made a semi-regional survey to investigate the regional problems raised by the preliminary study. Broken Hill South Ltd. continued its studies on the known ore bodies while the author's investigation was going on, and he is indebted to the staff of this company for assistance during his field work.The area mapped is part of a larger area mapped in reconnaissance by the Aerial, Geological and Geophysical Survey of Northern Australia by a party headed by Dr. H. I. Jensen...

Jan 1, 1952

By C Cavern, G Jacobs, F Durufle, L Ameglio

Airborne geophysics and geomatics is at a crossroads as to whether it remains a viable mapping tool, both technically and commercially, and broadens its potential for new applications (eg environmental monitoring, civil engineering and precision farming). The use of small and stable multisensor aerial platforms to conduct highly flexible surveys flown at a low/reasonable cost of operation is a recurrent wish of many stakeholders in the natural resources exploration and mining industry. Through its Fly Light Airborne Geophysics research program, EXIGE and partners have pushed the development and testing of two new airborne carriers with unique capabilities for geo-surveys: GyroLAG’s gyrocopter and Infotron’s unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). These carriers are the next generation of versatile and innovative aerial vehicles for remote sensing and monitoring. They are rotary, smart tailored, ultra-high resolution manned (gyrocopter) or autonomous (UAV) airborne platforms that combine the merits of dense data sampling, accurate position location, very low clearance above ground or sea level, slow speed, interchangeable and combined multiple geo-sensors, automatic data quality control and real-time quality assurance. They also have the benefits of being highly efficient, cost-effective, commercially attractive, safe, reliable and easy to deploy and operate. Their technical specifications and multiple advantages compared to traditional aircraft and/or ground crews are presented in this paper. An overview of various geo-sensors (magnetic, gamma-spectrometry, visual, near-infrared and LiDAR) carried on-board is also provided.CITATION:Ameglio, L, Durufle, F, Jacobs, G and Cavern, C, 2015. Light airborne platforms for monitoring mines and minerals, in Proceedings Third International Future Mining Conference, pp 11–20 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 4, 2015

Mine drainage and mine reclamation are topics of major interest to the mining industry, federal and local governments, and the general public. This publication and its companion three volumes are the proceedings of a conference held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, April 24-29, 1994. There were twelve sessions (69 papers) that dealt with mine drainage, including modeling, geochemistry, prediction, treatment, control strategies, characterization, hydrology, and case studies. These sessions comprise volumes 1 and 2. The six sessions (34 papers) that dealt with reclamation and revegetation of disturbed lands are included in volume 3. Volume 4 includes the six sessions (34 papers) that dealt with such topical issues as fires at abandoned mine sites, subsidence, hydrology, mine wastes, and policy. Poster session presentations are represented by 49 papers and 92 abstracts that have been placed in the back of volumes 2, 3, and 4, consistent with the subject of that volume.

Jan 1, 1994

By Barbara H. Scott Smith

"During the last two decades lamproites have joined kimberlites as the only two known primary sources of economic quantities of diamonds. This paper contrasts the petrography, primary and xenocrystic mineralogy and pipe geology of these petrogenetically separate rock types. The petrographic discrimination of kimberlites and lamproites from each other, as well as other rock types found during diamond prospecting, is discussed. Kimberlites and lamproites can be classified texturally and mineralogically. Such classifications highlight the differences between, and among, lamproites and kimberlites. The implications of these differences for diamond exploration programs are discussed, with particular emphasis on the application of petrography. IntroductionKimberlite was the term coined in the late 19th century to describe the host rock of diamond at the type locality, Kimberley, South Africa (Lewis, 1887, 1888). Innumerable kimberlites are now known worldwide; some of them contain economic quantities of diamond (e.g. South Africa, Botswana and Russia) while many are barren. Jennings (1989) suggests that less than 3% of the known kimberlites can be considered to be commercial. Kimberlite was thought to be the only important primary source of diamond for approximately a century. Until the late 1970s, lamproites were thought to be only academic curiosities. Some workers (e.g. Wade and Prider, 1940), however, did comment on certain similarities between lamproites and kimberlites and, hence, inferred a potential for lamproites to carry diamonds.The term lamproite was introduced by Niggli (1923) for leucite-bearing rocks from southeast Spain and Wyoming which had some unusual geochemical characteristics. Wade and Prider (1940) used the term lamproite (as defined by Troger, 1935) to embrace rock types found in the West Kimberley area of Western Australia. All the lamproites described by Wade and Prider (1940) form distinct topographic features. Subsequently in the late 1970s, additional pipes, which have little or no relief, were discovered in the same area, but only as the result of a major diamond exploration program (Atkinson et al., 1984; Jaques et al., 1984, 1986). Some of these bodies are diamondiferous. In 1979, the Argyle pipe was discovered in the East Kimberley area which, in terms of grade, is the richest known primary diamond deposit in the world with some parts of the body having grades greater than 500 carats/100 tonnes (Madigan, 1983; Boxer et al., 1989). All the initial new discoveries in Western Australia resulted from classic stream sampling for ""kimberlite indicator minerals"" (Atkinson, 1989)."

Jan 1, 1992

By Donald B. Lindsay

This report presents the findings of an investigation into the characteristics of a number of techniques for cleaning ambient air with special emphasis on their applicability to the removal of the short-lived radioactive decay products of 222-radon, the so-called " radon daughters" that have been identified with the induction of lung cancer in underground uranium miners. The purpose of the study was to review the requirements for control of radon daughter concentrations in mine air, and to examine all techniques whose feasibility has been demonstrated in principle and which in our judgment would be capable of meeting those requirements. The study has included a review of all pertinent literature, both technical and proprietary, on the subject of the control of miner exposure to the radon daughters and in the area of potentially applicable air cleaning technology. Information about the nature of the problem and about the experience of the uranium mining industry in applying air cleaning methods to its solution was obtained by visiting mines where such methods are in use, and by written correspondence and telephone conversations with other industry sources. Information on performance characteristics and costs of applicable air cleaning methods and equipment was obtained from the experience of our own engineering staff and by visits, interviews, and correspondence with manufacturers of industrial air cleaning equipment.

Jan 1, 1978

By NORA Mining Sector Council

The National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) is a partnership program to stimulate innovative research and workplace interventions. In combination with other initiatives, the products of this program are expected to reduce the occurrence of injuries and illnesses at work. Unveiled in 1996, NORA has become a research framework for the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the United States. Diverse parties collaborate to identify the most critical issues in workplace safety and health and develop research objectives for addressing those issues. NORA entered its third decade in 2016 with an enhanced structure. The 10 sectors formed for the second decade will continue to prioritize occupational safety and health research by major areas of the U.S. economy. In addition, NORA’s seven cross-sectors will continue to focus on the major health and safety issues affecting the U.S. working population. While NIOSH serves as the steward to move this effort forward, it is truly a national effort. NORA is carried out through councils comprised of members with many diverse interests that are developing and implementing research agendas for the occupational safety and health community over the third decade (2016-2026) of NORA. Councils address objectives through information exchange, partnership building, and enhanced dissemination and implementation of evidenced-based solutions. NORA groups industries into 10 sectors using North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes. The Mining Sector encompasses NAICS code grouping 21xxxx where “xxxx” represents the different subcodes of the mining “21” classification. Mining encompasses the extraction of solid mineral and mineral-like substances from their place in the Earth’s crust and supplies them to processing industries that produce economically valuable materials. It does not include oil and gas extraction. The Mine Safety and Health Administration, MSHA separates mining into coal, underground and surface, and metal and nonmetal, underground and surface.

Feb 1, 2024

By R. Larry Grayson, Ahmet Unal

Use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to solve informational needs in isolated and restricted underground mining environments will be reviewed, giving specifications of some past and currently available systems. The advantages and disadvantages of using various frequencies, system configurations, and specific components, including their construction standards and capability, will be discussed. The remaining challenges to more widespread use of RFID systems for personnel and vehicle tracking will be identified, and recommendations concerning operating environment capabilities will be detailed. Finally, the ultimate requirements for maintaining system integrity during and following a coal mine emergency will be discussed.

Feb 24, 1997